• Front Matter R1-R12

• 1. Introduction 1-2

• 2. Microbiology in the 21st Century 3-12

• 3. Breaking Anti-Commons Constraints on Global Scientific Research: Some New Moves in "Legal Jujitsu" 13-24

• 4. An Industry Perspective: Development of an MTA Harmonious with a Microbial Research Commons 25-30

• 5. Developing Country Perspective: Microbial Research Commons Including Viruses 31-42

• 6. A Compensatory Liability Regime to Promote the Exchange of Microbial Genetic Resources for Research and Benefit Sharing 43-54

• 7. The Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection: Germplasm Accessions and Research Programs 55-62

• 8. American Type Culture Collection: A Model for Biological Materials Resource Management 63-68

• 9. Contracting to Preserve Open Science: Lessons for a Microbial Research Commons 69-76

• 10. Designing the Digital Commons in Microbiology - Moving from Restrictive Dissemination of Publicly Funded Knowledge to Open Knowledge Environments: A Case Study in Microbiology 77-90

• 11. The Web-Enabled Research Commons: Applications, Goals, and Trends 91-102

• 13. Toward a Biomedical Research Commons: A View from the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health 103-110

• 14. Academic Publications 111-114

• 15. StrainInfo: Reducing Microbial Data Entropy 115-120

• 16. Research and Applications in Energy and Environment 121-128

• 18. Proposal for a Microbial Semi-Commons: Perspectives from the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups 129-136

• 19. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources 137-144

• 20. Microbial Commons: Governing Complex Knowledge Assets 145-160

• 22. Accessing Microbiological Data: A User's Perspective 161-164

• 23. The Microbial Commons: Journals and Professional Societies 165-168

• 24. Microbial Commons: Overview of the Governance Considerations - A Framework for Discussion 169-176

• 25. Institutional Design and Governance in the Microbial Research Commons 177-184

• 26. International Developments: A Context for theCreation of a Microbiology Commons 185-190

• 27. Options for Governing the Microbial Commons 191-200

• 28. Access and Benefit Sharing under the CBD and Access to Materials for Research 201-208

• 29. Closing Observations 209-210

• Appendix A – Microbial Commons Symposium Agenda 211-214

• Appendix B – Microbial Commons Symposium Participants 215-216

" 18. Proposal for a Microbial Semi-Commons: Perspectives from the International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups ." Designing the Microbial Research Commons: Proceedings of an International Workshop . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011 .

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