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F
Reprinted Workshop Report
Summary of the Workshop to Identify Gaps and Possible Directions for NASA’s Meteoroid and Orbital Debris
Programs (National Research Council, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011), which summa -
rizes the National Research Council workshop held in March 9-10, 2011, in Fairfax, Virginia, is reprinted here in
its entirety. Note that the reprinted report’s page numbers reflect the pagination that applies for inclusion in the
current report, rather than the pages numbers of the original report.
125
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REPRINTED WORKSHOP REPORT 127
Summary of the Workshop to Identify
Gaps and Possible Directions for NASA’s
Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs
Committee for the Assessment of NASA’s Orbital Debris Programs
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
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128
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
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This study is based on work supported by Contract NNH10CC48B between the National Academy of Sciences
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OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE AERONAUTICS
AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
Final Report of the Committee to Review Proposals to the 2011 Ohio Third Frontier Wright Projects
Program (OTF WPP) (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board [ASEB], 2011)
Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era
(Space Studies Board [SSB] with ASEB, 2011)
Advancing Aeronautical Safety: A Review of NASA’s Aviation Safety-Related Research Programs
(SSB with ASEB, 2010)
Capabilities for the Future: An Assessment of NASA Laboratories for Basic Research (Laboratory
Assessments Board with ASEB, 2010)
Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies: Final Report
(SSB with ASEB, 2010)
Final Report of the Committee to Review Proposals to the 2010 Ohio Third Frontier (OTF) Wright
Projects Program (WPP) (ASEB, 2010)
America’s Future in Space: Aligning the Civil Space Program with National Needs (SSB with
ASEB, 2009)
Approaches to Future Space Cooperation and Competition in a Globalizing World: Summary of a
Workshop (SSB with ASEB, 2009)
An Assessment of NASA’s National Aviation Operations Monitoring Service (ASEB, 2009)
Fostering Visions for the Future: A Review of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (ASEB,
2009)
Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies: Interim Report (SSB with ASEB,
2009)
Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration
(SSB with ASEB, 2009)
Assessing the Research and Development Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation System:
Summary of a Workshop (ASEB, 2008)
A Constrained Space Exploration Technology Program: A Review of NASA’s Exploration Technology
Development Program (ASEB, 2008)
Launching Science: Science Opportunities Provided by NASA’s Constellation System (SSB with
ASEB, 2008)
Managing Space Radiation Risk in the New Era of Space Exploration (ASEB, 2008)
NASA Aeronautics Research: An Assessment (ASEB, 2008)
Review of NASA’s Exploration Technology Development Program: An Interim Report (ASEB, 2008)
Science Opportunities Enabled by NASA’s Constellation System: Interim Report (SSB with ASEB,
2008)
United States Civil Space Policy: Summary of a Workshop (SSB with ASEB, 2008)
Wake Turbulence: An Obstacle to Increased Air Traffic Capacity (ASEB, 2008)
Limited copies of ASEB reports are available free of charge from
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
National Research Council
The Keck Center of the National Academies
500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001
(202) 334-2858/aseb@nas.edu
www.nationalacademies.org/aseb.html
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COMMITTEE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NASA’S ORBITAL DEBRIS PROGRAMS
DONALD J. KESSLER, NASA (retired), Chair
GEORGE J. GLEGHORN, TRW Space and Technology Group (retired), Vice Chair
KYLE T. ALFRIEND, Texas A&M University
MICHAEL BLOOMFIELD, Oceaneering Space Systems
PETER BROWN, University of Western Ontario
RAMON L. CHASE, Booz Allen Hamilton
SIGRID CLOSE, Stanford University
JOANNE IRENE GABRYNOWICZ, National Center for Remote Sensing, Air, and Space Law,
University of Mississippi
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University
T.S. KELSO, Center for Space Standards and Innovation
MOLLY K. MACAULEY, Resources for the Future
DARREN S. McKNIGHT, Integrity Applications, Inc.
WILLIAM P. SCHONBERG, Missouri University of Science and Technology
Staff
PAUL JACKSON, Program Officer, Study Director
LEWIS B. GROSWALD, Research Associate
JOHN F. WENDT, Senior Program Officer
CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor
ANDREA M. REBHOLZ, Program Associate
DALAL NAJIB, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
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AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
RAYMOND S. COLLADAY, Lockheed Martin Astronautics (retired), Chair
LESTER LYLES, The Lyles Group, Vice Chair
ELLA M. ATKINS, University of Michigan
AMY L. BUHRIG, Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group
INDERJIT CHOPRA, University of Maryland, College Park
JOHN-PAUL B. CLARKE, Georgia Institute of Technology
RAVI B. DEO, EMBR
VIJAY DHIR, University of California, Los Angeles
EARL H. DOWELL, Duke University
MICA R. ENDSLEY, SA Technologies
DAVID GOLDSTON, Harvard University
R. JOHN HANSMAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOHN B. HAYHURST, Boeing Company (retired)
WILLIAM L. JOHNSON, California Institute of Technology
RICHARD KOHRS, Independent Consultant
IVETT LEYVA, Air Force Research Laboratory, Edwards Air Force Base
ELAINE S. ORAN, Naval Research Laboratory
ALAN G. POINDEXTER, Naval Postgraduate School
HELEN R. REED, Texas A&M University
ELI RESHOTKO, Case Western Reserve University
EDMOND SOLIDAY, United Airlines (retired)
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director
CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Administrative Coordinator
TANJA PILZAK, Manager, Program Operations
CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Information Management Associate
CHRISTINA O. SHIPMAN, Financial Officer
SANDRA WILSON, Financial Assistant
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Preface
The National Research Council (NRC), under the auspices of the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,
was asked by NASA Chief of Safety and Mission Assurance Bryan O’Connor to assess NASA’s meteoroid 1 and
orbital debris (MMOD) programs and provide recommendations on potential opportunities for enhancing their
benefit to the nation’s space program. This request came at the urging of the White House Office of Management
and Budget and Office of Science and Technology Policy (see Appendix A).
The NRC assembled the Committee for the Assessment of NASA’s Orbital Debris Programs to review NASA’s
existing efforts, policies, and organization with regard to meteoroids and orbital debris, including its efforts in the
areas of modeling and simulation, detection and monitoring, protection, mitigation, reentry, collision assessment
risk analysis and launch collision avoidance, interagency cooperation, international cooperation, and cooperation
with the commercial space industry. The committee was also asked to provide its opinion as to whether NASA
should initiate work in any new MMOD areas and to recommend whether the agency should increase or decrease
effort in or change the focus of any of its current meteoroid or orbital debris efforts to improve their ability to serve
NASA and other national and international activities. The committee was instructed to assume that the programs
will be operating in a constrained budget environment (see Appendix B for the committee’s statement of task).
Through a series of information-gathering meetings, including the workshop that is the subject of this report, the
committee received briefings from representatives of NASA and other federal agencies and foreign space agencies,
as well as from other experts in the fields of meteoroids, orbital debris, and aerospace technology.
Although the statement of task refers to a singular NASA program in this field, there are in fact numerous
program elements spread across NASA mission centers that address MMOD. For the purposes of this report,
these elements are referred to as NASA’s MMOD programs.2 The vast majority of NASA’s efforts fall within five
program elements (the “programs”), which are:
• Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, NASA Headquarters: Provides top-level budget and programmatic
management, technical oversight, and coordination within NASA and with other U.S. government entities; advocate
to senior NASA management on MMOD;
1 This report uses the word “meteoroid” according to its precise definition, rather than the term “micrometeoroid,” a colloquialism for “small”
meteoroids and an imprecise term that does not cover the full range of sizes or meteoroids. However, to avoid adding a new acronym to the
literature and to minimize confusion, the committee retains use of the acronym “MMOD” (micrometeoroid and orbital debris) as a modifier
(e.g., MMOD programs).
2 This term also reflects how the programs were referred to by many panelists and committee members at the workshop.
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• Orbital Debris Program Office, NASA Johnson Space Center: Performs many duties that are NASA-
specific, interagency, and international in nature; within NASA, in charge of aiding all robotic and human space -
flight missions in determining compliance with NASA policy standards regarding orbital debris mitigation and
responsible for technical evaluations of all orbital debris assessment reports and end-of-mission plans;
• Meteoroid Environment Office, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center: Responsible for the creation and
stewardship of meteoroid environment models, tools, and documents relevant to spacecraft operations and design;
• Hypervelocity Impact Technology Group, NASA Johnson Space Flight Center: Works to decrease MMOD
risk to crew, improve MMOD protection of NASA spacecraft, and decrease the amount of MMOD shielding in
terms of cost, volume, and mass; and
• Robotic Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: Supports robotic
missions by conducting risk assessments of possible collisions between spacecraft in orbit of the close approaches
predicted by the U.S. Air Force Joint Space Command.
In addition to these established programs, the National Space Policy of the United States of America,3 released
in 2010 (henceforth referred to as the 2010 National Space Policy), also calls for NASA to take on research and
development into technologies related to orbital debris retrieval and removal. In addition to research and develop -
ment, the policy also makes maintaining a sustainable space environment a long-term goal of the United States.
Because of the diversity and number of perspectives and entities involved in space activities within the United
States, the committee held a public workshop on March 9-10, 2011, in Fairfax, Virginia, as an efficient way to hear
from the various stakeholders. The workshop complements other data-gathering meetings held by the committee
throughout the course of its study.
The committee’s statement of task calls for a summary of the workshop, which is the purpose of this report.
The presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop are summarized in this report, although the
committee does not offer any findings or recommendations. The committee will detail its findings and offer rec -
ommendations in its next, and final, report. The committee maintains responsibility for the overall quality and
accuracy of the report as a record of what transpired at the workshop, but views and opinions contained in this
workshop report were expressed by the presenters, attendees, or individual committee members as attributed and
do not necessarily represent the views of the whole committee.
The committee heard from five panels of presenters at the workshop, each of which was composed of three to
five members who spoke for a short period of time. Their names and affiliations are listed in Appendix C. Following
the presentations, questions and comments were then solicited, first from the committee members and then from
the audience, which consisted of government employees, academics, and representatives of the aerospace industry.
3 National Space Policy of the United States of America, June 28, 2010, available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/
national_space_policy_6-28-10.pdf.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical
expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the Report Review Committee of the National Research
Council (NRC). The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist
the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional
standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft
manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following
individuals for their review of this report:
William Ailor, The Aerospace Corporation,
Ravi B. Deo, EMBR,
John L. Junkins, Texas A&M University,
Chris T.W. Kunstadter, XL Insurance, and
Michael F. Zedd, Naval Research Laboratory.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were
not asked to endorse any of the viewpoints or observations detailed in this report. The review of this report was
overseen by M. Granger Morgan, Carnegie Mellon University. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for
making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional
procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this
report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
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B
Statement of Task
The National Research Council, under the auspices of the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, will
establish an ad hoc committee to assess NASA’s orbital debris programs and provide recommendations on potential
opportunities for enhancing their benefit to the nation’s space program.
The committee will:
1. Review NASA’s existing efforts, policies, and organization with regard to orbital debris and micrometeor-
oids, including efforts in the following areas:
• Modeling and simulation;
• Detection and monitoring;
• Protection;
• Mitigation;
• Reentry;
• Collision assessment risk analysis and launch collision avoidance;
• Interagency cooperation;
• International cooperation;
• Cooperation with the commercial space industry.
2. Assess whether NASA should initiate work in any new orbital debris or micrometeoroid areas.
3. Recommend whether NASA should increase or decrease effort in, or change the focus of, any of its current
orbital debris or micrometeoroid efforts to improve the programs’ abilities to serve NASA and other national and
international activities.
The committee should assume that the programs will be operating in a constrained budget environment.
The study will result in two reports. The first will be a workshop report and the second will be the committee’s
final report at the conclusion of the study.
This project is sponsored by NASA.
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C
Workshop Agenda
MARCH 9, 2011
Don Kessler, Chair
10:30 a.m. Workshop Introduction
Session 1: NASA Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs
10:35 a.m.
The leads for NASA’s Meteoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) programs will speak about pro-
gram goals, issues, gaps, and opportunities.
Panelists: John Lyver, Office of Safety and Mission Assurance, NASA Headquarters, Man-
ager of NASA’s Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Program Offices
Gene Stansbery, NASA Orbital Debris Program Office, Johnson Space Center
William Cooke, Meteoroid Environment Office, Marshall Space Flight Center
Eric Christiansen, Hypervelocity Impact Technology Group, Johnson Space Center/
Human Exploration Science Office
Lauri Newman, NASA Robotic Conjunction Assessment Risk Analysis, Goddard
Space Flight Center
12:00 p.m. Lunch
Session 2: NASA Mission Operators
12:45 p.m.
Project managers and system engineers from various NASA robotic missions will discuss
MMOD issues from an operations standpoint. What MMOD-related problems do missions
encounter throughout the lifetime of a spacecraft? How do NASA’s MMOD programs meet
mission planners’ and operators’ needs? What information are mission managers using to
make decisions related to the operations of a spacecraft, and how do mission managers make
MMOD-related decisions?
Panelists: Michael Rhee, Systems Engineer, Global Precipitation Measurement Mission,
Goddard Space Flight Center
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Mark Woodard, Senior Flight Dynamics Engineer, ARTEMIS Mission, Goddard
Space Flight Center
Patrick Crouse, Operations Project Manager, Hubble Space Telescope, Goddard
Space Flight Center
Glenn Shirtliffe, Project Manager, Jason-1 and OSTM/Jason-2 Missions, Jet
Propulsion Laboratory
Richard Burns, Program Manager, Space Science Mission Operations, Goddard
Space Flight Center
Session 3: Role of NASA’s MMOD Programs and Their Relationship to Other Federal
2:15 p.m.
Agencies
Representatives of U.S. government agencies involved in space policy, space and Earth science,
and MMOD issues will discuss challenges they face from the space environment, interagency
issues and opportunities for collaboration, and how and to what extent they engage NASA’s
MMOD programs.
Panelists: Andrew Palowitch, Director, Space Protection Program, Air Force Space
Command/National Reconnaissance Office
Phil Brinkman, Program Lead for Licenses, Office of Commercial Space Trans-
portation, Federal Aviation Administration
Mark Mulholland, Senior Advisor, Office of Systems Development, National
Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
Kenneth Hodgkins, Director, Space and Advanced Technology, Bureau of
Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Depart-
ment of State
Karl Kensinger, Associate Division Chief, Satellite Division, International
Bureau, Federal Communications Commission
4:15 p.m. Day 1 Adjourns
6:00 p.m. Committee Working Dinner
MARCH 10, 2011
Session 4: MMOD and the Commercial Industry Perspective
9:00 a.m.
Members of the aerospace and space insurance industries will talk about how MMOD affects
business operations, from the manufacturing of spacecraft to making on-orbit decisions about a
possible collision. What tools does industry use to make decisions affecting their space assets,
what is industry’s relationship with NASA’s MMOD programs, and what opportunities for col-
laboration are there between industry and NASA?
Panelists: John Campbell, Lt. Gen. (ret.), USAF, Executive Vice President of Government
Programs, Iridium Satellite Communications
Larry Price, Orion Deputy Program Manager, Lockheed Martin Space Systems
Chris Kunstadter, Senior Vice President, XL Insurance
Session 5: Panel on Orbital Debris Retrieval and Removal
10:45 a.m.
The 2010 National Space Policy calls for U.S. government research and development efforts to
be made to retrieve and remove orbital debris, but how will that policy be turned into action?
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Representatives of NASA’s technology development programs, the Department of Defense, and
the Executive Office of the President will talk about these efforts and what it will take to help
engineer a safer space environment.
Panelists: Wilson Harkins, Deputy Chief, Safety Mission Assurance, NASA
Steven Meier, Director, Crosscutting Capability Demonstration Division, NASA
Office of the Chief Technologist
Damon Wells, Senior Advisor, Office of Science and Technology Policy
12:30 p.m. Lunch and Committee Working Lunch in Closed Session
1:30 p.m. Discussion of Observations and Conclusions from Workshop
2:00 p.m. Workshop Adjourns
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D
Committee and Staff Biographical Information
COMMITTEE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NASA’S ORBITAL DEBRIS PROGRAMS
DONALD J. KESSLER, Chair, retired from NASA as a senior scientist for orbital debris research. He has more
than 30 years of experience in scientific research associated with orbital debris, meteoroids, and interplanetary
dust, especially in relation to developing mathematical models, deriving collision probabilities, using sampling
techniques, and defining the space environment. Mr. Kessler was a consultant to NASA through Lockheed on orbital
debris models and to Prairie View A&M University on orbital debris course development. He worked at NASA’s
Johnson Space Center as a senior scientist for orbital debris research in the Solar System Exploration Division,
where he coordinated NASA’s orbital debris research program. He also participated in national and international
reviews of other agencies’ orbital debris programs and participated in establishing the Inter-Agency Space Debris
Coordination Committee, an international agency to address orbital debris issues. He also developed orbital debris
models; recommended and developed experiments to test models; analyzed orbital debris data; conducted classes,
workshops, and symposia on orbital debris; and recommended cost-effective techniques to control orbital debris.
Mr. Kessler modeled interplanetary meteoroid environments, flight control of Skylab experiments, and atmospheric
environments, and he developed early orbital debris models and began establishing the need for an orbital debris
program. Mr. Kessler participated in U.S. Air Force (USAF) and Strategic Defense Command tests and measure -
ments programs, as well as in studies on orbital debris by various organizations, such as the USAF Scientific
Advisory Board, AIAA, the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA), and the Government Accountability Office.
Mr. Kessler has published approximately 100 technical articles or extended abstracts on meteoroids and orbital
debris and is a contributing author or editor of 10 major reports. He was the managing editor for Space Debris,
an international journal. He received the IAASS Jerome Lederer Space Safety Pioneer Award, the AIAA Losey
Atmospheric Sciences Award in 2000, and the NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement. Mr. Kessler
received his B.S. in physics from the University of Houston.
GEORGE J. GLEGHORN, Vice Chair, is an independent consultant who retired as vice president and chief engi-
neer of TRW Space and Technology Group, now a part of Northrop Grumman. During his 37 years at TRW, he
contributed to a wide range of distinguished spacecraft: Pioneer I, the first NASA spacecraft; Pioneer 5, which
reported the first data received from interplanetary space; Intelsat III, the first satellite to broadcast live television
worldwide; the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory; and NASA’s Tracking and Data Relay Satellite. He contributed
to Pioneer 6, Pioneer 10, and Pioneer 11 and to the development of the Atlas, Thor, and Titan ballistic missiles.
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Prior to TRW, Dr. Gleghorn worked at Hughes Aircraft and at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and he served as a
naval officer in the Korean War. He is a member of the NAE, a fellow of AIAA, and a member of the Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). He has also been a member of independent design and readiness
review groups on the Hubble Space Telescope refurbishment mission, the Cassini/Huygens orbiter, the probe of
Titan, and the Chandra X-Ray telescope spacecraft. Dr. Gleghorn holds a B.S. in electrical engineering from the
University of Colorado and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering and mathematics from the California
Institute of Technology. He was a member of the NASA Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel for 10 years and the
NRC National Weather Service Modernization Committee, the Committee on Membership, the Aerospace Engi -
neering Peer Committee, the Committee on International Space Station Meteoroid/Debris Risk Management, and
the Committee on Space Debris.
KYLE T. ALFRIEND is the TEES Distinguished Research Chair and Professor in the Department of Aerospace
Engineering at Texas A&M University. His areas of research include astrodynamics, satellite altitude dynam -
ics and control, space debris, space surveillance, and space systems engineering. Dr. Alfriend has received the
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) International Scientific Cooperation Award, the
AIAA Mechanics and Control of Flight Award, and the American Astronautical Society Dirk Brouwer Award. He
is a member of the NAE and a fellow of AIAA. Dr. Alfriend earned his M.S. in applied mechanics from Stanford
University and his Ph.D. in engineering mechanics from Virginia Tech. He has served as a member of the NRC’s
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board and of the Committee on the Future of the U.S. Aerospace Infrastruc -
ture and Aerospace Engineering Disciplines to Meet the Needs of the Air Force and the Department of Defense.
MICHAEL J. BLOOMFIELD is vice president and general manager of space systems at Oceaneering Space
Systems. Prior to joining Oceaneering, he was vice president for Houston operations at Alliant Techsystems Inc.
(ATK). Mr. Bloomfield is a veteran astronaut of three space shuttle flights. Selected as a NASA astronaut in 1994,
he served as pilot on STS-86 and STS-97 and as commander of STS-110. While at NASA he also held important
management positions with the astronaut office, including chief instructor astronaut, chief of astronaut safety, and
deputy director of flight crew operations. Additionally, Mr. Bloomfield was director of shuttle operations and chief
of the shuttle branch. He also served as deputy director of the Flight Crew Operations Directorate before leaving
NASA in 2007 to join ATK. Mr. Bloomfield received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from the U.S. Air Force
Academy and his M.S. in engineering management from Old Dominion University.
PETER BROWN is a professor at the University of Western Ontario (UWO) and a member of the Western Meteor
Physics Group. He studies small bodies of the solar system, with a particular emphasis on meteors, meteorites,
meteoroids, and asteroids. His research interests include answering basic questions about the origin and evolu -
tion of small bodies in the solar system, such as the origin of meteoroids (comets/asteroids/interstellar and the
proportions of each), the origin of meteorites, the physical structure of meteoroids (bulk density/dustballs and
what this says about their origin), and the flux and interaction of larger meteoroids at Earth (meteorites, breakup
in the atmosphere). Dr. Brown has received the UWO Governor General’s Gold Medal and the Plaskett Medal of
the Canadian Astronomical Society and the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, is the Canada Research Chair
in Meteor Science, and won an Ontario Distinguished Researcher Award. He earned his B.Sc. in honors physics
from the University of Alberta and his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in physics from the UWO.
RAMON L. CHASE is an associate at Booz Allen Hamilton. He has worked on three new concept efforts: the Fly
back Booster System, the Point-to-Point Delivery System, and the Transatmospheric Vehicle. He is also the DARPA
representative to the Joint NASA DARPA Horizontal Launch Initiative study advisory group. Previously, he was
a principal and division manager at ANSER, where he participated in the development of a National Hypersonic
Roadmap and an Air Force Integrated Space Architecture. He has served as a study leader at General Research
Corporation and as a propulsion lead to the Jupiter Orbiter Planetary Spacecraft Preliminary Design Team at Cali -
fornia Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Mr. Chase has written more than 30 technical papers
on advanced space transportation systems, military space planes, single stage-to-orbit launch vehicles, orbital
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transfer vehicles, technology readiness assessment, and advanced propulsion systems. He is an AIAA associate
fellow and has served on the AIAA Hypersonics Program Committee and the AIAA Space Transportation Technical
Committee. He also chaired the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Hypersonic Committee and SAE Space
Transportation Committee. Mr. Chase received an M.A. in public administration from the University of California.
SIGRID CLOSE is an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University.
Prior to joining Stanford, Dr. Close was a project leader at Los Alamos National Laboratory and a technical staff
member at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s (MIT’s) Lincoln Laboratory, where she led programs to
characterize meteoroids and meteoroid plasma using high-power radars. She was also the lead space physicist for
spacecraft monitoring and unplanned space surveillance events and was a project leader for characterizing and
modeling ionospheric plasma instabilities. Dr. Close’s current research area is in space weather and satellite sys -
tems, which includes characterizing and mitigating environmental risks to spacecraft; detecting and characterizing
interstellar dust; signal processing and monitoring using radio-frequency satellite systems; and plasma modeling
for remote sensing. Her honors and awards include the Joe D. Marshall Award, given by the Air Force Technical
Applications Center for Outstanding Technical Briefing, MIT Lincoln Scholar, and first place in the student paper
competition at the International Union of Radio Science. She was the vice chair of Commission G of the Interna -
tional Union of Radio Science. Dr. Close received her Ph.D. in astronomy (space physics) from Boston University.
JOANNE IRENE GABRYNOWICZ is director of the National Center for Remote Sensing, Air, and Space Law
at the University of Mississippi; and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Space Law. Dr. Gabrynowicz teaches space
law and remote sensing law and was a founding faculty member of the University of North Dakota Space Studies
Department. She has served as the dean of the NASA Space Academy at Goddard Space Flight Center, as the
managing attorney of a law firm, and as an official observer for the International Astronautical Federation to the
United Nations’ Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. She was a member of the International Insti -
tute of Space Law delegation to the Unidroit Committee of Governmental Experts for the Preparation of a Draft
Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Space Assets.
Dr. Gabrynowicz is the organizer and chair of the Federal Advisory Committee for the National Satellite Land
Remote Sensing Data Archive, and she served as a member of the OTA’s Earth Observations Advisory Panel and
the Department of Commerce Advisory Committee on Commercial Remote Sensing. She advised the Eisenhower
Institute on its study “The Future of Space—the Next Strategic Frontier.” She is a member of the International
Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing International Policy Advisory Committee, the American Bar
Association, the Forum on Aviation and Space Law, the New York State Bar, the International Institute of Space
Law, and Women in Aerospace, among other groups. Dr. Gabrynowicz received her B.A. from Hunter College
and her J.D. from the Yeshiva University Cardozo School of Law.
ROGER E. KASPERSON is a research professor and distinguished scientist at Clark University. He also taught
at the University of Connecticut and Michigan State University. He has written widely on issues connected with
risk analysis, risk communication, global environmental change, risk and ethics, and environmental policy. Dr.
Kasperson has been a consultant or advisor to numerous public and private agencies on energy and environmental
issues and served on various committees of the NRC and the Council of the Society for Risk Analysis. He chaired
the International Geographical Union Commission on Critical Situations/Regions in Environmental Change. He
was vice president for Academic Affairs at Clark University and was elected director of the Stockholm Environment
Institute. He served as co-chair of the scientific advisory committee of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Change
and is on the Scientific Steering Committee of the START Programme of the International Geosphere-Biosphere
Programme. Dr. Kasperson is a member of the NAS and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been
honored by the Association of American Geographers for his research on hazards and is a recipient of the Distin -
guished Achievement Award of the Society for Risk Analysis. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago.
T.S. KELSO is currently a senior research astrodynamicist for the Center for Space Standards and Innovation
(CSSI) in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He has nearly 30 years of experience in space education, research, analysis,
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acquisition, development, operations, and consulting with organizations such as the Air Force Space Command
Space Analysis Center; NASA’s Near-Earth Object Science Definition Team; the Air Force Chief of Staff’s SPACE -
CAST 2020 and Air Force 2025 future studies; and the Air Force Satellite Control Network. Dr. Kelso has taught on
the faculty at the Air War College; the Air Command and Staff College; the Airpower Research Institute; the College
of Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education; and the Air Force Institute of Technology. He has supported the
space surveillance community by operating electronic data dissemination systems to provide the North American
Aerospace Defense Command two-line orbital element sets, associated orbital models, documentation, software,
and educational materials to users around the world. Dr. Kelso received a B.S. in both physics and mathematics
from the U.S. Air Force Academy, an M.B.A. in quantitative methods from the University of Missouri, Columbia,
an M.S. in space operations from the Air Force Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering
(operations research) from the University of Texas, Austin.
MOLLY K. MACAULEY is a senior fellow and research director at Resources for the Future, where her research
has included studies on economics and policy issues of outer space, the valuation of non-priced space resources, the
design of incentive arrangements to improve the use of space resources, and the appropriate relationship between
public and private endeavors in space research, development, and the commercial enterprise. Dr. Macauley has
also served as a visiting professor in the Department of Economics at Johns Hopkins University. She was elected
to the International Academy of Astronautics and was selected as a “Rising Star” by the National Space Society.
She is on the board of trustees of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and on the board of directors of
the American Astronautical Society and the Thomas Jefferson Public Policy Program of the College of William
and Mary. She has testified frequently before Congress and serves on many national-level committees and panels.
Dr. Macauley earned her B.A. in economics from the College of William and Mary and her M.S. and Ph.D. in
economics from Johns Hopkins University. She is a member of the NRC’s Space Studies Board and has previously
served on the NRC’s Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, the Panel on Earth Science Applications and
Societal Needs, the Science Panel of the Review of NASA Strategic Roadmaps, and the Committee on a Survey
of the Scientific Use of the Radio Spectrum.
DARREN S. McKNIGHT is the technical director at Integrity Applications, Inc. (IAI). He is focused on space
systems/environment analysis, sustainable energy modeling, innovation practices, visualization solutions, and data
analytics. Before coming to IAI, Dr. McKnight served as senior vice president and director of science and technol -
ogy strategy at Science Applications International Corporation and as chief scientist at Agilex Technologies. His
responsibilities included technical collaboration corporate-wide, strategic technology investments (including inde -
pendent research and development), and validating innovation methodologies. Dr. McKnight has served recently
on the Defense Science Board Summer Study on 21st Century Strategic Technology Vectors, National Science
Foundation’s (NSF’s) Industry Expert Panel on Industrial R&D, Harvard Business Review Advisory Council,
National Knowledge and Intellectual Property Management Task Force, and IBM’s Global Innovation Outlook
Team. He has coauthored two technical books, Artificial Space Debris and Chemical Principles Applied to Space-
craft Operations. Dr. McKnight received his bachelor’s degree from the U.S. Air Force Academy in engineering
sciences, his master’s degree from the University of New Mexico in mechanical engineering, and his doctorate
from the University of Colorado in aerospace engineering sciences.
WILLIAM P. SCHONBERG is a professor and chair of the civil, architectural, and environmental engineering
department at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He has 25 years of teaching and research experience
in shock physics, spacecraft protection, hypervelocity impact, and penetration mechanics. The results of his research
have been applied to a wide variety of engineering problems, including the development of orbital debris protection
systems for spacecraft in low Earth orbit, kinetic energy weapons, the collapse of buildings under explosive loads,
insensitive munitions, and aging aircraft. Dr. Schonberg has published more than 65 papers in referred journals
and has presented nearly 65 papers at a broad spectrum of international scientific and professional meetings. He
is a recipient of the AIAA Lawrence Sperry Award and of the Charles Sharpe Beecher Prize from the Institution
of Mechanical Engineers, is a fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society
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of Civil Engineers, and is an AIAA associate fellow. He received his B.S.C.E. from Princeton University and his
M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University. Dr. Schonberg served on the NRC’s Committee on Space Shuttle
Meteoroid/Debris Risk Management.
STAFF
PAUL JACKSON, Study Director, is a program officer for the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board (ASEB).
He joined the NRC in 2006 and was previously a media relations contact for the Office of News and Public
Information. He is the study director for a number of ASEB’s projects, including proposal reviews for the state of
Ohio and the Committee for the Assessment of NASA’s Orbital Debris Programs. Mr. Jackson earned a B.A. in
philosophy from Michigan State University in 2002 and an M.P.A in policy analysis, economic development, and
comparative international affairs from Indiana University in 2006.
JOHN F. WENDT joined the NRC as a part-time, off-site senior program officer for ASEB in 2002. His main
activities have involved proposal evaluations for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the state of Ohio.
He retired in 1999 as director of the von Karman Institute (VKI) for Fluid Dynamics. The VKI is a NATO-affiliated
international postgraduate and research establishment located in a suburb of Brussels, Belgium. As director, Dr.
Wendt’s main responsibility was to ensure the continued excellence of the institute’s teaching and research pro -
grams by providing effective leadership and administrative and financial management. Dr. Wendt’s career at the
VKI began as a postdoctoral researcher in 1964. He served as head of the Aeronautics/Aerospace Department and
dean of the faculty prior to becoming director in 1990. His research interests were rarefied gas dynamics, transonics,
high angle of attack aerodynamics and hypersonic reentry including major inputs to the European Hermes space
shuttle program in the 1980s. Dr. Wendt has served as a consultant to the U.S. Air Force, NATO, and the European
Space Agency. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Aerospace. Dr. Wendt received a B.S.
degree in chemical engineering from the University of Wisconsin, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical
engineering and astronautical sciences from Northwestern University.
LEWIS B. GROSWALD, research associate, joined the Space Studies Board as the Autumn 2008 Lloyd V. Berkner
Space Policy Intern. Mr. Groswald is a graduate of George Washington University, where he received a master’s
degree in international science and technology policy and a bachelor’s degree in international affairs, with a double
concentration in conflict and security and Europe and Eurasia. Following his work with the National Space Society
during his senior year as an undergraduate, Mr. Groswald decided to pursue a career in space policy, with a focus
on educating the public on space issues and formulating policy.
CATHERINE A. GRUBER, editor, joined the SSB as a senior program assistant in 1995. Ms. Gruber first came to
the NRC in 1988 as a senior secretary for the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board and also worked
as an outreach assistant for the National Science Resources Center. She was a research assistant (chemist) in the
National Institute of Mental Health’s Laboratory of Cell Biology for 2 years. She has a B.A. in natural science
from St. Mary’s College of Maryland.
ANDREA M. REBHOLZ joined the ASEB as a program associate in January 2009. She began her career at the
National Academies in October 2005 as a senior program assistant for the Institute of Medicine’s Forum on Drug
Discovery, Development, and Translation. Before joining the Academies, she worked in the communications
department of a D.C.-based think tank. Ms. Rebholz graduated from George Mason University’s New Century
College in 2003 with a B.A. in integrative studies–event management and has more than 9 years of experience in
event planning.
DALAL NAJIB is the Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellow with the ASEB. Dr.
Najib recently completed her Ph.D. in space physics at the University of Michigan (AOSS department) on modeling
the interaction of non-magnetized planets (Mars, Venus) with the solar wind, working with Dr. Andrew F. Nagy.
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During her doctoral work, she developed a new three-dimensional multi-fluid magnetohydrodynamic model and
applied it to Mars and Venus. In parallel, she also completed a master’s of public policy from the Gerald Ford
School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan with a focus on science and technology policy. Dr. Najib
received her undergraduate degree in aerospace and aeronautical engineering from Supaero (Toulouse, France).
She is interested in space policy, general science and innovation policy, and efforts to promote cooperation between
international science communities.
MICHAEL H. MOLONEY is the director of the SSB and the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board at the
NRC. Since joining the NRC in 2001, Dr. Moloney has served as a study director at the National Materials Advi -
sory Board, the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA), the Board on Manufacturing and Engineering Design,
and the Center for Economic, Governance, and International Studies. Before joining the SSB and ASEB in April
2010, he was associate director of the BPA and study director for the Astro2010 decadal survey for astronomy
and astrophysics. In addition to his professional experience at the NRC, Dr. Moloney has more than 7 years of
experience as a foreign-service officer for the Irish government and served in that capacity at the Embassy of
Ireland in Washington, D.C., the Mission of Ireland to the United Nations in New York, and the Department of
Foreign Affairs in Dublin, Ireland. A physicist, Dr. Moloney did his graduate Ph.D. work at Trinity College Dublin
in Ireland. He received his undergraduate degree in experimental physics at University College Dublin, where he
was awarded the Nevin Medal for Physics.
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E
Acronyms
ARTEMIS Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon’s Interaction with
the Sun
ASEB Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
CARA conjunction assessment risk analysis
DAS Debris Assessment Software
DLR German Aerospace Center
DOD Department of Defense
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GEO geosynchronous/geostationary Earth orbit
GPM Global Precipitation Measurement (mission)
HST Hubble Space Telescope
HVIT Hypervelocity Impact Technology
IADC Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
JSpOC Joint Space Operations Center
LEO low Earth orbit
MEM Meteoroid Environment Model
MMOD meteoroid and orbital debris
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NRC National Research Council
OCT Office of the Chief Technologist
ODPO Orbital Debris Program Office
ORDEM Orbital Debris Environment Model
ORSAT Object Reentry Survival Analysis Tool
OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy
PSFT Propulsion Systems Foundation Technology
R&D research and development
TRL technology readiness level
UN United Nations
