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9
Approaches to Assuring U.S. Nuclear
and Radiochemistry Expertise
As discussed throughout this report and in past studies, the supply of
nuclear and radiochemists has been tenuous for many years. There have
been efforts over the past several decades to sustain or increase the number
of students and faculty in nuclear and radiochemistry, and nuclear science
and engineering as a whole, to support the workforce demands. In this
chapter, the committee looks in detail at some of the programs at the under-
graduate, graduate, and postgraduate and research levels and evaluates the
salient features and adequacy of those efforts to assure current and future
needs for nuclear and radiochemistry expertise. The programs are also sum-
marized in Tables 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4. In addition, the committee considers
aspects of on-the-job training efforts largely implemented in industry to meet
the demand for nuclear and radiochemistry expertise.
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY SUMMER SCHOOLS
Earlier reports have recommended a number of efforts be undertaken
to sustain academic programs in nuclear and radiochemistry.1 One of the
first initiatives that sought to attract and retain new undergraduate student
interest in the field of nuclear and radiochemistry that still exists today are
the Nuclear Chemistry Summer Schools (see Box 9-1). The summer schools
have introduced undergraduate students to nuclear and radiochemistry and
provided information on graduate education and on possible careers in these
fields. Out of 167 graduates of the San José State University (SJSU) summer
school (who attended in 1997-2010) 130 students or 77 percent of graduates
went on to attend graduate, medical, or law school. In addition, 42 students
or 25 percent of graduates chose to study in either nuclear chemistry or
nuclear engineering in graduate school.
See Chapter 1.
1
131
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132 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
BOX 9-1 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY SUMMER SCHOOLS
For nearly three decades, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has funded the American
Chemical Society Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technologies (DNCT) Summer Schools in
Nuclear and Radiochemistry, first started at San José State University (SJSU) in 1984 with a second
one added at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in 1989 (Clark, 2005; Kinard and Silber, 2005;
Peterson, 1997;). The driver for creating the summer schools arose in the late 1970s from concerns
about the declining graduate student and faculty population in nuclear chemistry. Initial funding
levels were enough to cover student housing and travel, staff and teaching assistant salaries, and
some modest costs for guest speakers. Today, funding also covers some student stipends, which
is necessary to keep the summer schools competitive with other, more recent summer programs.
However, many individuals, including staff and guest speakers, still donate many hours of time
and effort to hold the summer schools each year.
Frank Kinard, College of Charleston, provided the committee with an overview of the sum-
mer schools. At each location, the summer school is a 6-week intensive program, limited to 12
U.S. citizen undergraduate students (mainly, but not limited to, chemistry majors). Between 1984
and 2010, there have been 577 graduates of the program (321 at SJSU and 256 at BNL). The
coursework includes both lectures and laboratory work, and covers fundamental aspects of nu-
clear and radiochemistry as well as applications such as in medicine, forensics, or environmental
management. In 2010, Kinard conducted an extensive survey of SJSU summer school graduates
(1997-2010; shown below), in which he determined that 100 graduates out of 167 total when on
to attend graduate school. He also found that 35 out of those attending graduate school were in
nuclear and radiochemistry fields (Frank Kinard, College of Charleston, personal communication,
November 9, 2011). Further information about graduate schools attended is listed below.
Graduate School Choices of SJSU Students (1997-2010)
Total
Graduate School Students Nuclear Focus
Berkeley 11 7
Washington State University 8 6
M ichigan State 6 6
Texas A&M University 5 5
Washington University, St. Louis 5 1
M issouri 3 3
Wisconsin 3 1
Maryland 2 2
Nevada, Las Vegas 2 2
Chicago 2 1
North Carolina State University 2 1
SUNY - Stony Brook 2 1
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
BOX 9-1 Continued
Through participating in the summer schools, students:
1. Receive fellowship to cover all costs, including a stipend (added in 2005), transportation,
tuition, books, and room and board.
2. Cover coursework grounded in fundamentals of nuclear and radiochemistry.
3. Experience hands-on laboratory learning in an American Chemical Society accredited
chemistry degree program.
4. Get exposure to a variety of nuclear science applications and practitioners.
5. Interact one-on-one with instructors and guests.
6. Learn from guest lecturers.
7. Visit nuclear science sites.
8. Receive college or university course credit (6-7 units).
9. Receive career guidance and support.
DOE’s Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) renewed the latest 5-year
summer schools grant starting March 1, 2007, which included contributions
from the Office of Biological and Environmental Remediation (BER) and
Office of Nuclear Physics (NP). The programs held during the summer of
2011 were the last committed under the renewed grant. At the time of this
publication, a funding decision had not been made about the grant renewal.
The approximate budget is $500,000 total per year for the two summer
schools, which includes student housing and participation, course materials
and supplies, guest lecture travel, student symposia, field trips, professional
development, staff salaries, and space and support charges.
FEDERAL EDUCATIONAL AND FUNDING PROGRAMS
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
National Nuclear Forensics Expertise Development Program
The role of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Domestic
Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) in supporting the nuclear and radio-
chemistry workforce was mandated in the 2010 Nuclear Forensics and
Attribution Act, which focused on “maintaining a vibrant and enduring
academic pathway from undergraduate to postdoctorate” for national tech-
nical nuclear forensics (TNF)-related specialties (including radiochemistry,
geochemistry, nuclear physics, nuclear engineering, materials science, and
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134 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
analytical chemistry) through creation of a National Nuclear Forensics Ex-
pertise Development Program.
Prior to establishing this program, DNDO commissioned an indepen-
dent expert panel to address the deficiency in the pipeline for TNF experts
(Nuclear Forensics Science Panel Education Sub-Panel 2008). The panel
recommended the creation of a “university-national laboratory education
program for nuclear forensics,” and highlighted critical skill sets to include
in the program. The panel also set success metrics for the program, which
included training at least 35 new Ph.D. scientists in nuclear forensics-related
disciplines over the next 10 years, and suggested that at least 3 to 5 uni-
versities and 6 to 7 national laboratories should participate in the program
(metrics were echoed by an independent 2008 American Association for
the Advancement of Science/American Physical Society nuclear forensics
report) (APS/AAAS 2008; Kentis 2011). DNDO reported to this committee
that it is making progress to date on increasing Ph.D.-level TNF expertise,
with 15-20 graduate fellows and 15 post-doctorates expected to complete
the program by FY 2015, and 11 laboratories and 19 participating universi-
ties (Kentis 2011). Funding for the program is expected to continue through
at least FY 2017 (Samantha Connelly, DNDO, personal communication,
April 2012). Brief descriptions of the different initiatives under the program
are described below and in Tables 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4 based on updated
information received from DNDO (Samantha Connelly, DNDO, personal
communication, April 2012).
Nuclear Forensics Undergraduate Summer School
• This six-week program, hosted by a partnership of universities and
national laboratories that rotates each year, is modeled after the
DOE-sponsored summer schools, which seek to attract undergradu-
ate students to pursue graduate studies in the field. Through “a series
of lectures, laboratory experiments, field trips, and practical exer-
cises” this summer school provides students with “a comprehensive,
experimental, hands-on training curriculum in topics essential to
nuclear forensics.”
Nuclear Forensics Undergraduate Scholarship Program
• This is a 9-to-12 week program for undergraduate students to per-
form forensics-related research at national laboratories. Under the
guidance of a senior laboratory mentor and a university faculty
advisor, students gain hands-on laboratory experience, produce a
scientific report, and deliver an oral presentation of their research
upon completion of the program.
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
Glenn T. Seaborg Institute Nuclear Science Summer Internship Program
• This program funds graduate students and outstanding undergradu-
ate students, through support from DNDO, to perform nuclear fo-
rensics related research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
and Los Alamos National Laboratory during the summer. DNDO
works closely with the participating laboratories to guide selection
of nuclear forensics related projects.
Nuclear Forensics Graduate Fellowship Program
• This DNDO program, in partnership with the Defense Threat Re-
duction Agency, provides tuition and stipend support to graduate
students pursuing doctoral degrees in nuclear, geochemical, and
related disciplines at approved universities. During the program,
students must maintain a consistently high-level academic stand-
ing and conduct two, 10-week laboratory internships in approved
facilities. Upon graduation, fellows must serve for two years in a
post doctoral or other staff position in a technical nuclear forensics-
related specialty at a DOE or DOD laboratory, or a federal agency.
Post-doctorate Fellowship Program
• This program provides three-year postdoctoral fellowships at nation-
al laboratories to encourage recent Ph.D. graduates with relevant
technical expertise to enter the nuclear forensics workforce.
Nuclear Forensics Junior Faculty Award
• This program provides funding for up to three years to tenure-track
faculty (with less than six years experience at the time of applica-
tion) to cover salary and travel to national laboratories to perform
nuclear forensics-related research, to facilitate research and de-
velopment projects, and to purchase equipment. Universities are
encouraged to provide partial matching funds.
Nuclear Forensics Education Award
• In partnership with DOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration
(NNSA), this program awards grants to colleges and universities to
support many activities, including development of nuclear forensics
curriculum, hiring of faculty, and constructing new on-site facili-
ties. The awards are cost-shared grants, renewable for up to three
years, to support educational programs in analytical, geological,
and radiochemistry, nuclear physics and engineering, and materials
science.
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136 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
U.S. Department of Energy
In addition to the long-term support for the nuclear chemistry summer
schools, the DOE Office of Science has also provided long-term support for
basic research, especially for the Heavy Element Chemistry Program (Table
2-5). Other DOE programs and national laboratories also have programs that
support nuclear and radiochemistry, as described below.
Nuclear Energy University Programs
Since 2009, Nuclear Energy University Programs (NEUP)—a program
initiated by the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy—has provided $167 million
of funding for nuclear science and engineering research and education to
75 universities in 35 states, including $121.4 million in research projects
(Table 9-1). The FY 2012 plans that were announced by DOE Nuclear Energy
Assistant Secretary Lyons on August 9, 2011, did not include scholarships
and fellowships (DOE 2011a). Funding provided by NEUP includes several
awards described below:
University Research and Development Awards
• “NEUP seeks to align the nuclear energy research being conducted
at U.S. colleges and universities with DOE’s mission and goals.
• The program is supporting projects that focus on needs and priori-
ties of key Office of Nuclear Energy programs, including fuel cycle,
TABLE 9-1 Nuclear Energy University Program Awards and Funding, FY 2009-FY 2011
Awards FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011
University Research $44 million $38 million $39 million
and Development 71 awards to 31 schools in 42 awards to 23 schools in 51 awards to 31 schools in
Awardsa 20 states 17 states 21 states
Integrated Research N/A N/A TBA
Projectsa
University $6 million $13.2 million TBA
Infrastructure Awardsa 29 schools in 23 states for 39 schools in 27 states for
scientific equipment research reactor upgrades
and scientific equipment
University Student $3.1 million $5 million (IUP) TBA (IUP)
Fellowship and 76 scholarships and 18 85 scholarships and 32
Scholarship Awards fellowships fellowships
Total $53 million $56.2 million Approximately $60 million
ABBREVIATIONS: IUP, integrated university program; N/A, not applicable; TBA, to be announced.
From 20% of the nuclear energy research and development budget.
a
SOURCE: Gilligan 2011.
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
reactor concepts, and transformative ‘blue sky’ research.” (DOE
2011b)
Integrated Research Projects
• “Integrated Research Projects (IRPs) are 3-year awards for proj-
ects that focus on a specific nuclear energy programmatic area of
investigation. The intent of the effort is to engage the university
community on larger research projects designed to benefit from the
involvement of multiple universities, as well as industry, utility, and
national laboratory partners.” (DOE 2011b)
• “Proposals may include a combination of evaluation capability
development, research program development, experimental work,
and computer simulations. Proposals must include a designated
lead university and at least one other university, and are encouraged
to include one or more industry or utility partner that may receive
funding support from the project.
• Proposals may also include one or more national laboratories that
may receive project funding support.” (DOE 2011c)
University Infrastructure Awards
• Support university and college efforts to build or expand nuclear
science and engineering research and education. The NEUP will
provide funds to upgrade university-level research reactors and
purchase general scientific equipment and instrumentation.
University Student Fellowship and Scholarship Awards
• Fellowships are $50,000 a year over 3 years to help pay for graduate
studies and research.
The Institute for Nuclear Energy Science and Technology
Idaho National Laboratory (INL) with funding from the DOE has part-
nered with several leading U.S. universities to create the Institute of Nuclear
Energy Science and Technology (INEST), which has a goal to help INL’s
long-term nuclear energy research and development strategy. The institute
is comprised of five Centers of Research and Education (COREs) that were
selected to address some of the most difficult problems facing nuclear energy
today: fuels and materials, space nuclear research, fuel cycle, and safety
and licensing. Research in these areas will provide the technical knowledge
to help guide the nation’s nuclear energy program. Each CORE is led by a
researcher at INL and one of the partner universities—Massachusetts Insti-
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138 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
tute of Technology, North Carolina State University, Ohio State University,
Oregon State University, and University of New Mexico. The intent is to
collaborate with universities to stimulate research innovation and main-
tain INL’s position as a leader in nuclear energy research. The mission of
the Fuel Cycle CORE is specifically focused on training and education in
radiochemistry.
National Analytical Management Program
DOE’s Carlsbad Field Office has been tasked by the DOE Office of
Environmental Management (DOE-EM) to re-establish the National Ana-
lytical Management Program (NAMP), and to create a DOE Environmental
Response Laboratory Network Coordination Office. Through NAMP, Patricia
Paviet-Hartman of INL is leading the efforts for training and education in
radiochemistry and radioanalytical chemistry. Several agencies are partici-
pating in the NAMP program, including the U.S. Environment Protection
Agency (EPA). Paviet-Hartmann told the committee that she is working on
identifying universities and agencies that provide courses in radiochemis-
try. For example, basic radiochemistry materials have been developed and
posted online by the EPA “for chemists and chemical laboratory managers
in state health department laboratories who may be required to analyze
water samples for the presence of radionuclide contamination” (EPA 2011).
According to Paviet-Hartmann, EPA is in the process of developing a more
advanced 5-day radiochemistry class. Additional radiochemistry webinars
are being developed, several universities are participating: University of
Nevada Las Vegas, University of California Irvine, Oregon State University,
University of Iowa, Clemson University, University Texas El Paso. The first
webinar is anticipated to start in March 2012. She said the goal is to build
a library of knowledge accessible to all.
Stockpile Stewardship Program Science Graduate Fellowships
This NNSA program is targeted at “students pursuing a Ph.D. in areas
of interest to stewardship (SSP) science, such as high energy density phys-
ics, nuclear science, or materials under extreme conditions and their
hydrodynamics.”
National Science and Security Consortium at Berkeley
In June 2011, the NNSA announced a 5-year, $25 million award to
the University of California, Berkeley to establish the National Science and
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139
APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
Security Consortium, a multi-university effort focused on training and educa-
tion of experts to support DOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration
nuclear nonproliferation mission. Expertise will include nuclear physics,
chemistry, engineering, instrumentation, and public policy. According to
the NNSA press release, the Nuclear Science and Security Consortium “will
focus on the hands-on training of undergraduate and graduate students in the
fields of nuclear physics, nuclear and radiation chemistry, nuclear engineer-
ing, nuclear instrumentation and public policy. The consortium’s nickname
is SUCCESS PIPELINE, which stands for Seven Universities Coordinating
Coursework and Experience from Student to Scientist in a Partnership for
Identifying and Preparing Educated Laboratory-Integrated Nuclear Experts.”
(NNSA 2011)
Next Generation Safeguards Initiative
In support of international safeguards administered by the Interna-
tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which serve to monitor nuclear ac-
tivities under Article III of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the NNSA launched
this program in 2008 “to promote the strengthening of nuclear safeguards
worldwide to help ensure the safe, secure and peaceful implementation of
civil nuclear energy programs.” (NNSA 2008). One key component of this
initiative is the Human Capital Development subprogram, which aims to
attract, educate, train, and retain the next generation of international safe-
guards professionals and encourage U.S. experts to seek employment at the
IAEA. Recently, it was projected that more than 80 percent of international
safeguards experts at the U.S. national labs will retire in the next 15 years
(Whitney et al. 2010).
According to NNSA, “Since 2008, the initiative has sponsored over
350 internship positions at the Laboratories, exposed over 500 university
students to safeguards topics through curriculum development and short
courses, funded over two dozen post-doctoral and graduate fellowships,
supported the transition of new professionals into the nonproliferation
workforce through education and training courses, and established a pro-
fessional network for permanent new safeguards staff” (Sean Dunlop and
Robert Hanrahan, NNSA, personal communication, June 1, 2012). Recent
opportunities under this initiative include the Nuclear Nonproliferation
International Safeguards Graduate Fellowship Program (SCUREF 2012) and
Nuclear Nonproliferation, Safeguards, and Security in the 21st Century
course at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL 2012) for prospective,
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140 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
current, and recent graduate students in the physical sciences, engineering,
and international relations.
Integrated Radiochemstry Research Programs of Excellence—
Predoctoral and Postdoctoral Program for Radiochemistry Training
In 2009, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and
Environmental Research (BER) and the DOE Radiochemistry and Imaging
Instrumentation Program issued a call to develop Integrated Radiochemistry
Research Programs of Excellence. This call was made in response to one of
the recommendations from the National Research Council/Institute of Medi-
cine study on Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation (NRC/IOM
2007). The goals of the program were two-fold, “1) Integrated involvement
of graduate-student and postdoctoral trainees in the fundamental research
that seeks improvements in radiolabeling and radiotracer development
chemistry in the following areas of interest to BER: a) Development of new
chemical reactions for high specific activity probe synthesis, b) Models to
study reactivity at the tracer mass scale, c) Nanoparticle platforms that can
incorporate one or more imaging agents and d) Automation technology for
radiotracer synthesis; and 2) Enhancement of training opportunities in radio-
chemistry to ensure the future availability of human resources for important
radiochemistry applications” (DOE 2009). The successful applicants had to
describe their multifaceted education and training program combined with
radiotracer research training that was relevant to the mission of the DOE
Office of Biological and Environmental Research.
Six programs, geographically dispersed across the United States, were
selected for the 3-year grants worth $1.8 million. The six programs include
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York), Northeastern Univer-
sity (Boston), University of Missouri Columbia, University of California Los
Angeles, Washington University St. Louis (Missouri), and the collaborative
University of California, Davis, University of California, San Francisco,
and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory program. The six programs
planned to train 15 or more postdoctoral fellows and 20 or more gradu-
ate students. In most cases the postdoctoral fellows will not have received
formal nuclear or radiochemistry training as a graduate student, thus bring -
ing in those fellows with varied chemistry backgrounds into the field. The
training is intended to be a mixture of didactic coursework and practical
laboratory research opportunities. Internships with collaborating laborato-
ries were described and encouraged. The program is just now completing
its second year with a few trained individuals emerging from the program.
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
While the funding for the continuation of this program is uncertain, a fourth
year of funding was recently extended to the current centers.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Education Programs
Since 2005, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has provided funding
for curriculum development, scholarships, and faculty development. Grants
total $20 million—$5 million for curriculum development and $15 million
for scholarships and fellowships, faculty development, and trade schools
and community colleges—and focus on nuclear engineering, health phys-
ics, and radiochemistry. Between 2007 and 2010, the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission awarded 313 grants totaling $65 million to 108 institutions in
33 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, including support to
over 500 students annually.
Seven chemistry-specific grants from 2009 to 2011, totaling $946,962,
were identified from the list of awards on the Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion website (USNRC 2011a). These grants include:
• Two Nuclear Education Curriculum Development Program Awards
(FY2011); one to the College of Charleston for enhancement of the
undergraduate nuclear and radiochemistry curriculum through the
development of radiochemistry laboratory experiments ($56,875), and
one to the University of Missouri, Columbia for the development of a
course on reprocessing, recycle chemistry, and technology ($124,366).
• One Faculty Development Grant Program Award (FY2011) to the
University of Missouri, Columbia for a radiochemistry faculty de-
velopment program in actinide chemistry ($298,377).
• Two Nuclear Education Curriculum Development Program Awards
(FY2010); one to Missouri University of Science and Technology
for the creation of a radiochemistry teaching program in nuclear
engineering ($125,000), and one to Clemson University for the
development of coupled online and hands-on radiation detection
and radiochemistry laboratory courses ($163,193).
• Two Nuclear Education Grant Program Awards (FY2009); one to
Clemson University for the development of coupled online and
hands-on radiation detection and radiochemistry laboratory courses
($89,151), and one to Pennsylvania State University for curriculum
development for a radiochemistry education program ($90,000).
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146 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
TABLE 9-3 Continued
Year Current Student
Program Established Participation and Funding Notes/Description
Integrated Radiochemistry 2009 Six programs; $1.8 million; Northeastern University, Memorial
Research Projects of Excellence 15 post docs and 20 Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
(A new solicitation for students each program Washington University St. Louis,
Integrated Nuclear Medicine University of Missouri Columbia,
Research Projects of Excellence University of California Los
announced in 2012) Angeles, and a collaboration with
University of California Davis, San
Francisco, and Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory (DOE 2012)
Nuclear Energy University 2009 $3.1 million, 76 Covers both undergraduates and
Programs-University Student scholarships, and 18 graduates. (DOE 2011b,d)
Fellowship and Scholarship fellowships (FY 2009); $5
Awards million, 85 scholarships
and 32 fellowships (FY
2010)
National Nuclear Security 2006 10 alumni, Takes place at National
Administration- Stewardship 20 current fellows Laboratories—Lawrence
Science Graduate Fellowships Livermore National Laboratory,
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
and Sandia National Laboratory
(Krell Institute 2011)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC Education Programs 2005 $15 million for (USNRC 2011b)
scholarships and
fellowships per year
(undergraduate and
graduate level)
dents into the field or sustained junior faculty in nuclear and radiochemistry,
there is no cohesive or coordinated pattern of support for nuclear or radio-
chemists. Each of these initiatives works independently from the others, and
most were realized recently by the funding organizations as urgent measures
to stem the erosion of nuclear and radiochemistry expertise, and the overall
effect has been a modest flattening of the curve in terms of the number of
Ph.D. students entering the field (see Chapter 2, Figure 2-1). An educational
and career pathway that is robust and sustainable ideally needs to draw
students into the field at the undergraduate and graduate levels, provide
postdoctoral research opportunities, and provide professional career entry
opportunities so that the workforce is adequate, yet not oversupplied, for the
needs of the nation. When the number of faculty and facilities within a par-
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
TABLE 9-4 Postdoctoral and University Research Programs
Year Current Student
Program Established Participation and Funding Notes/Description
Department of Homeland Security
Nuclear Forensics Post-doctoral 2009 12 awards per year All postgraduate and university
Fellowship Program awards are geared toward
National Technical Nuclear
Forensics mission needs. 11
laboratories—Savannah River,
Lawrence Livermore, Pacific
Northwest, Sandia, NIST, Oak
R idge, New Brunswick, Argonne,
Idaho, Los Alamos, and AFIT
Nuclear Forensics Junior 2010 6 per year Faculty institutions are
Faculty Award Program encouraged to provide matching
funds and awards are renewable
for three consecutive years.
Current awardees: University of
M ichigan, Pennsylvania State
University, North Carolina State
University, Clemson University,
University of Missouri, Columbia
University, and sixth award to be
announced. (Samantha Connelly,
DNDO, personal communication,
April 2012)
Nuclear Forensics Education 2009 7 awards Requires school matching
Award Program (with U.S funds and renewable for three
Department of Energy National consecutive years (Samantha
Nuclear Security Administration) Connelly, DNDO, personal
communication, April 2012)
Department of Energy
Nuclear Energy University 2009 $44 million, 71 awards to (DOE 2011 b,d)
Programs 31 schools (FY 2009);
$38 million, 42 awards
to 23 schools (FY 2010);
$39 million, 51 awards
to 31 schools (FY 2011)
National Nuclear Security 2011 $25 million over 5 years University of California, Berkeley;
Administration- M ichigan State University;
National Science and Security University of California, Davis;
Consortium at Berkeley University of California, Irvine;
University of Nevada, Las
Vegas; University of California
Institute on Global Conflict and
Cooperation in San Diego; and
Washington University at St. Louis
(NNSA 2011)
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148 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
ticular discipline become so few as in nuclear and radiochemistry, a coherent
and consistent support mechanism between the various stages of a student’s
career in academia is essential to ensure the availability of strong university
programs with multiple faculty members and advanced coursework.
In addition, not every nuclear or radiochemistry-related position in
industry will require a Ph.D.-level nuclear or radiochemist—that is, the
demand in industry includes the need for nuclear and radiochemistry staff
at the B.S. and M.S. levels as well as Ph.D.s. As discussed earlier, many cur-
rent positions are being filled by on-the-job cross-training of professionals
in other related disciplines (such as nuclear physics, health physics, and
physical and inorganic chemistry), as well as cross-training and transition
into the field by working professionals. The committee recognizes that these
cross-training entry points are important for meeting the current and future
needs and are beneficial in introducing new perspectives and experiences;
however, the health of the field also demands the depth of commitment
of those who devote their entire careers to the discipline. For example,
professionals trained in other disciplines are unlikely to become faculty in
university settings that produce future Ph.D. students in nuclear and radio-
chemistry. While it is necessary to meet the impending shortages of trained
personnel, it will not be possible to sustain or regrow a discipline in this
manner. As indicated earlier, the academic pipeline in nuclear and radio-
chemistry is, at best, at a plateau of nuclear chemistry faculty and graduates.
Given the increased demand in many sectors such as nuclear medicine and
nuclear energy, this steady but low number of graduates in nuclear and
radiochemistry is not conducive for sustained growth of the field.
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
The committee evaluated education and training in nuclear and radio-
chemistry in comparable foreign countries, specifically the United Kingdom
and France.
United Kingdom
Declines in nuclear research activity have also taken place in the United
Kingdom as noted in a presentation to the committee by Francis Livens,
professor of radiochemistry at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom
(Livens 2011). Personnel in nuclear fission research has declined over the
last 25 years, as shown in Figure 9-1, with the privatization of the major
government funded entities British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) and the
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), and the dissolution of
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149
APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
FIGURE 9-1 Decline in United Kingdom civil research and development personnel.
9-1.eps
Abbreviations: BNFL, British Nuclear Fuels Limited; CEGB, the Central Electricity Generating Board; NNL,
National Nuclear Laboratory; UKAEA, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
bitmap
SOURCE: House of Lords 2011.
the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) in November 2001. Even
without new nuclear efforts, industry needs 1,000 graduates per year (B.S.
and above) including many chemists; 700 to replace retirements and 300 to
support growth in waste management and site restoration (HC 2009). Livens
described a series of policy decisions the U.K. government made over the
last 10 years to reverse the negative trend.
The Centre for Radiochemistry Research (CRR) was created in 1999 with
support from BNFL. It is the first of four BNFL university research alliances.
Livens is currently research director of the Dalton Nuclear Institute at the
University of Manchester, of which the CRR is a constituent. The CRR has an
annual operating budget of about £2.8 million, which supports four full-time
academic staff, 8 postdoctoral fellows and 23 Ph.D. students in chemistry,
and leads the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council-funded
Fission Doctoral Training Centre (DTC). According to Livens, there are now
more than 50 CRR alumni working in the nuclear industry. CRR facilities
include:
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150 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
• Radiochemistry labs allowing the use of technetium (Tc), neptunium
(Np), plutonium (Pu); (up to 100 mg Np or 10 mg 242Pu);
• Radiochemical detection and counting facilities for measurement
of alpha, beta, and gamma emissions;
• Radiochemical separations for low-level analysis; and
• Access to equivalently equipped or appropriately equipped facilities
in the United Kingdom, Europe, and the United States.
One of the key expectations of the Fission DTC in terms of workforce
development is to recruit 10 doctoral students per year who will receive
specific coursework in nuclear and radiochemistry and who will work on
challenging Ph.D.-level research projects. The 12 weeks of instructional
material covers topics such as the atomic nucleus, the nuclear fuel cycle,
reactor systems, nuclear fuels, materials, radioactive waste management,
and multiscale modelling. The Ph.D. supervisors for the Fission DTC pro-
gram are drawn from a pool of over 30 academic faculty members. Ph.D.s
must be co-supervised, preferably across disciplines and institutions. The
first two igroups of students in the program included six chemists, four
engineers, six physicists, and five earth and environmental scientists.
Livens said the next steps are uncertain. Possibilities include creating a
national nuclear laboratory, and extending the Fission DTC model across
the United Kingdom.
The French Educational Model
While the United States generates more nuclear power than any country
in the world, France has the largest worldwide percentage of its electricity
from nuclear power (78 percent). The large nuclear power industry drives
much of the education efforts in France.
There are six French universities with “radiochemistry groups”—Nantes,
Montpellier, Strasbourg, Lyon, Nice, and Paris-Sud. Each university has six
to twelve permanent research-teaching staff. The largest group, Paris-Sud,
has a two-year “nuclear energy” international M.S. program. Approximately
25 students follow the “radiochemistry/fuel cycle” master’s-level specialty
at Paris-Sud each year (Eric Simoni, Paris-Sud, personal communication,
June 23, 2011).
The French academic sector is represented by university faculty as well
as parallel researchers with “habilitation”2 degrees at the French Alternative
“Habilitation” is an academic degree in Europe that is above a Ph.D. and that is a prereq-
2
uisite to university-level teaching and research. It requires independent research and a thesis
defended before oral examiners.
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APPROACHES TO ASSURING U.S. NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (Commissariat à l’Énergie Atom-
ique et aux Énergies Alternatives, CEA) and other institutions. Curricula
at the six French universities with radiochemistry-groups include nuclear
chemistry and radiochemistry.
Engineering education in France follows a different path. Students follow
a 2-year preparatory program, then enroll in one of the many French engi-
neering institutes—that is, Grandes Écoles d’Ingénieurs, for example École
Polytechnique and École des Mines in Paris—to pursue a 3-year general
master’s degree in engineering. Industry and technical institutes then hire
master’s degree recipients and teach them the required specialized skills
(for example, skills in chemical, civil, electrical, and nuclear engineering) to
meet company needs. CEA has its own research and training institutes, for
example the National Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology (Institut
Nationale de Sciences et Techniques Nucléaire) (IAEA 2011).
The nuclear power industry in France is owned and managed by a
single government-private entity, Electricité de France (EDF), which is a
“Société Anonyme”—that is, a private company that is 85 percent govern-
ment-owned—with over 150,000 employees. A new French nuclear energy
educational initiative—the French Council for Education and Training in
Nuclear Energy (Conseil des Formations en Energie Nucléaire, CFEN)—was
started in 2008 because the demand for expertise exceeded supply, mostly
because of an aging nuclear energy workforce. During the coming decade,
French institutions must recruit about 13,000 scientists and engineers with
M.S. or Ph.D. degrees and 10,000 B.S.-level science technicians. The French
initiative represents a broad focus in nuclear education in the nuclear energy
area, including nuclear energy in general (mainly nuclear power) and the
nuclear deterrence segment of CEA (Guet 2011).
CFEN was established by the French minister of higher education and
research. EDF, CEA, and the large nuclear vendors AREVA and GDFSUEZ
participate in CFEN. President Sarkozy has challenged this consortium to
develop “Centers of Excellence” in nuclear science to provide the workforce
for nuclear power and nuclear deterrence (Sarkozy 2010).
Other International Efforts
There is extensive international collaboration in nuclear science edu-
cation led by French institutions and European Community institutions.
One initiative is ACTINET-I3 (Integrated Infrastructure Initiative for Actinide
Science),3 a consortium of 30 European research organizations from 13
For more information, see ACTINET 2011.
3
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152 ASSURING A FUTURE U.S.-BASED NUCLEAR AND RADIOCHEMISTRY EXPERTISE
countries devoted to basic sciences of the actinide elements. Together, the
members of ACTINET form a network of actinide facilities that can support
each other and also collaborate and conduct joint research activities. For
example, ACTINET-I3 held summers schools for students from across Europe
in 2010 and 2011 similar to the DOE-sponsored Nuclear Chemistry Sum-
mer Schools. In Japan, a parallel national initiative, J-ACTINET, has been
launched. ACTINET-I3 serves as an excellent model for U.S.-based partner-
ships for nuclear and radiochemistry.
FINDINGS
The committee commends the long-term and more recent efforts of
federal agencies to support nuclear and radiochemistry workforce educa-
tion and development. There is some evidence that the recent efforts of
the past five years have helped to improve the nuclear and radiochemistry
expertise pipeline, at least as reflected in the number of new faculty hired
in nuclear and radiochemistry (see Figure 3-4). However, these initiatives
have been created separately and independently from each other, usually
by different funding agencies with a slightly different emphasis on outcome.
There exists a great potential for gaps in funding between the various parts
of the academic pipeline, and there appears to be no comprehensive plan
in place to address academic pipeline issues in general. It is also uncertain
that current funding levels will continue. For example,
• The grant for the Summer Schools in Nuclear Chemistry held at
SJSU and BNL is up for its 5-year renewal.
• NEUP made a funding announcement in August 2011 for university
research and development awards, but has not yet funded any fel-
lowship and scholarship awards.
• DNDO funding has been planned out to 2018 depending on avail-
ability of funding (Samantha Connelly, DNDO, personal communi-
cation, April 2012).
Students will be attracted into the nuclear and radiochemistry field by
long-term, stable opportunities. Clear funding initiatives at each educational
level help to sustain students in the field. There are several educational
programs that have been developed over the past few decades that are
designed to address pipeline issues in nuclear and radiochemistry. There is
some evidence that the most recent efforts during the past five years may
indeed have helped to stem the tide, at least as reflected in the number
of graduate program faculty (Chapter 3) and Ph.D. students produced in
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nuclear and radiochemistry (Chapter 2). However these initiatives have been
created separately and independently from each other, usually by different
funding agencies with a slightly different emphasis on outcome. Also, they
have focused more on graduate education and postdoctoral fellowships
than undergraduates.
Many federal agencies support a segment of nuclear and radiochemistry
professional education and training by means of a summer school or re-
search grants and fellowships. With the exception of small programs within
the DOE Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and some
institutes of the National Institutes of Health, these initiatives are usually so
specialized that their impact is narrow. Often the initiatives are temporary. A
broad and sustained educational focus can best be achieved by coordinated
interactions among federal agencies with leadership from a federal research
office that has nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry as part of its mission.
On-the-job training plays a critical role in meeting short-term and long-
term workforce needs. Since the curricula of most graduates in chemistry
and physics in the United States does not typically emphasize nuclear
chemistry or radiochemistry (see Chapter 3), many employers currently fill
gaps in need by training nuclear specialists after they are hired. Similarly,
national laboratories involved in working on nuclear security and energy
often recruit and hire Ph.D.-level chemists in different subareas and then
train them to become nuclear and radiochemistry professionals. Expertise
can also come from cross-training between different but related technical
areas, such as environmental management and nuclear security.
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