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Present and Future Applications of
COMPASS Navigation Satellite System
TAN SHUSEN
ABSTRACT
After an overview of the COMPASS Navigation Satellite System, the author
introduces its Radio Determination Satellite Service (RDSS) and Regional Navi -
gation Satellite Service (RNSS) and their performances, which can serve group
users based on location information sharing. The typical application modes of
COMPASS group users are presented. Furthermore, possible applications in the
near future are also explored.
OVERVIEW OF COMPASS’S
THREE-STEP DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
Research on satellite navigation in China was first initiated in the 1980s. Mainly
learning from the GPS and GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS),
China had been groping for a development strategy for its own satellite naviga-
tion system. It is Academician Chen Yunfang who first proposed a positioning
theory that makes use of two geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites and user
elevation. In 1994, the project based on this idea was formally approved by the
state. A demonstration system of COMPASS was established after the successful
launch of three GEOs between 2000 and 2003.
The COMPASS demonstration system consists of three GEOs, all of which
are equipped with RDSS payloads (Figure 1). One of them is also equipped
with RNSS experimental payloads. RDSS is the major service, with functions
of positioning, user location report, short message communication, and timing.
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168 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
FIGURE 1 COMPASS Navigation Satellite System.
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Phase II of COMPASS aims at meeting users’ demands in the Asia-Pacific
region (Figure 2). A constellation made up of 12 satellites will be put in place
before 2012. By then, the COMPASS system with RDSS and RNSS will be able
to provide users with continuous positioning, velocity measurement, and loca -
tion report services. COMPASS will achieve compatibility with GPS and provide
equivalent accuracy as GPS.
Phase III of COMPASS is to establish a global constellation with 30 to 35
satellites by 2020 (Figure 3). It adopts RDSS and RNSS as well. As a member of
the GNSS community, COMPASS will achieve compatibility and interoperability
with GPS and Galileo within multi-frequency bands.
COMPASS SYSTEM’S PERFORMANCE
RDSS and RNSS
RDSS can provide information of both the user’s location and time param -
eters (X, Y, Z, T). It can provide location reports among the users, short message
and timing services at the same time.
RNSS can provide user’s location, velocity, and time parameters (X, Y, Z,
Vx, Vy, Vz, T).
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169
APPLICATIONS OF COMPASS NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
FIGURE 2 Phase II of COMPASS Navigation Satellite System.
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FIGURE 3 Phase III of COMPASS Navigation Satellite System.
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170 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Performance
Accuracy levels of the positioning and timing services provided by the
COMPASS system can reach 10 m and 20~50 ns respectively, while the response
time for its positioning and location reporting is 1 s. Two more features of the
system are location information sharing among group users and feasibility of
achieving possible interoperability with GPS as well as Galileo.
Major Group Users
The COMPASS system is mainly applied to group users based on location
information services in the following sectors:
• Traffic Management, Transport of Hazardous Goods;
• Marine Fishery, Geology, Water Reserve;
• Fleet Management, Forest Fire Prevention, Relief in Earthquake and
Flood; and
• Aerial and Offshore Rescue.
APPLICATION MODE
No matter what kind of application of COMPASS, there are three elements:
(1) various sensors, (2) the COMPASS information system, (3) and the group
user’s management center, which can be illustrated as in Figure 4.
A brief explanation of the three elements follows.
COMPASS Satellites with RDSS
Various Sensors:
Oil sensor, Gas sensor,
Pressure sensor,
Thermal sensitive sensor,
Hydrological sensor,
Meteorological sensor.
COMPASS
Group Users’ COMPASS Short Message
User
Management Information Alarm
Terminal
Center System
FIGURE 4 Typical application.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPASS NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
First, various sensors will gather information that will be used for further
processing, such as the onboard sensors of networked vehicles, as well as onboard
oil and gas sensors of networked ships, etc.
Second, the COMPASS information system, usually incorporating the user
terminal, RDSS satellites, and COMPASS application center, can achieve marking
of moving articles’ position and time, data transmission, and distribution.
Finally, the group user management center is in charge of cloud computing,
intelligent processing, and real-time dispatching and management in various
industries to satisfy the needs of all users within the group.
The above three elements constitute an integrated application mode of
COMPASS Navigation Satellite System.
TYPICAL APPLICATION PROJECTS
COMPASS Dispatching System in Marine Fishery
China has realized offshore real-time monitoring of about 20,000 fishing
vessels by taking advantage of COMPASS in rapid positioning, location report,
and short message communication (Figure 5). Moreover, many other functions,
such as alarms for dangerous zone and bad weather, monitoring and commanding,
ship tracking, operation track recording, and oil fuel data collection, etc., are pos -
sible. An even larger-scale system for offshore group users is under construction.
COMPASS Hydrological Data Collection System at
Three Gorges of the Yangtze River
Regular water reports about the Three Gorges Conservatory of the Yangtze
River are urgently needed by local governments. The Hydrological Data Col -
lection System (Figure 6) can get reports on the tributaries along the upstream
of the Yangtze River covering an area of about 370,000 square kilometers; can
provide automatic monitoring and reporting for cascade hydroelectric stations
on the downstream of Jinsha River, with a coverage of 45.443 square kilometers;
and can report on the hydroelectric stations on the middle stream of the Jinsha
River. The system has successfully solved the problems of delays in flood fore-
casting for the upstream of the Yangtze River and scarce monitoring stations and
inconvenient communication.
Moreover, a weather station has been set up at Mount Everest that helped in
meteorological observations for the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008, as illustrated
in Figure 7.
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Beidou Integrated Marine Information Service System
Beidou Ground Control Center ……
BD-LBIS
Network Platform
Beidou Yuheng Fishing Vessel Position
Child Node Monitoring, Command and Management Fishery Logistics
Terminal (General Center Type)
(Business Operation Node)
……(10)
Maritime Satellite
BDG-MF-05Type
Beijing Center
Ground Center Internet/VPN Beidou Marine Fishery
Node Ship-borne Terminal
……
Beidou Yuheng Fishing Vessel Position
Child Node Monitoring, Command and Management
(Business Operation Node) Terminal (Branch Center Type)
CDMA/GSM BDG-MF-05I Type
Remote Center Node
Maritime Fishery
Short Message Center
Ship-borne Terminal
Beidou Yuheng Fishing Vessel Position
Monitoring, Command and Management
Terminal (Mobile Type)
……
BDG-MF-05M Type
Short Wave/Ultrashort Wave
Inshore Marine Fishery Ship-borne Terminal
Information Center
FIGURE 5 COMPASS dispatching system in marine fishery.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPASS NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
FIGURE 6 COMPASS hydrological data collection system.
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FIGURE 7 Meteorological observation system at Mount Everest.
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174 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Detection and Report of Forest Fire by COMPASS
A forest fire warning system based on COMPASS is supported by the
National Forestry Bureau. This system can send real-time positions of all fire
fighters, vehicles, and airplanes, make the related digital map, and keep everyone
in contact by short messages. In this system, fire fighting airplanes can outline
the areas on fire and inform the rescuers regarding tree species, terrain, and the
onsite situation of the on-fire area, which is illustrated in Figure 8.
Inspection and Monitoring System for
High-voltage Power Line in Remote Areas
The inspection and monitoring system for the 500-kilovolt power transmis-
sion line, which extends about 3,000 kilometers in total and has 4,000 inspection
FIGURE 8 COMPASS forestry fire prevention system.
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APPLICATIONS OF COMPASS NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM
tower-poles in the Tsitsihar Super-grid Bureau of the State Grid Cooperation
of China, can provide real-time inspection, dispatching, security, and recording
of staff, vehicle, and helicopter. The inspection and monitoring system used by
helicopter for high-voltage power lines is shown in Figure 9.
Yangtze River Environmental Protection and
Energy Conservation in Shipping
COMPASS performs as a data center as well as distribution center in envi-
ronmental protection and energy conservation of the Yangtze River shipping.
With the help of COMPASS, this vessel monitoring system provides real-time
monitoring of the on-board and offshore dispatching systems. In this way, not
only can voyage security be guaranteed but also exhaust emissions and energy
FIGURE 9 Inspection and monitoring system for high-voltage power line.
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176 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
consumption can be reduced. The latter, however, is of more important signifi -
cance to us.
COMPASS Vehicle Navigation System
The main objective of an automobile network is to share information of
all vehicles in operation and to help lessen traffic jams. The key lies in the data
transmission of cars on the road to the information center. COMPASS RDSS
performs as a radio communication and positioning system, which is like the
first runner in the automobile network relay race. The vehicle navigation system
is illustrated in Figure 10.
The Two-Way Timing Service of COMPASS Can Provide a Standard of
High Accuracy Time and Frequency for Upgrading the Old Power Grid
On February 18, 2011, an industrial park for COMPASS satellite navigation
civil applications was set up at the Jiaozhou City of Shandong Province. Initial
results of COMPASS timing services for the power industry have been satisfac -
tory. Also in 2010, intelligent upgrading of 23,500-kilovolt stations of the East
China Power Grid was completed successively. By taking advantage of high-
accuracy timing services provided by COMPASS, both the accident rate caused
by timing accuracy and the malfunction rate of sampled facilities are zero, exceed-
ing the internationally accepted standards. How the time synchronization system
of the intelligent power grid is incorporated is shown in Figure 11.
PROSPECTS OF INTEROPERABILITY
BETWEEN COMPASS AND GPS
Coordination Between COMPASS and GPS Under the
ITU Framework Has Been Accomplished
In September 2010, frequency coordination between COMPASS and GPS on
the L band was finished, with the frequency compatibility of both authorized and
open signals. Consensus has been achieved on the maximum and minimum power
of B1C/L1C and B2a/L5 as well as the sequential correlation of spreading codes.
Interoperability
Interoperability in B1C/L1C and B2a/L5 will be discussed for the users’
benefits to the largest extent.
Enormous efforts will be made to reduce complexity of receivers and provide
the most convenient access.
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FIGURE 10 Vehicle navigation system. Tan_Fig10.eps
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178 GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS
FIGURE 11 COMPASS two-way timing service system.
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CONCLUSION
1. COMPASS has been largely used as the three-step development strategy
planned.
2. The position data sharing service by COMPASS has been widely accepted.
3. There is a good and broad foundation for cooperation in compatibility
and interoperability for GPS and COMPASS.
4. Some Perspectives on Future Cooperation
There are many possible areas of cooperation between COMPASS and GPS,
such as aerial navigation application and standards discussion, geodetic surveying
and the coordinate system, receiver technology and consumer products, as well
as mitigating the interference with civil signals, etc.
