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OCR for page 349
Index
A
Abuse, see Child abuse and neglect
Access to child care
adequacy of, xii, 229-235, 297
for children with disabilities, 234 235
constraints on women's employment, 35,
36, 238
for economically disadvantaged children,
23~234
and fertility, 37
hours of service and, 234
improving, 299
for infants and toddlers, 229-231
for parents in education and job training
programs, 13, 34 35
policy goals, xiii, 29~299
for preschool-age children, 36, 231-232
for school-age children, 232
supply of services, 229
. . . ...
variation In, x~
Act for Better Child Care, 256
Activities, see Curriculum/daily activities
Acute distress syndromes, 48
Adaptive Language Inventory, 67
Administration for Children, Youth, and
Families, xi, 170
Adolescents, marriages, 22
After-school care, see Before- and
after-school care
AIDS, 111, 114
Aid to Families with Dependent Children
349
child care preferences of recipients, 34
child care subsidies tied to, 249
costs of, 196, 205, 212-213
and demand for child care, 213, 234
participation in work programs, 6, 36,
206, 213
purpose of, 205, 212-213
Ainsworth strange-situation assessment,
5~56, 61, 117
Alerta program, 122
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile
Workers Union, 164
AT&l 164, 201
Attachments
and age of entry in child care, 57-58, 65,
77, 117
anxious-avoidant, 55, 57, 60, 61, 117
to caregiver, 49, 75, 77, 88, 92, 117, 118,
121, 127
caregiver involvement with children and,
67-68
construct definition and assessment,
5~57
to mother, 6, 49, 50, 57-58, 65, 75, 92,
117-118, 127
mother's social support and, 58
multiple simultaneous, 49, 50, 77
and quality of child care, 5~59
and peer relationships, 120
research needs on, 61
security of, and day-care participation,
56, 57-59, 75, 117-118
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350
and social development, 55, 75, 120, 121
stress and parenting during first year,
59-61
B
Baby-boom generation, 21, 230
Babysitters, in-home, 150, 229, 236
Bank of America, 174, 188
Before- and after-school care
availability of, 131, 171, 232, 297, 298
in centers, 171-172
in family day care, 172
fees for, 172
model programs, 133
in public schools, 21~219
research needs on, 134
and social development, 133-134
state funding for, 171
transport to child care centers, 133
and vender-voucher programs, 176
Behavior of children
affect, 70, 74
aggression, 63, 65, 70, 117, 125-126
conduct disorders, 48
cooperativeness, 68, 89, 117, 119, 121,
127, 134
distractability and considerateness in
kindergarten, 70
group size and, 87
peer group stability and, 120
quality of child care and, 70, 87, 121, 127
social skills training and, 119, 127, 134
staff/child ratios and, 88 89
see also Mother-child relationship
Bilingual/Multicultural Curriculum
Development Effort, 122
Blacks
positive group identity of, 121-122
see also Race/ethnicity
Boys Clubs of America, 171
C
Campfire, Inc., 171
Care by relatives
costs of, 236
research needs on, 282
trends, 3, 28, 30 32, 34, 149, 229
and women's employment, 36, 149
INDEX
Caregivers
attachment of infants and toddlers to,
49, 75, 77, 88, 118
autonomy as a dimension of quality of
care, 98
in center care, 15~159
interaction with children, 77, 84, 85-86,
89, 90, 95, 96, 118, 123-124, 127,
134, 327-328
isolation from supportive contacts, 96
multiple, 33, 48, 91-92
parental relationship with, 153
physical environment and behavior of, 94
salaries, wages, and benefits, 158, 159,
16~161, 17~182, 221, 239-240, 241
stability and continuity of, 33, 48, 91-92,
94, 102, 103, 118, 179-180, 239, 241
standards for, 327-332
state regulation of, 94, 31~319, 322-323
subsidies for, 21~221
tax incentives for, 219-221
see also Care by relatives; Qualifications
of caregivers; Training of caregivers
Center care
age grouping of children, 157
availability and affordability, 34, 229, 231
caregiver stability and continuity in,
91-92, 15~159
clientele, 161
effects of school-based preschool
programs on, 167
employer-provided, 163-164
fees for, 162, 164, 236
for-profit and not-for-profit, 159-163,
167, 171, 181
group size in, 87, 88
operating costs of, 161-162
program characteristics, 156, 157
quality of, and cognitive development in
children, 6~67, 84
quality of, and social development in
children, 69-70, 119
racial/ethnic mix in, 157
research on, 51, 64
salaries of workers, 181
space and facilities, 93-94
staff/child ratios, 65, 161
state regulations for, 157, 32~323
supply of, 156-157
trends in use of, 31-33, 229, 230
Centers for Disease Control, Immunization
Practices Advisory Committee, 111
OCR for page 351
INDEX
Chemical Bank, dependent care assistance
program, 205
Child abuse and neglect, 11~114, 115,
182, 186, 31~319, 32~323
Child allowances, 244-249
Childbearing
rates, 22
unmarried, 23; see also Single
parenthood
see also Fertility
Child care
eliects of, 45-77; see also Child
development; Maternal deprivation
federal centers, 163
for low-income families, see Subsidies
research, see Research on child care
roots of, 8
societal change and, ~14
social policy issues in, ~9
trends, xi, 3-4, 16, 2~34, 147-148
workers, see Caregivers
see also Infant care; Quality of child care
Child care expenditures
by families, 34, 194, 195, 235-238
federal, 194, 195-198, 206; see also
Subsidies
private-sector, 199-201
state and local, 19~199
see also Subsidies
Child Care Food Program, 154, 155, 173,
174, 179, 184, 196, 197, 214,
215-216, 221, 254
Child care policies
benefits and costs of alternatives, 9,
242-260
consumer subsidies, 244-254
debate context, 4, 5-9, 28~290
diversity of care arrangements and
development of, 7 -
federal, 7, 195-198
goals, xiii-xiv, 7, 11, 12-13, 242~244,
29~302
infrastructure subsidies, 245, 247,
257-260
liability insurance considerations, 187
in other countries, 9-11
paid child care, 249-251
parental leave, xvii, 251-254
. . . ..
prIOIltleS, X11
private-sector, 7, 199-201
351
provider disagreement and division and,
8
provider subsidies, 247, 250260
research needs on, 284 287
services to children in low-income
families, 255-257
state and local, 19~199
tradeoffs in, 13
types to consider, 243
universal child care, 25~255
Child care services and programs
access to and availability of, see Access
to child care
adequacy of, xii
affordability of, xii, xiii, 34, 13, 35,
235-239, 299-302
building and zoning restrictions on,
184 186
coordination and planning, xv, 187-189,
221-223, 309 310
determinants of parental choices of, 33
diversity of, 7~, 9, 47, 65, 147, 187
employer-provided, 16~164
findings and conclusions on, 29~291
for-profit and not-for-profit centers,
159-162, 234
improving access to, 299
increase in, 31
infrastructure, strengthing of, xv,
221-223, 307-310
liability insurance, 18~187
multiple forms by multiple caregivers,
33, 48, 91-92
nannies and in-home babysitters, 150
parental satisfaction with, 33
projected need for, 39
regulation of, 147-148, 182-184
by relatives, 149-150; see also Care by
relatives
school-based programs, 164-167
staffing, 17~182
see also Caregivers; Center care;
Delivery of child care services;
Family day care; Infant care
Child Care Staffing Study, 158, 160, 178,
180
Child development
caregiver interactions and, 84
caregiver stability and continuity and,
91-92
OCR for page 352
352
links between home and child care
environments and, 47, 73-76
maternal deprivation and, 48-50
measures of status of, 74
negative characteristics of child care for,
50
processes, 45-46
quality of child care and, xii, 65-71, 77
self-care and, 131-134
socioeconomic status and, 74
see also Cognitive development; Physical
health of children; Psychological
development of children; Social
development of children
Child Development Associate program,
158, 180, 181, 196, 221
Children, see Children with disabilities;
School-age children; Sick children
Children's Defense Fund, 172
Children's World Learning Centers, 159,
160, 171-172, 177
Children with disabilities
availability of child care for, xii, xv,
230235, 297, 298
in child care, 127-128
costs of care for, 237
development of, 12~131
incidence of, 127
individualized service plan, 218
mainstreaming and integrating, 12~129
programs for, xv, 12~129, 170, 298
social development of, 13~131, 135
subsidies for services for, 214, 217-218
teacher training for, 129, 130, 135
Child Welfare League of America, day
care standards, 85 nit, 99, 100, 324,
326, 327, 33~331, 333, 334, 33~339
Classroom Behavior Inventory, 68
Cognitive development
age of entry in child care and, 69-70
caregiver interaction with children and,
124
caregiver qualifications and, 90
curricula and, 93, 124, 127
in day care children, 51-52, 64, 68
deficits in, 48
early intervention programs and, 53
home rearing vs child care, 51-54
measures of, 67, 124
quality of child care and, 4, 6~67, 87,
124
INDEX
research needs on, 125
social class and, 52, 64
social development and, 125-126, 127,
134, 333-334
structural features of day-care
environment and, 84, 92-93
see also Language development
Community Coordinated Child Care
program, 221-222
Compensatory preschool programs
benefits to economically disadvantaged
children, 233
Chapter I, 170, 217, 233
recommended expansion of, xiv-xv,
305-307
see also Early childhood education;
Head Start
Comprehensive Child Development Act of
1972, 7
Congressional Budget Office, 213, 215
Council for Early Childhood Professional
Recognition, 158
Cultural identification
and academic competence, 98, 121
awareness in child care programs,
336 337
curricula, 122, 127, 330337
multicultural perspectives in child care
programs and, 63, 97-98
parental participation in, 123, 127
professional standards for affirmation of,
100, 328, 33~337
and psychological stress, 122
Current Population Surveys, 35, 149, 211,
230
Curriculum/daily activities
and cognitive development, 93, 94, 124,
127
cultural identification in, 118, 122, 127
early childhood education content and
structure, 333-335
in extended day care for school-age
children, 172
and language development, 92
in preschool, 93, 94
quality of child care and, 9493, 100,
102, 134
regulation of, 103
and social development, 93
standards for, 333-337
Cytomegalovirus, 112, 115
OCR for page 353
INDEX
D
Daily activities, see Curriculum/daily
activities
Data collection
large-scale surveys, 271-274
national and state reporting systems,
274-276
recommendations, 27~276
special surveys, 276
Daybridge Learning Centers, 159
Day care
and intellectual development in children,
51-52
see also Child care listings; Extended day
care; Family day care
Delivery of child care services
barriers to, 17~189
building and zoning restrictions and,
184 186
coordination and planning and, 187-189
liability insurance and, 186 187
provider networks, 174-175
regulations and, 182-184
resource and referral services, 173-174
staffing problems, 17~182
vendor-voucher programs, 17~178
Diarrheal disease, 110,114,115
Disabilities, see Children with disabilities
Disability programs
claims, 210
and maternity leave, 207-210
Discipline
positive techniques, 130
regulation in child care facilities, 85,
31~319, 32~323
Divorce rates, 22; see also Family structure
E
Early childhood education
caregiver qualifications and roles,
327-332
for children with disabilities, 128
and cognitive development, 53, 125
cultural awareness in, 122, 33~337
curriculum content and structure,
33~335
effectiveness of, 52-53,125, 127
evaluation of, 52, 74-75
focus of, 8, 10
group sizes, 333
353
parental participation in, 328-329
physical environment, 337-338
professional standards for programs,
32~339
and relationships with peers and adults,
61-62
and school-related behavior, 53
in school settings, 166
and social development, 120
staQ/child ratios, 333
see also Head Start; Preschool programs
Early Childhood Environment Rating
Scale, 65 66, 74, 85 nit, 97-98, 99,
324, 325, 327, 332, 333, 335-339
Economic Recovery Act of 1981, 202
Education
of caregivem, xvi; see also Qualifications
of caregivers; Training of caregivers
and labor force participation, 18
of low-inoome parents, 206
mother's, and child care arrangements,
33
vocational, 206
Education for All Handicapped Children
Act, 170
Education for the Handicapped Act, 127,
128, 217, 218, 234, 235
Elementary and Secondary Education Act,
170, 217
Employers
child care provided by, 16~164, 19~200
dependent care assistance plans, 201,
202-204
flexible spending accounts, 20~204
parental leave policies of, xvii
voucher programs, 177, 20~205
Employment
support programs related to, 6, 201-206
see also Labor force participation by
mothers; Unemployment; Women's
employment
Expenditures, see Child care expenditures
Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary
Test, 67
Extended day care
with Head Start program, xv
school facilities for, 171
F
Facilities for child care
OCR for page 354
354
building and zoning restrictions, 180186
center size, 97
Head Start, 168
public schools, 171
and quality of care, 9~94, 97
recommended, xvi, 294
Families
economic well-being of, 23-25; See also
Low-income families; Poverty
federal involvement in, 7
linkages between child care
environments and, 72-76
research needs on, 279-280
social and psychological characteristics,
72-73, 279-280
Family day care
accreditation of homes, 101
after-school care in, 172
age mix in, 95, 96, 151, 153, 157
availability of care in, 229, 231
caregiver characteristics, 89-90, 91-92,
152-153
and cognitive development, 67
costs, 15~155, 236
diversity of services in, 152
group size in, 87-88, 153
income of providers, 179
infant and toddler care in, 152, 229-230
licensed providers, 152, 154, 179, 230
networks, 173, 17~175
preschooler care in, 231
prevalence of care in, 151, 229-230
qualification of providers, 18~181
quality dimensions unique to, 95-96,
100 101
quality of care in, 95-97, 156
racial/ethnic mix in, 153
recommendations for, xv, 309
registration of, 154, 156, 183-184
regulation of, 151, 153-154, 182
research needs on, 51, 64, 282
school-age children in, 152, 232
space and facilities, 93-94
staff/child ratios in, 88
state regulations on, 103, 316-319
trends in use of, 32, 34, 229
Family Day Care Food Program, 175
Family income
and economic well-being of families,
2025
family structure and, 2~27, 37
INDEX
labor force participation by mothers and,
22, 26, 35, 36
proportion spent on child care, 237-238
racial/ethnic differences in, 24-25
trends, 16, 24-28
wives' contribution to, 25-26
Family structure
ages of children and, 22-23
and child care arrangements, 3036, 236
and family income, 24-27, 37
labor force participation by mothers and,
1~20, 22, 23, 35
projected, 37-39
trends, 16, 22-23
see also Single parenthood
Family Support Act of 1988, 6, 213, 232,
233, 250
Fathers, child care by, 28, 3~32, 149
Federal Interagency Day Care
Requirements, 85 n.1, 99-100, 148,
183, 326, 334, 337
Fertility
child care and, 5, 3~37
labor force participation and, 18, 36-37
parental leave and, 11
women's employment and, 3, 36-37
Flexible spending accounts, 203-204
Food Stamp disregard, 196
Ford Foundation, xi
For-profit child care, 159-162, 199, 234
Foundation for Child Development, xi
G
Grant programs, xiv; see also Social
Services Block Grant program
Group size
and behavior of teachers and children,
87, 119
and child development, 67, 75, 87, 91
and cognitive development, 124
defined, 86 n.2
in family day care, 87 88, 153
and infectious disease transmission, 110,
116
and language development, 124
professional standards for, 101
recommended, xvi, 294
regulation of, 88, 103, 316-317, 320-321
research findings on, 87~8
research needs on, 86
and social competence, 121
OCR for page 355
INDEX
standards for early childhood programs,
100, 333
H
Handicapped children, see Children with
disabilities
Head Start
competition of programs with, 165
components of, 167
costs of, 196, 197, 237, 240
cultural sensitivity in, 98, 328
effectiveness of, ~7, 53, 125, 169, 233
eligibility for, 53-54, 168, 169, 255
facilities, 168
funding basis, 216
handicapped children in, 170, 235, 237
immunizations, 233
isolation from other programs, 169-170
licensing of, 168, 180
location of, 169
parental involvement in, 75-76, 97, 168,
216, 233
performance standards, 85 n.1, 98, 99,
169, 326, 328, 332
policy alternatives for, 254, 255-257
population served by, 216, 233
purpose of, 8, 167, 214, 216, 233
recommended expansion of, xiv-xv,
305-307
research needs on, 54
staff, 168, 179, 18.0, 216-217, 221, 332,
334, 335, 337-339
state funding of, 169, 216-217, 221
studies of, 53-54
see also Compensatory preschool
programs
High/Scope Preschool Study, 93, 126
Hispanics, see Race/ethnicity
Human immunodeficiency virus, 111, 114
Human Services Reauthorization Act, 219,
221, 222
I
IBM, 173-174
Income, see Family income
Income support
Aid to Families with [Dependent
Children, 212-213
earned income tax credit, 212
as infant care alternative, 11
355
in other countries, 11
personal tax exemptions, 211-212, 246
Infant care
availability of, xii, 1~11, 229-231,
297-298
in child care centers, 230
costs of, 162, 297
in family day care homes, 230
and mother-child relationship, 61, 65, 77,
117; see also Attachments
in other countries, 1~11
parental leave alternatives to, xvii, 11
qualifications of caregivem, 90, 297
quality and cost concerns, 1~11
research needs on effects of, 281-282
staff/child ratios, xvi, 88, 89, 91, 297
Infants and toddlem
anxious-avoidant, 55-57, 60, 61
attachment to caregivers, 88, 92
caregiver interaction with, 67~8
defined, 46 n.1
with disabilities, 128, 234, 235; see also
Children with disabilities
non-toilet-trained, 110
peer relationships, 120
respiratory tract infections in, 109
stress and parenting during first year,
59-61
with working mothers, 17-21, 31, 230
Infectious diseases
cytomegalovirus, 112, 115
diarrhea! disease, 110, 114, 115
HIV infection, 111, 114
meningitis, 11~111, 114, 115, 116, 134
in non-toilet-trained children, 110, 111
prevention of, 110, 114, 31~319,
322-323
respiratory tract infections, 109, 114,
115, 134
viral hepatitis, 111-112, 114, 115, 116
Injury, see Physical health of children
Institutionalization of children, 48, 50
Intellectual development, see Cognitive
development
Internal Revenue Service, day care
centers, 163
J
Job opportunity and basic skills program,
213
Job Raining Partnership Act, 206, 249
OCR for page 356
356
K
Kamehameha Early Education Program,
122
Kinder Care, 159, 171,172, 177
Kindergartens
state programs, 164 165
trends in use of, 32
L
Labor force participation by mothers
and ages of children, 17-21, 31
and child care trends, 28 29, 34, 194,
236
and child development, 47; see also
Maternal deprivation
economic status and, 20, 25, 233
education and, 35
and family income, 22, 35
family structure and, 18, 19, 22, 23, 35,
36
and family values debate, 5-6, 10
fertility and, 18, 3~37
and home production activities, 35
and infant-child relationship, 59
marital status and, 1~21, 35
part-time, 60
projected, 3, 37-39
race differences, 1~20, 27
social trends leading to, 6, 21-22
trends, xi, 3, ~10, 16, 17-22
work schedule and availability of child
care, 28
see also Women's employment
Language development
age mix and, 124
assessment of skills, 67
caregiver interactions with children and,
123-124, 127, 134
in children with disabilities, 129
ear infections and, 109, 115
predictors of, 67, 73, 84, 88
processes, 116, 123-124
quality of family day care and, 96
social development and, 49
staff/child ratios and, 88
structure and content of daily activities
and, 92
LaPetite Academy, 177
Latchkey children, see School-age children;
Self-care
INDEX
Liability insurance, as a barrier to child
care, 186 187
Low-income families
affordability of child care for, 6, 13, 34
availability of child care for, 34, 233-234,
235, 297, 298
child care preferences of, 34
child development programs for, 6-7
compensatory education programs for
children of, 127, 233; see also Head
Start
handicapped children in, 235
job training and employment for, 6, 13,
206
labor force participation by mothers,
1020
services for children in, 255-257
special needs of, xii, xiv, 300301
subsidies for child care, xiv, 176,
204 205, 303-305; see also Aid to
Families with Dependent Children
tax credits for, 24~249
vocational education programs, 206
see also Poverty
M
Marital status
and child care arrangements, 30, 36
and family income, 26
and labor force participation by women.
1~21
Maternal deprivation, 4~50, 51, 77
Mellon Bank, dependent care assistance
program, 205
Meningitis, 11~111, 114, 115, 116, 134
Mother-child relationship
age of entry in child care and, 57-58,
117
depression in mother and, 57
quality of child care and, 73-74
transient distress of children in child
care, 57
validity of laboratory assessment of, 118
see also Attachments
N
Nannies, 150
National Association for the Education of
Young Children
OCR for page 357
INDEX
accreditation cnteria, 85~6, 97, 99, 100,
186, 187, 299, 324, 325, 327-329,
331, 333, 335-339
Council for Early Childhood Professional
Recognition, 158
survey of center care, 157
National Association for Family Day Care,
101
National Association of Elementary
School Principals, 171
National Black Child Development
Institute, safeguards, 85 nit, 99, 100,
324, 325, 328, 330, 331-332, 334,
336, 338
National Center on Child Abuse and
Neglect, 113
National Council of Churches, 171
National Day Care Home Study, 89-9\0,
95, 97, 151, 153, 174, 179, 184
National Day Care Study
center care characteristics, 15~157, 160
policy variables on structural dimensions
of quality, 86-87
qualifications of caregivem, 89-90, 158
quality of care and cognitive
development, 67, 75
staff/child ratios, 88
structure and content of daily activities,
93
National Head Start Multicultural Task
Force, 98, 122
National Institute of Mental Health, 113
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth,
36, 149, 236, 273-274
National Survey of Family Growth, 149,
151, 159
Northside Child Development Center in
Minneapolis, 164
Nursery school
availability of places in, 231
negative effects on children, 48
trends in use of, 32, 156
p
Parental leave
availability of, 200, 20~211
and birth rates, 11
evaluation of policies, 60 61
infant care leave, 200, 208-210
length of, 10
357
maternity leave, 10, 207-208, 209
in other countries, 10-11
paternity leave, 10, 208, 209
policy alternatives, 247, 251-254
rationales for, 11
recommended, xvii, 311-313
stress reduction in mothers, 60
utilization of, 209, 210
wage replacement for, 10, 210
Parenting, stress during first year of, 59~1
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 67
Peer relationships
attachments and, 120
early childhood education and, 61~2
group size and, xvi
peer group stability and, 120
psychological development of children
and, 48, 55, 119-121
social development and, xvi, 48, 61~2,
64, 65, 70, 134
among toddlers, 120
see also Behavior of children
Pell Grant Program, 206
Perry Preschool, 93, 255
Physical health of children
abuse and neglect, 113-114
age mix and, 110, 112, 116
exclusion policy for sick children, 111,
114-115, 116
implications for practice, 115-116
injury, 113, 115
protective measures, 116, 31~319
quality of child care and, 4
regulation of, 182
research needs on, 109, 113, 115, 283
risk to, 134
staffIchild ratios and, 88
state regulations to protect, 31~319,
32~323
studies on, 109
see also Infectious diseases
Physical space
developmental effects of design of, 93-94
professional standards for, 102, 337-338
recommended, xvi, 294
regulation of, 85, 9095, 31~317,
320-321
see also Facilities for child care
Polaroid, voucher program, 205
Policies, see Child care policies
Poverty
OCR for page 358
358
children living in, 233
family structure and, 24, 27
race/ethnicity and, 27
see also Low-income families
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, 207
Preschool-age children
arrangements for care of, 28 31, 33
availability of child care for, 231-232
caregiver interaction with, 67~8
classroom behavior, 62, 65, 68
defined, 46 n.1
depression in mother and problems in,
57
with disabilities, 128
family structure of, 22
labor force participation lay mothers of,
18-21
Preschool Inventory, 67
Preschool Language Assessment
Instrument, 67
Preschool programs
access to, 36
curriculum and cognitive development,
93, 94
effectiveness of, xv, 53
enrollment trends, 31
expenditures for, 34
fees for, 162
Japanese, 126
locally funded prekindergarten, 165
Project Giant Step, 165
state-sponsored prekindergarten, 16~165
staff/child ratios, xvi, 65, 88~9
trends in use of, 32
see also Compensatory preschool
programs; Early childhood
education; and specific programs
Proctor and Gamble, dependent care
assistance program, 205
Professional standards for child care
caregiver qualifications and roles,
327-332
curriculum content and structure,
333-337
early childhood programs, 95, 126,
324-339
and federal funding requirements, 99,
325-326
group sizes and ratios, 333
parental participation, 338-339
INDEX
physical characteristics of programs,
337-338
structural aspects of child care quality,
95, 99-103
recommendations, xv-xvi, 310-311
see also Regulations; and specific
organizations
Project Giant Step, 165
Providers
disagreement and division among, 8
networks, 17~175
see also Caregivers
Psychological development of children
balance of emphasis in, 125-126
cognitive development, 124-125
cultural identity, 121-122
implications for practice, 127
language development, 123 124
processes, 116
relationships with adults, 48, 50, 55,
117-119
relationships with peers, 48, 55, 119-121
staff/child ratios and, 88
Public School Early Childhood Study, 164,
165
Q
Qualifications of caregivem
age of child and, 89
in center care, 158, 322-323
child-related training, 87, 89, 102, 166
and cognitive development, 67
correlations among components of, 89
and costs of care, 161
defined, 86 n.2
and developmental outcomes, xvi, 89-90
education, 87, 89, 90, 102
experience in child care, 87, 90
in family day care, 180-181, 318-319
in Head Start programs, 168, 180
and interaction with children, 89-90
professional standards for, 100, 102
recommendations, xvi
regulation of, 90, 183, 31~319, 322-323
research needs on, 90
and salaries, 179
in school-based programs, 165-166
and sexual abuse of children, 113
variation in, 65
Quality of child care
adequacy of, 239, 240-241
OCR for page 359
INDEX
caregiver stability and continuity, 91-92,
239
center size and, 97
and cognitive development, 4, 6~67, 68
cultural recognition and appreciation, 97
daily activities, 92-93, 100, 102
defining, 66, 71, 8~86
dimensions of, 277-279
in family day care, 95-97, 156
and family social and psychological
characteristics, 71, 7~73, 77,
279-280
and family variables, 73-76
goals for, 29~296
importance of, 13, 131, 133, 135, 295
improving, 295-296
indicators of, 327-339
longitudinal correlates, 69-70
measurement approaches, 65~6, 67,
70-71, 84
methodological issues, 7~71
and monetary costs of care, ~5,
239-240, 241, 301-302
parental involvement and, 97
. ...
pot .lCy goat .s, X111
profit status of provider and, 160
regulatable aspects, 293-294
regulatory status of day care groups and,
95-96, 182
research needs on, 97-99, 277-279
and sexual abuse of children, 113
simultaneous operation of dimensions of,
102-103
and social development, 4, 5~59, 67-69,
119, 121, 127
space and facilities, 93 94, 294
structural aspects of, 86 99, 101; see also
Group size; Physical space;
Qualifications of caregivers;
Staff/child ratios
unregulatable aspects, 294-295
variation in, xii
see also Professional standards for child
i
care
R
Race/ethnicity
and child care arrangements, 31-32
and child care rates, 155
and differential effects of child care, 64
and family income, 24-26
359
and family structure, 22-23
and labor force participation by mothers,
19-20, 27
Recommendations
caregiver training and experience, xvi
compensatory preschool programs,
xiv-xv, 305-307
data collection, 271-276
federal subsidies for low-income families,
xii, xiv, 303-305
group size, xv
Head Start expansion, xiv-xv
infrastructure investments, xv, 307-310
leave for employed parents, xvii, 311-313
physical space and facilities, xvi
policy and program analyses, 284-287
staff-child ratios, xiv
standard-setting for child care, xv-xvi,
31~311
Regulations
adequacy of, 103
as barriem to child care, 18~184
building and zoning, 184-186
on caregiver qualifications, 90, 158, 183
center care, by state, 88, 157, 320-323
daily activities or curriculum, 103
family day care, 88, 103, 15~154, 182,
316-319
focus of, 85
group size, 88, 91, 103
infant care, 297
need for, 147-148
physical space, 94-95, 103
and quality of care, xvi, 85, 182
reevaluation needs, 103-104
staff/child ratios, 88, 89, 91, 103, 183, 297
state, xvi, 85, 10~104, 148, 315-323
variation in, 182
see also Professional standards for child
care
Relatives, see Care by relatives
Reporting systems, 274-276
Research on child care
age of children in, 51
alarm phase, 47
and anxious-avoidant attachments, 61
child development aspects, 51-71,
28~281
data collection for, 9, 53, 269-276
difficulties in, 9
evolution of, 47 48, 77
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360
family and child-care-environment
linkages, 72-76
family day care, 64, 282
group comparison strategy, 63-64
Head Start, 53-54
health-related, 283
home rearing vs child care, 51~5
of infants, 280 281
maternal deprivation roots, 48 50
methodological issues, 9, 47, 58, 63 64,
66, 7~71, 77, 149
multiple forms of care, 282
needs, 9, 12, 47, 54, 61, 71, 97-99,
276-284; see also Recommendations
new strategies and issues, 283-284
policy and program analyses, 280287
professional guidelines on structural
aspects, 99 101
purposes of, 12
quality of child care and child
development, 65-71, 277-279
relatives as caregivers, 282
self-selection factors in, 58, 64, 95, 96
structural aspects of quality, 8~101
Resource and referral services
funding of, 222
orientation and services, 17~174
parental characteristics associated with
use of, 241-242.
recommendations for, xv, 307-308
union negotiation of, 222
Respiratory tract infections, 109, 114, 115
S
School-age children
arrangements for care of, 28, 131-134,
151, 17~172
availability of care for, xii, 232, 298
defined, 46 n.1
with disabilities, 127, 235
family structure of, 22
labor force participation by mothers of,
18, 21
needs of, 131
quality of care and developmental
outcomes, 131
with working mothers, 17
see also Self-care
School-age intervention programs
and cognitive development, 53
INDEX
see also Compensatory preschool
programs
School-based child care programs
costs of, 298
curriculum/activities, 172
expenditures for, 196, 219
implications for organized child care
programs, 166-167
kindergarten, 164, 165
licensing requirements, 165
prekindergarten, 160165, 21~219
recommendations on, xiv, 298
staffing, 16~166
subsidization of, 21~219
see also Before- and after-school
programs
Self-care
developmental implications, 131-134, 135
labor force participation by mothers and,
29-30
and loneliness, fear, and stress in
children, 132
and substance use, 132
trends in, 32, 131, 170-171, 232
Sexual abuse, 113-114, 115, 186
Sick children
availability of child care for, xii, 298
exclusion policy, 111, 11~115, 116
options for care of, 115
see also Infectious diseases; Physical
health of children
Single parenthood
and AFDC support, 212
and child care arrangements, 31-32, 298
and economic status, 24-26
and expenditures on child care, 237
by fathers, 22
projected, 39
social and economic factors contributing
to, 23-24
and women's employment, 37, 178
see also Family structure
Social change
and child care policy debates, 5-9
cross-national issues, 9-11
Social class, and cognitive development in
day-care children, 52, 64
Social development of children
age of entry in child care and, 6~70,
118
attachment, 51 61, 120
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INDEX
before- and after-school programs and,
133-134
caregiver interaction and, 67~8
and cognitive development, 125-126,
127, 333-334
with disabilities, 129, 13~131, 135
home rearing vs child care, 5~63
measures of, 62, 68
preschool curricula and, 93
quality of child care and, 4, 67-69
relationships with peers and adults, xvi,
48, 6102, 64, 65, 70, 134
social competence, 62-63, 64 65, 70, 75,
120, 121
see also Behavior of children;
Psychological development of
children
Social Security Act of 1933, 212
Social Services Block Grant program, 161,
170, 196, 197, 204, 210215, 233, 234
Socioeconomic status
and child development, 74
and quality of child care, 72~73, 74
see also Low-income families
Staff/child ratios
age of children and, 65, 87, 88, 89, 100,
101-102
and attachment to caregiver, 118
and costs of care, 161, 162, 239, 240
defined, 86 n.2
and fees for care, 162
professional standards for, 100, 101-102
quality of child care and, 87, 8~89, 229,
239, 293-294
recommendations, xvi, 293-294
regulation of, 89, 103, 183, 239, 297
standards for early childhood programs,
333
state regulations on, 85, 88, 316-317,
320-321
Standards for child care, see Professional
standards for child care
Stress
cultural identity and, 122
family, and child care quality, 72-73, 77
in latchkey children, 132
and parenting, 59-61
in parents of handicapped children, 128
Subsidies
child allowances, 244 249
361
for child care, 160, 161, 194, 249-251,
250255
for children with disabilities, 217-218
consumer, 159, 195-198, 201-213,
24~254, 300
employment-related, 201-206
expenditures for, 19~199
income support, 194, 211-213
infrastructure, 19~198, 221-223, 257-260
licensing of child care facilities and
receipt of, 154, 155
parental leave, 207-211, 251-254
provider, 175, 19~198, 21~221,
250260; see also specific programs
and quality of child care, 72
recommended, xiv, 303-305
services for children in low-income
families, 255-257
Survey of Income and Program
Participation, 29, 31, 149, 150, 236,
273
Surveys
large-scale, 272-274
special, 276
see also specific surveys
T
lax incentives
dependent care credits, xiv, 194, 196,
197, 201-202, 248, 249
distribution of costs of, 250
earned income credits, xiv, 212
personal exemptions, 211-212, 246-248
refundable child allowance, 247-249
for providers, 196, 219-221
Voluntary Employees Beneficiary
Associations, 219
Training of caregivers
CDA credential, 158
and child cooperativeness, 119
for children with disabilities, 129-131,
135, 218
defined, 86 n.2
and developmental outcomes, xvi, 87,
124, 158, 328 331
diversity of, 65
importance of, 91 ~
and interaction with children, 90
opportunities for, 331-332
professional standards for, 100, 328 332
ranges of, 89
OCR for page 362
362
recommendations for, xv, 294, 308
regulation of, 91,158
for school-based programs, 166
U
Unemployment
and economic status of children, 26
among women who are single parents,
20, 26
Uni one/unionization
child care center negotiation, 163, 164,
199, 20~201
of child care worked, 181-182
infant care leave negotiation, 208,
209-210
programs for child care support, 219
resource and referral services, 222
Universal child care, 25~255
U.S. Department of Agriculture, food and
nutrition programs, 233
V
Vendor-voucher programs
administration of, 173,177
after-school, 176
opposition to, 177-178
private, 177, 205
public, 176, 20~205
INDEX
recommendations for, xv, 308 309
Viral hepatitis, 111-112, 114, 115, 116
Voluntary Employees Beneficiary
Associations, 219
W
Welfare income disregard, 196, 205
Women's employment
child care and, 28, 33, 34 38,149
constraints on, 4, 34 35, 211
and family income, 26, 27-28
and family structure, 3
and fertility, 3037, 211
and role overload or conflict, 59
see also Labor force participation by
mothers
Work Incentive Program, 206
Work schedules, nontraditional
and arrangements for, xii, 28, 30, 149
and child care availability, xii, 28, 30,
234, 237, 297, 298
Workfare, 6, 196, 206
World Health Organization Expert
Committee on Mental Health, 48
y
YMCAs, 171
Representative terms from entire chapter:
day care
