National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: References
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

Appendix A

Workshop Agenda

FACING THE REALITY OF DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS
IN INDIA: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS

April 18-19, 21, 2011
Indian National Science Academy
New Delhi, India

Background

The increasing burden of drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB/XDR TB) introduces new challenges to traditional TB control and treatment programs and calls upon the global health community to collaborate and share scientific information in new and different ways. This 2-day workshop is sponsored by the Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), and the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). The workshop is the third in a series of international workshops convened by the U.S. IOM. The objectives of the workshop series are:

  • The multi-disciplinary workshops span a wide spectrum of issues pertaining to the science and policy around drug-resistant tuberculosis—from biology, epidemiology, and surveillance; to diagnosis, treatment, and infection control; to issues pertaining to the drug supply chain, laboratory capacity, and needs of vulnerable populations. Each workshop will address some or all of these multiple disciplines and facilitate discussion about a broad “blueprint for action.”
  • The workshops are an opportunity to present promising new research and also to identify specific gaps in knowledge calling for more research, funding, and international attention.
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
  • The workshop series is being hosted over a period of several years, which will create a venue and body of knowledge that can explicitly consider and address developments over a period of a few years, thus permitting relatively quick adjustments in knowledge and strategy.
  • The workshop series convenes international experts, permitting exchange of information among experts from each of the participating countries and globally.
  • Each workshop in the series will result in publication by the U.S. National Academies of a summary document that reports the proceedings from each country-specific workshop.

This workshop in New Delhi will address the current status of drug-resistant tuberculosis in India and across the globe; highlight key challenges to controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains; and discuss innovative strategies to advance and harmonize local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug-resistant TB.

DAY 1

8:30-9:00 a.m.   Registration and Tea
 
        Welcomes, Background, and Workshop Objectives
 
9:00-9:40 a.m.   KRISHAN LAL
Indian National Science Academy
 
        GAIL CASSELL, Forum Co-Chair
Harvard Medical School
Infectious Disease Research Institute
 
        PRAKASH N. TANDON
Indian National Science Academy
 
        VISHWA MOHAN KATOCH
Indian Council of Medical Research
 
        Keynote Addresses
 
9:40-10:00 a.m.   ASHOK KUMAR
Revised National TB Control Program (RNTCP)
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
10:00-10:20 a.m.   K. SRINATH REDDY
Public Health Foundation of India
 
10:20-10:40 a.m.   Setting the Stage: Global Challenges and Potential Solutions
 
        SALMAAN KESHAVJEE
Harvard Medical School
 
10:40-11:05 a.m.   Tea Break

SESSION I: DRUG-RESISTANT TB IN INDIA

Session Objectives:

image Provide an introduction to the global challenge of drug-resistant TB and consequences of inaction.

image Describe the epidemiology of drug-resistant TB in India.

image Describe the drug-resistant TB risk factors and provide in-country perspectives of the issues and current strategies for prevention and control.

Session Chair:

image Salmaan Keshavjee, Harvard Medical School

        National Scale-Up of Drug-Resistant TB Diagnosis and Treatment
 
11:05-11:20 a.m.   KULDEEP SINGH SACHDEVA
RNTCP
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 
        Overview of Drug-Resistant TB in India
 
11:20-11:35 a.m.   PROF. S. K. SHARMA
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)
 
11:35-11:50 a.m.   Improving Health System Performance to Address the Challenge of Drug-Resistant TB
 
        ALEYAMMA THOMAS
Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
 
11:50a.m.-   Lunch
 
1:15 p.m.  

SESSION II: GLOBAL BURDEN OF DRUG-RESISTANT TB

Session Objectives:

image Report on findings from previous IOM workshops in South Africa and Russia.

image Present the latest epidemiological and laboratory data describing the estimated burden of drug-resistant TB worldwide, with a focus on high-burden countries other than India (e.g., South Africa, China, and Russia).

image Highlight differences and different trajectories of the drug-resistant TB epidemic globally.

Session Chair:

image Gail Cassell, Harvard Medical School and Infectious Disease Research Institute

1:15-1:45 p.m.   Overview of Findings from IOM Workshop Series
China data provided by Mingting Chen, Centers for Disease Control
 
        GAIL CASSELL
Harvard Medical School
Infectious Disease Research Institute
 
1:45-1:55 p.m.   Overview of Global Drug-Resistant TB Burden
WHO data provided by Matteo Zignol and presented by:
 
        SALMAAN KESHAVJEE
Harvard Medical School
 
1:55-2:00 p.m.   Updates from Other Countries
 
        GAIL CASSELL
Harvard Medical School
Infectious Disease Research Institute
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

SESSION III: PREVENTING TRANSMISSION OF DRUG-RESISTANT TB

Session Objectives:

image Provide an overview of the molecular evidence for transmission of drug-resistant TB.

image Discuss the background and rationale for India’s Revised National TB Control Program methods to prevent transmission of drug-resistant TB and the program’s future goals.

image Discuss the genetic evolution of M.tb. and current best practices in infection control.

Session Chairs:

image Edward Nardell, Harvard Medical School/Partners In Health

image Ashok Kumar, RNTCP

2:00-2:15 p.m.   Importance of Engaging the Private Sector in MDR TB Prevention and Case-Finding
 
        PUNEET DEWAN
WHO
 
2:15-2:30 p.m.   Drug-Resistant TB Transmission and Reactivation/ Reinfection Phenomenon
 
        S. SIVA KUMAR
Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai
 
2:30-2:45 p.m.   Indian Program Efforts to Prevent Transmission of Drug-Resistant TB
 
        PRAHLAD KUMAR
National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore
 
2:45-3:00 p.m.   Population Ecology and the Genetic Evolution of M.tb.
 
        SÉBASTIEN GAGNEUX
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
 
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
3:00-3:15 p.m.   TB Infection Control Reconsidered: The Impact of Treatment on MDR TB Transmission
 
        EDWARD NARDELL
Harvard Medical School/Partners In Health
 
3:15-3:30 p.m.   Roundtable Discussion
 
        Open Discussion with Workshop Participants
 
3:30-3:45 p.m.   Tea Break

SESSION IV: RAPID METHODS OF DETECTING
DRUG RESISTANCE AND STRENGTHENING
OF LABORATORY CAPACITY

Session Objectives:

image Provide an overview of current diagnostic methods and identify gaps/current needs that are not being met with tests in use today.

image Consider the next generation of TB diagnostics (e.g., level of resistance that will be detected, use of a test at the point of patient care, specimen processing).

image Consider the validation of diagnostic tests and other quality assurance measures.

Session Chairs:

image Thomas Shinnick, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

image Sarman Singh, AIIMS

3:45-4:00 p.m. Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB
 
        ROHIT SARIN
Lala Ram Sarup Institute of Tuberculosis and
Respiratory Diseases
 
4:00-4:15 p.m.   Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant TB
 
        CAMILLA RODRIGUES
Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Center
 
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
4:15-4:40 p.m.   Moving Towards the Next Generation of Diagnostic
Tests for Drug-Resistant TB: Quality Assurance Considerations
in the Development of New Diagnostics
 
        THOMAS SHINNICK
Division of Tuberculosis Elimination
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
 
4:40-5:00 p.m.   Supranational Reference Laboratory and Private Laboratories in RNTCP
 
        NAGAMIAH SELVAKUMAR
Tuberculosis Research Centre, Chennai
 
5:00-5:15 p.m.   Laboratory Capacity in India for the Diagnosis of Drug-Resistant TB: Update on EXPAND-TB Efforts
 
        NEERAJ RAIZADA
Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND)
 
5:15-5:45 p.m.   Roundtable Discussion
 
Open Discussion with Workshop Participants

DAY 2

SESSION V: REACHING VULNERABLE POPULATIONS AFFECTED BY DRUG-RESISTANT TB

Session Objectives:

image Discuss ways to address priorities of reaching and treating drug-resistant TB patients in the large Indian population.

image Present data on the burden of drug-resistant TB and treatment methods in vulnerable populations such as children, migrants, refugees, and HIV-infected populations.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

Session Chairs:

image Mercedes Becerra, Harvard Medical School

image Soumya Swaminathan, WHO1

9:00-9:15 a.m.   Addressing Drug-Resistant TB in Pediatric Populations
 
        SOUMYA SWAMINATHAN
WHO
 
9:15-9:30 a.m.   Burden of Pediatric Tuberculosis in Households of Patients with MDR TB
 
        MERCEDES BECERRA
Harvard Medical School
 
9:30-10:00 a.m.   Drug Resistance in India’s HIV-Infected Population
 
        DIGAMBAR BEHERA
Lala Ram Sarup Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
 
        Drug-Resistant TB in Migrant and Refugee Populations
 
        KUNCHOK DORJEE
Tibetan TB Control Programme, Department of
Health, Tibetan Government in Exile
 
10:00-10:30 a.m.   Roundtable Discussion
 
        Facilitator: Anne Goldfeld, Global Health
Committee/Cambodian Health Committee, Harvard
Medical School
 
10:30-11:00 a.m.   Tea Break

____________________

1 At the time of the workshop, Soumya Swaminathan was Coordinator for Neglected Priorities Research with the WHO’s Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. Since the workshop, Swaminathan has rejoined the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis as Head, Division of Clinical Research.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

SESSION VI: CASE STUDIES IN INNOVATIVE DRUG-RESISTANT TB CONTROL EFFORTS

Session Objectives:

image Discuss the use of mobile technology to track disease, train the TB workforce, and improve overall TB health care delivery.

image Present innovative methods or alternative development strategies to improve control and treatment of drug-resistant TB.

Session Chair:

image Janet Tobias, Mount Sinai School of Medicine

        Leveraging Technology and Unique Development Models to Improve Access to Care and Compliance with Treatment Regimens
 
11:00-11:15 a.m.   Case Study: Mobile Technology to Improve Drug-Resistant TB Control and Care in Karachi
 
        AAMIR KHAN [by teleconference]
Indus Hospital, Pakistan
 
11:15-11:30 a.m.   Operation ASHA—Using Innovations and Biometrics to Prevent MDR TB and Provide a Social and Economic Return
 
        SHELLY BATRA
Operation ASHA, New Delhi
 
11:30-11:45 a.m.   MDR TB in Ethiopia: Failure of the International Response and How an NGO Filled the Gap
 
        ANNE GOLDFELD
Global Health Committee/Cambodian Health Committee
Harvard Medical School
 
11:45 a.m.-  
 
12:15 p.m.   Discussion
 
12:15-1:15 p.m.   Lunch
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

SESSION VII: DRUG SUPPLY CHAIN

Session Objectives:

image Present current methods of drug procurement in India, successes, and current challenges to effectively delivering quality-assured second-line drugs to patients.

Session Chairs:

image Iain Richardson, Eli Lilly & Co.

image Pradeep Saxena, Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services

1:15-1:30 p.m.   Setting the Stage: Challenges in Drug Supply Chain Logistics
 
        PRASHANT YADAV
MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program
 
1:30-1:45 p.m.   Implementation of India’s National MDR TB Program
 
        PRADEEP SAXENA
RNTCP
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
 
1:45-2:00 p.m.   Potential for Impact in Second-Line TB Drug Pricing
 
        INDER SINGH
Clinton Health Access Initiative
 
2:00-2:15 p.m.   Moving Towards a Functional Second-Line TB Drug Market
 
        OWEN ROBINSON
Partners In Health
 
2:15-2:45 p.m.   Roundtable Discussion
 
        Facilitator: Anne Goldfeld, Global Health
Committee/Cambodian Health Committee, Harvard Medical School
 
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
2:45-3:15 p.m.   Tea Break

SESSION VIII: CLOSING PLENARY: THE INTERSECTION OF SCIENCE AND POLICY: CREATING A BLUEPRINT FOR ACTION

Session Objectives:

image Discuss potential policy approaches to address problems and gaps considered during the workshop.

image How can domestic programs and international partners work together to create a “blueprint for action” to address the problem of drug-resistant tuberculosis?

image Consider opportunities to address the problem of drug-resistant tuberculosis in India’s next 5-year budget plan.

Session Chairs:

image Elaine Gallin, QE Philanthropic Advisors

image Seyed E. Hasnain, Indian Institute of Technology

3:15-4:45 p.m.

Panelists:

image Kiran Katoch

image Prakash N. Tandon

image Gail Cassell

image Salmaan Keshavjee

Open Discussion with Workshop Participants

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×

This page intentionally left blank.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 132
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 133
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 134
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 135
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 136
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 137
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 138
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 139
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agenda." Institute of Medicine. 2012. Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13243.
×
Page 140
Next: Appendix B: Summary of a Joint Meeting of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, and Indian Biomedical Research Agencies, Held April 20-21, 2011, New Delhi, India »
Facing the Reality of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in India: Challenges and Potential Solutions: Summary of a Joint Workshop by the Institute of Medicine, the Indian National Science Academy, and the Indian Council of Medical Research Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $52.00 Buy Ebook | $41.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

An estimated 8.8 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) in 2010 and 1.4 million died from the disease. Although antibiotics to treat TB were developed in the 1950s and are effective against a majority of TB cases, resistance to these antibiotics has emerged over the years, resulting in the growing spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB. Due to challenges in timely and accurate diagnosis of drug-resistant TB, length and tolerability of treatment regimens, and expense of second-line anti-TB drugs, effectively controlling the disease requires complex public health interventions.

The IOM Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held three international workshops to gather information from local experts around the world on the threat of drug resistant TB and how the challenges it presents can be met. Workshops were held in South Africa and Russia in 2010. The third workshop was held April 18-19, 2011, in New Delhi, India, in collaboration with the Indian National Science Academy and the Indian Council of Medical Research. The aim of the workshop was to highlight key challenges to controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains of TB in India and to discuss strategies for advancing and integrating local and international efforts to prevent and treat drug-resistant TB. This document summarizes the workshop.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!