Data on Women Researchers in Science (Workshop Handout)
TABLE D-1. Women Researchers, As a Percentage of Total Researchers (head count) 2001-2008
2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | |
Country | ||||||||
Austria | .. | 20.7 | .. | 23.6 | .. | 25.3 | 26.4 | .. |
Belgium | .. | 27.7 | 28.1 | 28.8 | 29.6 | 30.7 | 31.1 | .. |
Czech Republic | 28.8 | 29.5 | 28.3 | 28.5 | 28.8 | 28.5 | 28.3 | 28.5 |
Denmark | 28.0 | 26.2 | 28.1 | .. | 29.7 | .. | 30.2 | .. |
Finland | 29.1 | 29.9 | 29.8 | 29.0 | 30.2 | 31.6 | 31.5 | 30.7 |
France | 27.5 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 28.0 | 27.4 | .. | .. |
Germany | .. | .. | 19.5 | .. | 21.4 | .. | 23.2 .. | |
Greece | 35.3 | .. | 37.1 | .. | 36.4 | .. | .. | .. |
Hungary | 33.0 | 33.7 | 35.1 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 33.5 | 33.5 | 33.0 |
Iceland | 34.7 | .. | 39.4 | .. | 39.3 | 38.6 | 37.8 | 37.8 |
Ireland | .. | 30.2 | 30.2 | 30.0 | 30.3 | 31.2 | 32.0 (p) | .. |
Italy | 28.1 | 28.7 | 29.3 | 29.9 | 32.4 | 33.3 | 33.2 | .. |
Japan | 10.7 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 12.4 | 13.0 | 13.0 |
Korea | 11.1 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 12.0 | 12.9 | 13.1 | 14.9 | 15.6 |
Luxembourg | .. | .. | 17.4 (c) | .. | 18.2 | .. | 24.1 (c) | .. |
Mexico | .. | .. | 31.6 (c) | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Netherlands | .. | .. | 17.2 | .. | 18.0 (c) | .. | 23.0 | .. |
New Zealand | 39.3 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
Norway | 28.3 | .. | 29.4 | .. | 31.7 | .. | 33.3 | 33.9 |
Poland | .. | .. | 39.3 | 38.9 | 39.3 | 39.5 | 39.9 | 39.5 |
Portugal | 43.6 | 44.0 (c) | 44.3 | 44.4 (c) | 44.4 | 43.8 (c) | 43.4 | .. |
Slovak Republic | .. | 39.6 | 40.6 | 41.2 | 41.5 | 41.8 | 42.3 | 42.3 |
Slovenia | 35.36 | 35.09 | 32.20 | 32.52 | 34.79 | 35.28 | 34.88 | 35.08 |
Spain | 35.4 | 35.2 | 36.3 | 36.1 | 36.7 | 36.7 | 37.0 | .. |
Sweden | .. | .. | .. | .. | 35.8 | .. | 34.5 | .. |
Switzerland | .. | .. | .. | 26.7 | .. | .. | .. | 30.2 |
Turkey | 35.2 | 35.6 | 35.9 | 36.4 | 36.1 | 36.3 | 36.7 | .. |
United Kingdom | .. | .. | .. | .. | 35.7 (c) | .. | 36.6 (c) | .. |
NOTE: The notation (c) indicates that this is a national estimate or projection adjusted if necessary by the Secretariat to meet Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), norms and (p) indicates that this is provisional data.
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators, Science, Technology and R&D Statistics, 2010.
TABLE D-2. Women Researchers by Sector of Employment, As a Percentage of Total Researchers, 2008
Country | Business Enterprises |
Government | Higher Education | Private non-Profit |
Argentina | 2.55 | 13.62 | 33.38 | 0.90 |
Portugal | 4.33 | 8.39 | 26.54 | 5.11 |
Romania | 10.85 | 9.70 | 22.54 | 0.18 |
Russian Federation | 22.87 | 16.19 | 3.04 | 0.06 |
Slovak Republic | 4.03 | 6.71 | 30.99 | 0.01 |
South Africa | 5.60 | 2.67 | 31.17 | 0.28 |
Iceland | 12.14 | 11.67 | 14.21 | 1.25 |
New Zealand | 1.89 | 1.97 | 27.54 | 7.87 |
Poland | 3.09 | 5.81 | 30.30 | 0.05 |
Spain | 6.47 | 7.26 | 22.86 | 0.11 |
Greece | 5.33 | 3.56 | 27.27 | 0.21 |
Turkey | 3.67 | 1.78 | 30.82 | 0.00 |
Sweden | 12.97 | 2.15 | 20.46 | 0.16 |
Slovenia | 8.28 | 10.45 | 16.56 | 0.07 |
Hungary | 5.12 | 7.22 | 21.13 | 0.00 |
Italy | 5.09 | 5.97 | 19.37 | 1.92 |
Norway | 7.89 | 4.59 | 19.25 | 0.00 |
Mexico | 5.99 | 4.83 | 19.02 | 1.72 |
Finland | 9.10 | 4.59 | 17.32 | 0.54 |
Ireland | 8.38 | 1.10 | 20.76 | 0.06 |
Denmark | 13.92 | 2.60 | 12.86 | 0.32 |
Belgium | 8.75 | 1.62 | 19.36 | -0.16 |
Czech Republic | 5.20 | 8.20 | 14.99 | 0.08 |
France | 9.03 | 3.60 | 14.51 | 0.70 |
Singapore | 14.02 | 2.22 | 10.85 | 0.00 |
Switzerland | 6.80 | 0.65 | 19.37 | -0.08 |
Austria | 5.87 | 1.90 | 15.50 | 0.35 |
Germany | 5.27 | 3.11 | 12.99 | 0.00 |
Chinese Taipei | 8.02 | 2.79 | 9.47 | 0.18 |
Luxembourg | 10.60 | 5.40 | 2.21 | 0.00 |
Netherlands | 5.90 | 4.61 | 7.20 | 0.31 |
Korea | 7.01 | 0.77 | 5.08 | 0.27 |
Japan | 4.11 | 0.55 | 7.61 | 0.14 |
SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Main Science and Technology Indicators Database, April 2008.
TABLE D-3. Employed Female Scientists and Engineers in the United States, by Occupations, Highest Degree Level, As a Percentage of Total Scientists and Engineers, 2006
Occupation | All Degrees | Bachelor’s | Master’s | Doctorate | ||||
Both sexes | Female (percent) |
Both sexes | Female (percent) |
Both sexes | Female (percent) |
Both sexes |
Female (percent) |
|
All occupations | 18,927,000 | 44 | 10,886,000 | 45 | 5,384,000 | 47 | 883,000 | 30 |
S&E occupations | 5,024,000 | 26 | 2,911,000 | 24 | 1,497,000 | 29 | 566,000 | 28 |
Scientist | 3,403,000 | 33 | 1,865,000 | 31 | 1,023,000 | 37 | 467,000 | 33 |
Biological/life |
487,000 | 44 | 203,000 | 51 | 113,000 | 47 | 154,000 | 34 |
Agricultural/food scientist |
57,000 | 32 | 32,000 | 38 | 15,000 | 27 | 10,000 | 20 |
Biological/medical scientist |
336,000 | 49 | 137,000 | 59 | 76,000 | 55 | 107,000 | 36 |
Forestry and conservation scientist |
35,000 | 14 | 22,000 | 14 | 11,000 | 9 | 2,000 N/A | |
Postsecondary teacher |
60,000 | 40 | 13,000 | 54 | 11,000 | 55 | 34,000 | 29 |
Computer and Information Scientist |
1,963,000 |
26 |
1,350,000 |
25 |
557,000 |
26 |
50,000 |
16 |
Computer/information scientist |
1,938,000 | 25 | 1,345,000 | 25 | 546,000 | 27 | 41,000 | 15 |
Postsecondary teacher |
25,000 | 32 | 5,000 | 20 | 11,000 | 45 | 9,000 | 22 |
Mathematical Scientist |
149,000 |
39 |
44,000 |
41 |
70,000 |
43 |
33,000 |
27 |
Mathematical scientist |
85,000 | 38 | 32,000 | 41 | 39,000 | 41 | 12,000 | 25 |
Postsecondary teacher |
64,000 | 39 | 12,000 | 42 | 31,000 | 48 | 21,000 | 24 |
Physical Scientist | 334,000 | 28 | 159,000 | 33 | 84,000 | 32 | 89,000 | 17 |
Chemist, except biochemist |
134,000 |
35 |
79,000 |
39 |
26,000 |
42 |
28,000 |
18 |
Earth scientist / geologist / oceanographer |
80,000 | 20 | 39,000 | 21 | 30,000 | 20 | 11,000 | 18 |
Physicist/astronomer |
29,000 | 14 | 6,000 | 17 | 7,000 | 14 | 16,000 | 13 |
Other physical scientist |
39,000 | 31 | 25,000 | 32 | 10,000 | 30 | 3,000 | 33 |
Postsecondary teacher |
52,000 | 29 | 9,000 | 44 | 11,000 | 45 | 31,000 | 19 |
Psychologist | 211,000 | 65 | 22,000 | 73 | 98,000 | 69 | 76,000 | 55 |
Social scientist | 259,000 | 46 | 86,000 | 51 | 102,000 | 44 | 66,000 | 39 |
SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System.