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Appendix L
Estimated Injected Fluid Volumes
Tables L.1–L.5 contain the data used to create Figure 3.16.
Table L.1 Hydraulic Fracturing Volumes
Development Area Average Volume Volume Water Use Volume Water Use
Per Well (m3)
Water (gal) Per Well (gal)
Barnett 4,600,000 2,800,224 10,600
Eagle Ford 5,000,000 4,253,170 16,100
Haynesville 5,000,000 5,679,699 21,500
Marcellus 5,600,000 No data No data
Niobrara 3,000,000 No data No data
Average volume per 4,640,000 - -
well per day
NOTE: “Daily” hydraulic fracture volume plotted assumes the hydraulic fracturing procedure
would take two days to complete; the one-day volume plotted is half the total well volume
estimated by King (2012). “Yearly” hydraulic fracture volume assumes 15 wells per year in the
development area. Post-fracturing flow back volume is assumed to be 20 percent of the total
volume injected.
SOURCE: King (2012); Nicot and Scanlon (2012).
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222 APPENDIX L
Table L.2 Carbon Capture and Sequestration Volumes
43 lb/ft3 density of liquid CO2 at 80oC (AIRCO value)
2000 lb 1 ton liquid CO2
47 ft3 1 ton liquid CO2 at 80oC
47,000,000 ft3 1 million tons liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
1,330,892 m3 1 million tons liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
351,355,488 gal 1 million tons liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
Result:
1.33 x 106 m3/year liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
3.65 x 103 m3/day liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
3.51 x 108 gal/year liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
9.63 x 105 gal/day liquid CO2 at 80oC per year
NOTE: Table assumes 1 million tons of liquid CO2 injection per year. The density/unit weight of
liquid CO2 varies significantly with temperature; the density of supercritical (liquid) CO2 ranges
from 0.60–0.75 g/cm3 (Sminchak and Gupta, 2003). If one assumes approximately 43 lb/ft3
(AIGA, 2009) for the unit weight of CO2 (approximately 0.64 g/cm3) at a subsurface temperature
of 80oC (AIGA, 2009) then 1 ton of CO2 equates to 47 ft3, and 1 million tons/year equates to
47,000,000 ft3/year or 1,330,892 m3/year or 3646 m3/day.
SOURCE: Sminchak and Gupta (2003); AIGA (2009).
Table L.3 Water Disposal Well Volume Calculations
9,000 bbl/day
42 gal/barrel
378,000 gal/day
137,970,000 gal/year
NOTE: Reported average saltwater disposal (SWD) injection of 8,000–11,000 bbl/day. SWD
injection volumes estimated from Texas Railroad Commission for SWD wells north of DFW
airport. Frohlich et al. (2010) reports a survey of SWD wells in Tarrant and Johnson Counties
reported rates ranging from 100,000 to 500,000 barrel per month; 9,000 bbl/day was used for
graph. Nicot and Scanlon (2012) state Texas is top shale producer in United States.
SOURCE: Frohlich et al. (2010).
Table L.4 Geysers Geothermal Field Calculations
1,000,000,000 billion pounds steam/year
8 pounds steam/gallon
328,899 gal/day
120,048,019 gal/year
SOURCE: Smith et al. (2000).
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APPENDIX L 223
Table L.5 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Main Stimulation Calculations
11,500 m3 water injected over 6 days
3,037,979 gallons water injected over 6 days
1,917 avg. m3/day
506,330 avg. gal/day
SOURCE: Asanuma et al. (2008).
REFERENCES
AIGA (Asia Industrial Gases Association). 2009. Carbon Dioxide 7th Edition. AIGA 068/10.
Singapore. Available at
www.asiaiga.org/docs/AIGA%20068_10%20Carbon%20Dioxide_reformated%20Jan%2
012.pdf.
Asanuma, H., Y. Kumano, H. Niitsuma, U. Schanz, and M. Häring. 2008. Interpretation of
reservoir structure from super-resolution mapping of microseismic multiplets from
stimulation at Basel, Switzerland in 2006. GRC Transactions 32: 65-70.
Sminchak, J., and N. Gupta. 2003. Aspects of induced seismic activity and deep-well
sequestration of carbon dioxide. Environmental Geosciences 10(2): 81-89.
Frohlich, C., C. Hayward, B. Stump, and E. Potter. 2010. The Dallas-Fort Worth Earthquake
Sequence: October 2008-May 2009. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
101(1): 327-340.
Nicot, J.-P., and B.R. Scanlon. 2012. Water use for shale-gas production in Texas, U.S.
Environmental Science and Technology 46: 3580‒3586.
Smith, J.L.B., J.J. Beall, and M.A. Stark 2000. Induced seismicity in the SE Geysers Field,
California, USA. Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress, Kyushu-Tohoku,
Japan, May 28-June 10.
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