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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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References and Bibliography

Bates, N., and A. Okon
2003         Improving Quality in the Collection of Earnings: The Survey of Income and Program Participation 2004 Panel. Proceedings of the Section on Government Statistics, Joint Statistical Meetings 2003. Available: http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/y2003/Files/JSM2003-000429.pdf [April 2012].
   
Bell, W.R.
1999         Accounting for Uncertainty About Variances in Small Area Estimation. Conference paper, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. Available: http://www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/publications/fles/Bell99.pdf [April 2012].
   
Currie, J.
2003         U.S. food and nutrition programs. Pp. 199-290 in Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, R. Mofftt, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2006         The take-up of social benefits. Pp. 80-148 in Public Policy and the Income Distribution Income, A. Auerbach, D. Card, and J. Quigley, eds. New York: Russell Sage.
   
Czajka, J., and G. Denmead
2008         Income Data for Policy Analysis: A Comparative Assessment of Eight Surveys. Report
submitted to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services by Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc. Available: http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/pdfs/incomedata.pdf [April 2012].
2009         Income Measurement in Federal Surveys. Presented at Federal Committee on Statistical
Methodology Research Conference. Available: http://www.fcsm.gov/09papers/Czajka_VII-B.pdf [April 2012].
   
Datta, G.S., P. Lahiri, T. Maiti, and K.L. Lu
1999         Hierarchical Bayes estimation of unemployment rates for the states of the U.S. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(448):1074-1082.
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
   
Fay, R.E., III, and R.A. Herriot
1979         Estimates of income for small places: An application of James-Stein procedures to Census data. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74(366):269-277.
   
Goodchild, M.F., and N. Lam
1980         Areal interpolation: A variant of the traditional spatial problem. Geoprocessing 1:297-312.
   
Goodchild, M.F., L. Anselin, and U. Deichmann
1993         A framework for the areal interpolation of socioeconomic data. Environment and Planning A 25:383-397.
   
Hisniac, J.H., T. Loveless, and J. Chestnut
2007         Evaluation Report Covering Receipt of Food Stamps. 2006 American Community Survey Content Test Report H.6. Available: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/methodology/content_test/H6_Food_Stamps.pdf [April 2012].
   
Institute of Medicine
2007         Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth. Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs. V.A. Stallings and A.L. Yaktine, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2008         Nutrition Standards and Meal Requirements for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs: Phase I. Proposed Approach for Recommending Revisions. Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs. V.A. Stallings and C.L. Taylor, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2009         School Meals: Building Blocks for Healthy Children. Committee on Nutrition Standards for National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs. V.A. Stallings, C.W. Suitor, and C.L. Taylor, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
   
Lynch, V., D. Resnick, J. Staveley, and C. Taeuber
2007         Differences in Estimates of Public Assistance Recipiency Between Surveys and Administrative Records. Available: http://www.fcsm.gov/07papers/Staveley.VII-A.doc [April 2012].
   
Maples, J.J., and W.R. Bell
2007         Small Area Estimation of School District Child Population and Poverty: Studying the Use of IRS Income Tax Data. Census Bureau Research Report RRS-2007-11. Available: http://www.census.gov/srd/papers/pdf/rrs2007-11.pdf [April 2012].
   
Meyer, B., and R. George
2011         Errors in Survey Reporting and Imputation and Their Effects on Estimates of Food Stamp Program Participation. U.S. Census Bureau Center for Economic Studies Paper No. CES-WP-11-14. Available: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1824261 [April 2012].
   
Meyer, B., and J. Sullivan
2009         Five Decades of Consumption and Income Poverty. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 14827. Available: http://www.nber.org/papers/w14827 [April 2012].
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
   
Meyer, B., W. Mok, and J. Sullivan
2009         The Under-Reporting of Transfers in Household Surveys: Its Nature and Consequences. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 15181. Available: http://www.nber.org/papers/w15181 [April 2012].
   
2009         Participation in the National School Lunch Program: Importance of school-level and neighborhood contextual factors. Journal of School Health 79(10):485-494.
   
Moore, J.
2007         Seam Bias in the 2004 SIPP Panel: Much Improved, but Much Bias Still Remains. PSID Event History Calendar Research Conference. Available: http://psidonline.isr.umich.edu/Publications/Workshops/ehc-07papers.html [April 2012].
   
Morris, C., and R. Tang
2011         Estimating random effects via adjustment for density maximization. Statistical Science 26(2):271-287.
   
National Research Council
1995         Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance. C.F. Citro and R.T. Michael, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2000a         Small-Area Estimates of School-Age Children in Poverty: Evaluation of Current Methodology. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas. C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2000b         Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates: Priorities for 2000 and Beyond. Panel on Estimates of Poverty for Small Geographic Areas. C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2001         Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program: Phase I Report. Panel to Evaluate the USDA’s Methodology for Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program. M. Ver Ploeg and D.M. Betson, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
2003         Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program: Final Report. Panel to Evaluate the USDA’s Methodology for Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program. M. Ver Ploeg and D.M. Betson, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2007         Using the American Community Survey: Benefts and Challenges. Panel on the Functionality and Usability of Data from the American Community Survey. C.F. Citro and G. Kalton, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2009         Reengineering the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Panel on the Census Bureau’s Reengineered Survey of Income and Program Participation. C.F. Citro and J.K. Scholz, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2010         Developing and Evaluating Methods for Using the American Community Survey to Support the School Meals Programs: Interim Report. Panel on Estimating Children Eligible for School Nutrition Programs Using the American Community Survey. A.L. Schirm and N.J. Kirkendall, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
2012         Small Populations, Large Effects: Improving the Measurement of the Group Quarters Population in the American Community Survey. Panel on Statistical Methods for Measuring the Group Quarters Population on the ACS. P.R. Voss and K. Marton, eds. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
   
National Science Foundation
2009         Collaborative Research: School Attendance Boundary Information System. Available http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=0921794 [April 2012].
   
Pischke, S.
1995         Individual income, incomplete information, and aggregate consumption. Econometrica 63:805-840.
   
Rao, J.N.K.
2003         Small Area Estimation: Methods and Applications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   
Reinvestment Fund
2007         Estimating the Percentage of Students Income-Eligible for Free and Reduced Price Lunch. Available: http://www.trfund.com/resource/downloads/policypubs/SchoolLunchEligible_SDOP.pdf [April 2012].
   
Ruggles, S., and S. Brower
2003         Measurement of household and family composition in the United States, 1850-2000. Population and Development Review 29(1):73-101.
   
Saporito, S., and D. Sohoni
2006         Coloring outside the lines: Racial segregation in public schools and their attendance boundaries. Sociology of Education 79:81-105.
2007         Mapping educational inequality: Concentrations of poverty among poor and minority students in public schools. Social Forces 85(3):1227-1253.
   
Saporito, S., J. Chavers, L. Nixon, and M. McQuiddy
2007         From here to there: Methods of allocating data from census geography to socially meaningful areas. Social Science Research 36:3.
   
Schroeder, M.
2010         The (Mis)Measurement of Subfamilies in U.S. Census Data. Presented at the 2010 Population Association of America annual meeting, Dallas Texas. Available: http://paa2010.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?SubmissionId=101754 [April 2012].
   
Taeuber, C., J. Staveley, and R. Larson
2003         Issues in Comparisons of Food Stamp Recipients: Caseloads from Maryland State Administrative Records and the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey. Available: http://www.ubalt.edu/jfi/jfi/reports/FdStmps_070903.pdf [April 2012].
   
Taeuber, C., D. Resnick, S. Love, J. Staveley, P. Wilde, and R. Larson
2004         Differences in Estimates of Food Stamp Program Participation Between Surveys and Administrative Records. Available: http://www.ubalt.edu/jfi/jfi/reports/fstampfinrept273004.pdf [April 2012].
   
Texas Department of Agriculture
2009         SAP2 projected percentage increase in student participation from traditional to universal feeding. Administrator’s Reference Manual, Section 5, Provision 2, Section 5.18. Available: http://www.squaremeals.org/Publications/Handbooks.aspx [April 2012].
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
   
U.S. Census Bureau
1998         Trap door? Revolving door? Or both? Dynamics of economic well-being, poverty 1993-1994. M. Naifeh. Current Population Reports, July 8.
2005         Experimenting with school attendance area free lunch estimates: A 2000 Census special tabulation case study. D. Geverdt. Unpublished report.
2007         Small Area Estimation of School District Child Population and Poverty: Studying Use of IRS Income Tax Data. Research Report Series, Statistics 2007-11. J. Maples and W. Bell. Available: http://www.census.gov/srd/papers/pdf/rrs2007-11.pdf [April 2012].
2008         American Community Survey-Puerto Rico Community Survey-2008 Subject Defnitions. Available: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/data_documentation/SubjectDefnitions/2008_ACSSubjectDefnitions.pdf [April 2012].
2009         Design and Methodology, American Community Survey. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
   
U.S. Department of Agriculture/Economic Research Service
2003a         Direct Certification in the National School Lunch Program: Impacts on Program Access and Integrity. Contract report from Mathematica Policy Research. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/efan03009/efan03009.pdf [April 2012].
2003b         Certifying Eligibility in the National School Lunch Program. ERS Food Assistance Research Brief. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr34/fanrr34-4/fanrr34-4.pdf [April 2012].
2004         Establishing a Web-Based Data Collection System for National School Lunch and National School Breakfast Program Data. Technical Report by Health Systems Research, Inc., and RTI. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EFAN04005/EFAN04005-3 [April 2012].
2006a         Profles of Participants in the National School Lunch Program: Data from Two National Surveys. ERS EIB-17. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib17/eib17.pdf [April 2012].
2006b         The Income Volatility See-Saw: Implications for School Lunch. ERS ERR-23. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/err23/err23.pdf [April 2012].
2008a         Balancing Nutrition, Participation, and Cost in the National School Lunch Program. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September08/Features/BalancingNSLP.htm [April 2012].
2008b         The National School Lunch Program: Background, Trends, and Issues. ERS Report 61. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/ERR61/ERR61.pdf [April 2012].
2009         Factors Associated with School Meal Participation and the Relationship Between Different Participation Measures. Final Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. Available: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/CCR53/CCR53.pdf [April 2012].
   
U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food and Nutrition Service
1994a         School Lunch Eligible Non-Participants: Final Report. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/published/CNP/FILES/EligNonPart-Pt1.pdf, http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/published/CNP/FILES/EligNonPart-Pt2.pdf, and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/published/CNP/FILES/EligNonPart-Pt3.pdf [April 2012].
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
1994b         School Lunch and Breakfast Cost Study. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/LunchandBreakfastCost.htm, http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/Lunch_BreakfastCostFinalCh1-3.pdf, and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/Lunch_BreakfastCostFinalCh4-6.pdf [April 2012].
1999         Current Population Survey Analysis of NSLP Participation and Income. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/nslpcps.pdf [April 2012].
2004         Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program Pilots. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SBPPFinal.pdf, http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SBPPFinalAppA-H.pdf, and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SBPPFinalAppI.pdf [April 2012].
2007a         School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study-III. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SNDAIII-Vol1.pdf, http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SNDAIII-Vol2.pdf, http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SNDAIII-Vol2Appendix.pdf, and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/SNDAIII-Vol3.pdf [April 2012].
2007b         NSLP/SBP Access, Participation, Eligibility and Certification Study: Erroneous Payments in the NSLP and SBP. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/apecvol1.pdf and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/apecvol2.pdf [April 2012].
2008a         School Lunch and Breakfast Cost Study II. Report No. CN-08-MCII. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/MealCostStudyExecSum.pdf and http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/MealCostStudy.pdf [April 2012].
2008b         Accuracy of LEA Processing of School Lunch Applications: Regional Office Review of Applications (RORA). Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/menu/published/cnp/FILES/rora2007.pdf [April 2012].
2010         Direct Certification in the National School Lunch Program: State Implementation Progress School Year 2009-2010, Report to Congress. Special Nutrition Programs Report No. CN-10-DC. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/DirectCert2010.pdf [April 2012].
2011a         Direct Certification in the National School Lunch Program: State Implementation Progress School Year 2010-2011: Report to Congress. Special Nutrition Programs Report No. CN-11-DC. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/ora/MENU/published/CNP/FILES/DirectCert2011.pdf [April 2012].
2011b         Eligibility Manual for School Meals: Determining and Verifying Eligibility. Available: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Guidance/EliMan.pdf [April 2012].
   
U.S. Department of Education
2005         Public Elementary and Secondary Students, Staff, Schools and School Districts: School Year 2002/2003. NCES 2005 314. Available: http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2005314 [April 2012].
   
U.S. Government Accountability Office
1994         Food Assistance: Early Results of USDA’s No-Fee School Meal Pilot Program. GAO/T-RCED-94-184. Available: http://archive.gao.gov/t2pbat3/151349.pdf [April 2012].
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
×
2002         School Meals Programs: Estimated Costs for Three Administrative Processes at Selected Locations. GAO-02-944. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02944.pdf [April 2012].
2003         School Meal Programs: Revenue and Expense Information from Selected States. GAO-03-569. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03569.pdf [April 5, 2012].
2005         School Meal Programs Competitive Foods Are Widely Available and Generate Substantial Revenues for Schools. GAO-05-563. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05563.pdf [April 2012].
2009a         School Meals Programs: Experiences of the States and Districts That Eliminated Reduced-Price Fees. GAO-09-584. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09584.pdf [April 2012].
2009b         School Meals Programs: Improved Reviews, Federal Guidance, and Data Collection Needed to Address Counting and Claiming Errors. GAO-09-814. Available: http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-09-814 [April 2012].
2009c         Meal Counting and Claiming by Food Management Companies in the School Meals Program. GAO-09-156R. Available: http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09156r.pdf [April 2012].
Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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Suggested Citation:"References and Bibliography." National Research Council. 2012. Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13409.
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 Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Programs
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The National School Lunch and School Breakfast Programs, administered by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), are key components of the nation's food security safety net, providing free or low-cost meals to millions of schoolchildren each day. To qualify their children each year for free or reduced-price meals, many families must submit applications that school officials distribute and review. To reduce this burden on families and schools and to encourage more children to partake of nutritious meals, USDA regulations allow school districts to operate their meals programs under special provisions that eliminate the application process and other administrative procedures in exchange for providing free meals to all students enrolled in one or more school in a district.

FNS asked the National Academies' Committee on National Statistics and Food and Nutrition Board to convene a panel of experts to investigate the technical and operational feasibility of using data from the continuous American Community Survey (ACS) to estimate students eligible for free and reduced-price meals for schools and school districts. The ACS eligibility estimates would be used to develop "claiming percentages" that, if sufficiently accurate, would determine the USDA reimbursements to districts for schools that provided free meals to all students under a new special provision that eliminated the ongoing base-year requirements of current provisions.

Using American Community Survey Data to Expand Access to the School Meals Program was conducted in two phases. It first issued an interim report (National Research Council, 2010), describing its planned approach for assessing the utility of ACS-based estimates for a special provision to expand access to free school meals. This report is the final phase which presents the panel's findings and recommendations.

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