IMPROVING FOOD SAFETY
THROUGH A ONE HEALTH APPROACH
WORKSHOP SUMMARY
Eileen R. Choffnes, David A. Relman, LeighAnne Olsen, Rebekah Hutton,
and Alison Mack, Rapporteurs
Forum on Microbial Threats
Board on Global Health
INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE
OF NATIONAL ACADEMIES
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS
Washinton, D.C
www.nop.edu
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
Financial support for this project was provided by the American Society for Microbiology; Burroughs Wellcome Fund; GlaxoSmithKline; Infectious Diseases Society of America; Merck Company Foundation; sanofi pasteur; U.S. Agency for International Development; U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army: Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, and the Medical Research and Materiel Command; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fogarty International Center, Food and Drug Administration, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; and U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. The views presented in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-25933-0
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-25933-9
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Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Cover images: (Front): Courtesy of Rebekah Hutton; (Back): Adapted from Hufnagel, L., D. Brockmann, and T. Geisel. 2004. Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(42):15124-15129.
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Suggested citation: IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2012. Improving food safety through a One Health approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Hation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
FORUM ON MICROBIAL THREATS1
DAVID A. RELMAN (Chair), Stanford University and Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
JAMES M. HUGHES (Vice-Chair), Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
LONNIE J. KING (Vice-Chair), The Ohio State University, Columbus
KEVIN ANDERSON, Biological and Chemical Defense Division, Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
RUTH L. BERKELMAN,2 Center for Public Health Preparedness and Research, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
DAVID BLAZES,3 Division of Global Emerging Infectious Surveillance, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
ENRIQUETA C. BOND, Burroughs Wellcome Fund (Emeritus), Marshall, Virginia
ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
PAULA R. BRYANT, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Medical S&T Division, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
JOHN E. BURRIS, Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
ARTURO CASADEVALL, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
JEFFREY S. DUCHIN, Public Health—Seattle and King County, Washington
JONATHAN EISEN, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California
RALPH L. ERICKSON, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
MARK B. FEINBERG, Merck Vaccine Division, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania
JACQUELINE FLETCHER, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
CLAIRE FRASER,4 Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
JESSE L. GOODMAN, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland
1 Institute of Medicine Forums and Roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual docu ments. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
2 Forum member until December 31, 2011.
3 Forum member until March 31, 2012.
4 Forum member since June 1, 2012.
EDUARDO GOTUZZO, Instituto de Medicina Tropical—Alexander von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
CAROLE A. HEILMAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
DAVID L. HEYMANN, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
ZHI HONG, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
PHILIP HOSBACH, sanofi pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania
STEPHEN ALBERT JOHNSTON, Arizona BioDesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
KENT KESTER,5 Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
STANLEY M. LEMON, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
EDWARD McSWEEGAN, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
MARK A. MILLER, Fogarty International Center, Bethesda, Maryland
JULIE PAVLIN,6 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
GEORGE POSTE, Complex Adaptive Systems Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
DAVID RIZZO, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California
GARY A. ROSELLE, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs, Cincinnati, Ohio
ALAN S. RUDOLPH, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
KEVIN RUSSELL, Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
JANET SHOEMAKER, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC
P. FREDERICK SPARLING, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
TERENCE TAYLOR,7 International Council for the Life Sciences, Arlington, Virginia
MURRAY TROSTLE, U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington, DC
MARY E. WILSON, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
5 Forum member since June 1, 2012.
6 Forum member since April 1, 2012.
7 Forum member until December 31, 2011.
Staff
EILEEN CHOFFNES, Scholar and Director
LEIGHANNE OLSEN, Program Officer
KATHERINE McCLURE, Senior Program Associate
REBEKAH HUTTON, Research Associate
PAMELA BERTELSON, Senior Program Assistant
BOARD ON GLOBAL HEALTH1
RICHARD GUERRANT (Chair), Thomas H. Hunter Professor of International Medicine and Director, Center for Global Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
JO IVEY BOUFFORD (IOM Foreign Secretary), President, New York Academy of Medicine, New York, New York
CLAIRE V. BROOME, Adjunct Professor, Division of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
JACQUELYN C. CAMPBELL, Anna D. Wolf Chair, and Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland
THOMAS J. COATES, Michael and Sue Steinberg Professor of Global AIDS, Research Co-Director, UC Global Health Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
GARY DARMSTADT, Director, Family Health Division, Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington
VALENTIN FUSTER, Director, Wiener Cardiovascular Institute Kravis Cardiovascular Health Center Professor, Cardiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
JACOB A. GAYLE, Vice President, Community Affairs, Executive Director, Medtronic Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
GLENDA E. GRAY, Executive Director, Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Diepkloof, South Africa
STEPHEN W. HARGARTEN, Professor and Chair, Emergency Medicine, Director, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
JAMES HOSPEDALES, Coordinator, Chronic Disease Project, Health Surveillance and Disease Management Area, Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, Washington, DC
PETER J. HOTEZ, Professor and Chair, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
CLARION JOHNSON, Global Medical Director, Medicine and Occupational Medicine Department, Exxon Mobil, Fairfax, Virginia
FITZHUGH MULLAN, Professor, Department of Health Policy, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
OLUFUNMILAYO F. OLOPADE, Walter L. Palmer Distinguished Service Professor of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
1 Institute of Medicine boards do not review or approve individual workshop summaries. The responsibility for the content of the workshop summary rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
GUY PALMER, Regents Professor of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Director of the School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
THOMAS C. QUINN, Associate Director for International Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Professor of Medicine, International Health, Epidemiology, and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
JENNIFER PRAH-RUGER, Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Administration, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
Staff
PATRICK KELLEY, Director
ANGELA CHRISTIAN, Program Associate
PLANNING COMMITTEE ON GLOBAL INFECTIOUS
DISEASES AND FOOD SAFETY1
ROGER G. BREEZE, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
PETER DASZAK, EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York
DAVID L. HEYMANN, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
JAMES M. HUGHES, Global Infectious Diseases Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
GERALD T. KEUSCH, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
RIMA F. KHABBAZ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
LONNIE J. KING, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
1 Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests solely with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
Roger G. Breeze, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
David Heymann, Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom
James M. Hughes, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
Stanley M. Lemon, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
David Rizzo, University of California, Davis, California
Jørgen Schlundt, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Dr. Melvin Worth. Appointed by the Institute of Medicine, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authors and the institution.
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Acknowledgments
The Forum on Emerging Infections was created by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The purpose of the Forum is to provide structured opportunities for leaders from government, academia, and industry to regularly meet and examine issues of shared concern regarding research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging, reemerging, and novel infectious diseases in humans, plants, and animals. In pursuing this task, the Forum provides a venue to foster the exchange of information and ideas, identify areas in need of greater attention, clarify policy issues by enhancing knowledge and identifying points of agreement, and inform decision makers about science and policy issues. The Forum seeks to illuminate issues rather than resolve them. For this reason, it does not provide advice or recommendations on any specific policy initiative pending before any agency or organization. Its value derives instead from the diversity of its membership and from the contributions that individual members make throughout the activities of the Forum. In September 2003, the Forum changed its name to the Forum on Microbial Threats.
The Forum on Microbial Threats and the IOM wish to express their warmest appreciation to the individuals and organizations who gave their valuable time to provide information and advice to the Forum through their participation in the planning and execution of this workshop. A full list of presenters, and their biographical information, may be found in Appendixes B and E, respectively.
The Forum gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the members of the planning committee:1 Roger Breeze (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory),
1Institute of Medicine planning committees are solely responsible for organizing the workshop, identifying topics, and choosing speakers. The responsibility for the published workshop summary rests solely with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.
Peter Daszak (EcoHealth Alliance), David Heymann (Health Protection Agency), James Hughes (Emory University), Gerald Keusch (Boston University), Rima Khabbaz (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and Lonnie King (Ohio State University).
The Forum is also indebted to the IOM staff who tirelessly contributed throughout the planning and execution of the workshop and the production of this workshop summary report. On behalf of the Forum, we gratefully acknowledge these efforts led by Dr. Eileen Choffnes, director of the Forum; Dr. LeighAnne Olsen, program officer; Katherine McClure, senior program associate; Rebekah Hutton, research associate; and Pamela Bertelson, senior program assistant, for dedicating much effort and time to developing this workshop’s agenda and for their thoughtful and insightful approach and skill in planning for the workshop and in translating the workshop’s proceedings and discussion into this workshop summary report. We would also like to thank the following IOM staff and consultants for their valuable contributions to this activity: Daniel Bethea, Laura Harbold DeStefano, Alison Mack, Vilija Teel, and Sarah Ziegenhorn.
Finally, the Forum wishes to recognize the sponsors that supported this activity. Financial support for this project was provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: NIH, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, CDC, Food and Drug Administration, and the Fogarty International Center; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army: Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System, Medical Research and Materiel Command, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency; U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs; U.S. Department of Homeland Security; U.S. Agency for International Development; American Society for Microbiology; sanofi pasteur; Burroughs Wellcome Fund; GlaxoSmithKline; Infectious Diseases Society of America; and the Merck Company Foundation. The views presented in this workshop summary are those of the workshop participants and have been summarized by the rapporteurs. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Forum on Microbial Threats, its sponsors, or the IOM.
Contents
A2 One Health and Hotspots of Food-borne EIDs
C. Zambrana-Torrelio, K. A. Murray, and P. Daszak
A3 Plant Food Safety Issues: Linking Production Agriculture with One Health
Marilyn C. Erickson and Michael P. Doyle
A5 Overview of the Global Food System: Changes over Time/Space and Lessons for Future Food Safety
A6 The Australian Perspective, the Biosecurity Continuum from Preborder, to Border and Postborder
A7 Food Safety: A View from the Wild Side
William B. Karesh, Elizabeth Loh, Catherine Machalaba
A9 Food-borne Viruses from a Global Perspective
A10 Microbe Hunting and Pathogen Discovery
Nicole C. Arrigo and W. Ian Lipkin
A11 Transmission of Human Infection with Nipah Virus
Stephen P. Luby, Emily S. Gurley, and M. Jahangir Hossain
A12 Date Palm Sap Linked to Nipah Virus Outbreak in Bangladesh, 2008
A13 Food-borne Pathogen Control Programs
Casey Barton Behravesh, Ian T. Williams, and Robert V. Tauxe
A15 Antibiotic Resistance—Linking Human and Animal Health
A16 Origins of Major Human Infectious Diseases
Nathan D. Wolfe, Claire Panosian Dunavan, and Jared Diamond
A17 The Outlook for Public Food Safety Research and USDA Science
Tables, Figures, and Boxes
TABLES
WO-1 Understanding the One Health Paradigm for Food Safety
WO-2 Many of the Major Food-Borne Pathogens in the United States Were Only Recently Characterized
A3-3 Selected Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks Attributed to Produce During the Period of 2006-2011
A3-4 Prevalence of Salmonella in Lettuce, Cabbage, and Mixed Salads Throughout the World
A3-5 Prevalence of Helminth and Protozoan Parasites in Leafy Greens from 2005 to 2010
A3-6 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Salmonella spp. in Manures from Domesticated Animals
A3-7 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Campylobacter spp. in Manures from Domesticated Animals
A3-9 Prevalence and Cell Numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. in Manures from Domesticated Animals
A3-10 Prevalence of Salmonella spp., STEC, and Protozoan Parasites in Environmental Waters
A3-11 Prevalence of Enteric Food-Borne Pathogens in Wildlife and Insects
A14-1 Major Pathogens Identified as Foodborne Since 1970
A14-2 Major Food-Animal Reservoirs for Human Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens
FIGURES
WO-2 U.S. agricultural and seafood imports (millions of U.S. dollars)
WO-4 Trends in global population: 1950-2015
WO-5 World meat consumption, 1983-2020
WO-7 Global supply chain complexity: Origin and contents of a generic “megaburger,”
WO-8 The global U.S. food supply: Many components
WO-2-2 Clostridium perfringens bacterium. Colored TEM. Magnification: 43,000x
WO-2-5 Transmission electron micrograph of norovirus virions
WO-9 The true burden of food-borne disease remains unknown
WO-10 Many different pathogens and toxins
WO-11 Foods implicated in outbreaks
WO-3-3 Persons infected with the outbreak-associated strains of Listeria monocytogenes, by state
WO-3-4 Cruise ships provide ideal conditions for the amplification and spread of infectious diseases
WO-12 Fifteen years of progress in prevention: Trends in food-borne diseases, Foodnet, 1996-2010
WO-13 EHEC outbreak 2011: Investigation of the outbreak along the food chain
WO-15 Date palm sap collection
WO-16 How often do bats visit date palm trees to drink their sap?
WO-17 Bacteria manipulate leaf stomata and get inside
WO-18 Grouping of (potential) food-borne viruses
WO-19 Pyramids and snowball effects
WO-20 DANMAP: Integrated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage in Denmark
WO-21 A schematic representation of how farm size can affect risk of avian influenza emergence
WO-22 Hotspots for food-borne pathogen emergence
WO-23 John Snow’s map of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London
WO-24 Human viruses have animal origins
WO-25 A staged strategy for pathogen discovery
A1-4 Trading network reveals linkage of 41 identified outbreak clusters
A1-5 Electron micrograph of EHEC O104:H4
A2-1 Proportion of EID events categorized by transmission mode
A2-2 Number of EID events per transmission mode classified by pathogen type
A2-3 Number of EID events per transmission mode categorized by zoonotic origin
A2-4 Proportion of drug-resistant and nonresistant EID events of zoonotic or nonzoonotic origin
A2-5 Association of food-borne EIDs with other drivers
A2-6 Relative risk of food-borne EID events, based on Jones et al. (2008)
A4-2 Transfer model for antimicrobial resistance genes
A5-1 Global supply chain complexity. Movement of commodities
A5-2 Global supply chain complexity. Ingredient list
A5-3 Globalizing the cheeseburger
A6-1 When to act: Generalized invasion curve showing actions appropriate to each stage
A7-4 Routes of contamination resulting in food-borne illness linked to wildlife
A9-2 Steps required and common challenges for establishing proof of food-borne (viral) infection
A11-1 Range of Pteropus bats based on RM Nowak
A11-2 Chain of person to person transmission in Nipah outbreak, Faridpur, Bangladesh, 2004
A13-1 Roadmap for the components of global food safety
A13-2 Cargill food safety policy
A13-3 Corporate food safety and regulatory affairs
A13-4 Cargill environmental monitoring decision tree
A14-4 Number of reported cases of salmonellosis, by serotype, England and Wales, 2000-2010
A15-8 Sales of antimicrobials for therapeutic use in farmed fish in Norway versus produced biomass
BOXES
WO-2 The Seven Most Common Food-Borne Pathogens in the United States
WO-3 Recent Food-borne Outbreaks: The Changing Nature of the “Threat,”
WO-4 Molecular Methods for Pathogen Discovery