Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 249
References
AchutaRao, K., and K. R. Sperber. 2006. ENSO simulation in coupled ocean-atmosphere models: Are the current models
better? Climate Dynamics 27(1):1-15.
AMS (American Meteorological Society). 2012. Earth Observations, Science, and Services for the 21st Century. American
Meteorological Society Policy Workshop Report. Washington, DC: AMS.
Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report. Akureyri, Iceland: Arctic Council.
Armour, K. C., I. Eisenman, E. Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, K. E. McCusker, and C. M. Bitz. 2011. The reversibility of sea ice loss
in a state-of-the-art climate model. Geophysical Research Letters 38.
Bader, D. C., C. Covey, W. J. Gutowski, I. M. Held, K. E. Kunkel, R. L. Miller, R. T. Tokmakian, and M. H. Zhang. 2008. Climate Models:
An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations. Synthesis and Assessment Product 3.1. Washington, DC: U.S. Climate
Change Science Program, Department of Energy.
Balaji, V., and A. Langenhorst. 2012. ESM workflow. In Earth System Modelling—Volume 5: Tools for Configuring, Building
and Running Models, edited by R. Ford, G. Riley, R. Budich, and R. Redler. Dordrecht: Springer.
Balman, M., E. Pouyoul, Y. Yao, E. W. Bethel, B. Loring, Prabhat, J. Shalf, A. Sim, and B. L. Tierney. 2012. Experiences with 100Gbps
Network Applications. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Barriuso, R., and A. Knies. 1994. SHMEM User’s Guide: SN-2516. Seattle, WA: Cray Research, Inc.
Barthel, F., and E. Neumayer. 2012. A trend analysis of normalized insured damage from natural disaster. Climatic Change
113(2):215-237.
Bennartz, R., A. Lauer, and J. L. Brenguier. 2011. Scale-aware integral constraints on autoconversion and accretion in regional
and global climate models. Geophysical Research Letters 38.
Betts, R., M. Sanderson, and S. Woodward. 2008. Effects of large-scale Amazon forest degradation on climate and air quality
through fluxes of carbon dioxide, water, energy, mineral dust and isoprene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B—Biological Sciences 363(1498):1873-1880.
Bony, S., and J. L. Dufresne. 2005. Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in
climate models. Geophysical Research Letters 32(20).
Booij, M. J. 2005. Impact of climate change on river flooding assessed with different spatial model resolutions. Journal of
Hydrology 303:176-198.
Boulanger, J. P., G. Brasseur, A. F. Carril, M. de Castro, N. Degallier, C. Ereno, H. Le Treut, J. A. Marengo, C. G. Menendez, M. N.
Nunez, O. C. Penalba, A. L. Rolla, M. Rusticucci, and R. Terra. 2010. A Europe-South America network for climate change
assessment and impact studies. Climatic Change 98(3-4):307-329.
Box, J. E., J. Cappelen, D. H. Bromwich, L.-S. Bai, T. L. Mote, B. A. Veenhuis, N. Mikkelsen, and A. Weidick. 2008. Greenland. In
State of the Climate in 2007, edited by D. H. Levinson, and J. H. Lawrimore. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 89(7):S1-S179.
BPA (Bonneville Power Administration). 2010. 2012 FCRPS Hydro Asset Strategy. Available at http://www.bpa.gov/
corporate/finance/IBR/IPR/2010-IPR/2012%20Hydro%20Asset%20 Strategy%20(Final).pdf (accessed August 22,
2012).
Brekke, L. D., M. D. Dettinger, E. P. Maurer, and M. Anderson. 2008. Significance of model credibility in estimating climate
projection distributions for regional hydroclimatological risk assessments. Climatic Change 89(3-4):371-394.
Brunet, G., M. Shapiro, B. Hoskins, M. Moncrieff, R. Dole, G. Kiladis, B. Kirtman, A. Lorenc, R. Morss, S. Polavarapu, D. Rogers, J.
Schaake, and J. Shukla. 2009. Toward a seamless process for the prediction of weather and climate: The advancement
of sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (submitted).
Bryan, F. O., R. Tomas, J. M. Dennis, D. B. Chelton, N. G. Loeb, and J. L. McClean. 2010. Frontal scale air-sea interaction in high-
resolution coupled climate models. Journal of Climate 23:6277-6291.
249
OCR for page 250
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
Buizza, R., M. Miller, and T. N. Palmer. 1999. Stochastic representation of model uncertainties in the ECMWF ensemble
prediction system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 125(560):2887-2908.
Buser, C. M., H. R. Kunsch, D. Luthi, M. Wild, and C. Schar. 2009. Bayesian multi-model projection of climate: Bias assumptions
and interannual variability. Climate Dynamics 33(6):849-868.
Cadule, P., P. Friedlingstein, L. Bopp, S. Sitch, C. D. Jones, P. Ciais, S. L. Piao, and P. Peylin. 2010. Benchmarking coupled climate-
carbon models against long-term atmospheric CO2 measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24.
Cane, M. A., S. E. Zebiak, and S. C. Dolan. 1986. Experimental forecasts of El-Nino. Nature 321(6073):827-832.
Carlson, W. W., J. M. Draper, D. E. Culler, K. Yelick, E. Brooks, and K. Warren. 1999. Introduction to UPC and language specifica-
tion. Technical Report CCS-TR-99-157. Bowie, MD: Center for Computing Sciences.
CCSP (U.S. Climate Change Science Program). 2003. Strategic Plan for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program. Wash-
ington, DC: CCSP.
CCSP. 2008. Impacts of Climate Variability and Change on Transportation Systems and Infrastructure—Gulf Coast Study.
Synthesis and Assessment Product 4.7. Washington, DC: CCSP.
CCSP. 2009. Best Practice Approaches for Characterizing, Communicating, and Incorporating Scientific Uncertainty in
Decisionmaking. Synthesis and Assessment Product 5.2. Washington, DC: CCSP.
Centrec Consulting Group, LLC. 2007. An Investigation of the Economic and Social Value of Selected NOAA Data and Prod-
ucts for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES). Report submitted to NOAA’s National Climatic
Data Center. Savoy, IL: Centrec Consulting Group, LLC.
Chamberlain, B. L., D. Callahan, and H. P. Zima. 2007. Parallel programmability and the Chapel language. International
Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 21(3):291-312.
Chandra, R., R. Menon, L. Dagum, D. Kohr, D. Maydan, and J. McDonald. 2001. Parallel Programming in OpenMP. Waltham,
MA: Morgan-Kaufmann.
Changnon, S. A., F. T. Quinlan, and E. M. Rasmusson. 1990. NOAA Climate Services Plan. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration.
Charles, P., C. Donawa, K. Ebcioglu, C. Grothoff, A. Kielstra, C. von Praun, V. Saraswat, and V. Sarkar. 2005. X10: An object-
oriented approach to non-uniform cluster computing. ACM SIGPLAN Notices 40(10):519-538.
Chelton, D. B., and S. P. Xie. 2010. Coupled ocean-atmosphere interaction at oceanic mesoscales. Oceanography 23(4):52-69.
Chen, C. C., B. McCarl, and H. Hill. 2002. Agricultural value of ENSO information under alternative phase definition. Climatic
Change 54(3):305-325.
Christensen, J., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, R. Held, R. Jones, R. Kolli, W. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. M. Rueda, L. Mearns, C.
Menendez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr, P. Whetton, R. Arritt, R. Benestad, M. Beniston, D. Bromwich, D. Caya, J. Comiso,
R. d. Elia, and K. Dethloff. 2007. Regional climate projections. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Con-
tribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Christensen, J., M. Rummukainen, and G. Lenderink, eds. 2009. Formulation of very-high-resolution regional climate model
ensembles for Europe. Exeter, U.K.: Met Office Hadley Centre.
Church, J., and N. Gandal. 1992. Network effects, software provision, and standardization. Journal of Industrial Economics
40(1):85-103.
Church, J., and N. White. 2011. Sea-level rise from the late 19th to the early 21st century. Surveys in Geophysics 32:585-602.
CISE (Computing in Science and Engineering). 2009. Special Issue on Reproducable Research. Computing in Science and
Engineering 11(1):3-80.
Collins, M., B. B. Booth, B. Bhaskaran, G. R. Harris, J. M. Murphy, D. M. H. Sexton, and M. J. Webb. 2011. Climate model er-
rors, feedbacks and forcings: A comparison of perturbed physics and multi-model ensembles. Climate Dynamics
36(9-10):1737-1766.
Collins, W. J., N. Bellouin, M. Doutriaux-Boucher, N. Gedney, T. Hinton, C. D. Jones, S. Liddicoat, G. Martin, F. O’Connor, J. Rae, C.
Senior, I. Totterdell, S. Woodward, T. Reichler, and J. Kim. 2008. Evaluation of the HadGEM2 model. Met Office Hadley
Centre Technical Note HCTN 74.
Cox, P. M., R. A. Betts, C. D. Jones, S. A. Spall, and I. J. Totterdell. 2000. Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle
feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature 408(6809):184-187.
250
OCR for page 251
References
Cronin, M. F., S. Legg, and P. Zuidema. 2009. Best practices for process studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 90(7):917-918.
Cullen, M. J. P. 1993. The unified forecast climate model. Meteorological Magazine 122:81-94.
Curry, J. A., and P. J. Webster. 2011. Climate science and the uncertainty monster. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 92:1667-1682.
Dai, A. 2006. Precipitation characteristics in eighteen coupled climate models. Journal of Climate 19(18):4605-4630.
Dankers, R., O. B. Christensen, L. F. M. Kalas, and A. d. Roo. 2007. Evaluation of very high-resolution climate model data for
simulating flood hazards in the Upper Danube Basin. Journal of Hydrology 347:319-331.
Dasgupta , S., B. Laplante, S. Murray, and D. Wheeler. 2009. Sea-Level Rise and Storm Surges: A Comparative Analysis of
Impacts in Developing Countries. The World Bank Development Research Group Environment and Energy Team,
Policy Research Working Paper 4901. Washington, DC: World Bank.
DelSole, T., and J. Shukla. 2010. Model fidelity versus skill in seasonal forecasting. Journal of Climate 23(18):4794-4806.
DelSole, T., M. K. Tippett, and J. Shukla. 2011. A significant component of unforced multidecadal variability in the recent
acceleration of global warming. Journal of Climate 24(3):909-926.
Delworth, T. L., A. J. Broccoli, A. Rosati, R. J. Stouffer, V. Balaji, J. A. Beesley, W. F. Cooke, K. W. Dixon, J. Dunne, K. A. Dunne, J. W.
Durachta, K. L. Findell, P. Ginoux, A. Gnanadesikan, C. T. Gordon, S. M. Griffies, R. Gudgel, M. J. Harrison, I. M. Held, R. S.
Hemler, L. W. Horowitz, S. A. Klein, T. R. Knutson, P. J. Kushner, A. R. Langenhorst, H. C. Lee, S. J. Lin, J. Lu, S. L. Malyshev,
P. C. D. Milly, V. Ramaswamy, J. Russell, M. D. Schwarzkopf, E. Shevliakova, J. J. Sirutis, M. J. Spelman, W. F. Stern, M. Winton,
A. T. Wittenberg, B. Wyman, F. Zeng, and R. Zhang. 2006. GFDL’s CM2 global coupled climate models. Part I: Formulation
and simulation characteristics. Journal of Climate 19(5):643-674.
Denis, B., R. Laprise, D. Caya, and J. Cote. 2002. Downscaling ability of one-way nested regional climate models: The Big-
Brother Experiment. Climate Dynamics 18(8):627-646.
Deque, M., and S. Somot. 2010. Weighted frequency distributions express modelling uncertainties in the ENSEMBLES
regional climate experiments. Climate Research 44(2-3):195-209.
Deser, C., A. S. Phillips and M. A. Alexander. 2010. Twentieth century tropical sea surface temperature trends revisited.
Geophysical Research Letters 37:L10701.
Deser, C., R. Knutti, S. Solomon, and A. S. Phillips. 2012. Communication of the role of natural variability in future North
American climate. Nature Climate Change, accepted.
Dickinson, R. E., S. E. Zebiak, J. L. Anderson, M. L. Blackmon, C. De Luca, T. F. Hogan, M. Iredell, M. Ji, R. B. Rood, M. J. Suarez, and
K. E. Taylor. 2002. How can we advance our weather and climate models as a community? Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society 83(3):431-434.
Dilling, L., and M. C. Lemos. 2011. Creating usable science: Opportunities and constraints for climate knowledge use and
their implications for science policy. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 21(2):680-689.
Dirmeyer, P. A., B. A. Cash, J. L. Kinter III, T. Jung, L. Marx, C. Stan, P. Towers, N. Wedi, J. M. Adams, E. L. Altshuler, B. Huang, E. K.
Jin, and J. Manganello. 2012. Evidence for enhanced land-atmosphere feedback in a warming climate. Journal of
Hydrometeorology 13:981-995.
Doblas-Reyes, F. J., G. J. v. Oldenborgh, J. Garcia-Serrano, H. Pohlmann, A. A. Scaife, and D. Smith. 2011. CMIP5 near-term
climate prediction. CLIVAR Exchanges 56:8-11.
DOD (U.S. Department of Defense). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, DC: DOD.
DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2008. Scientific Grand Challenges: Challenges in Climate Change Science and the Role
of Computing at the Extreme Scale. Report from the Workshop Held November 6-7, 2008. Washington, DC: DOE.
Doherty, S. J., S. Bojinski, A. Henderson-Sellers, K. Noone, D. Goodrich, N. L. Bindoff, J. A. Church, K. A. Hibbard, T. R. Karl, L.
Kajefez-Bogataj, A. H. Lynch, D. E. Parker, I. C. Prentice, V. Ramaswamy, R. W. Saunders, M. S. Smith, K. Steffen, T. F. Stocker,
P. W. Thorne, K. E. Trenberth, M. M. Verstraete, and F. W. Zwiers. 2009. Lessons learned from IPCC AR4: Scientific devel-
opments needed to understand, predict, and respond to climate change. Bulletin of the American Meteorological
Society 90(4):497-513.
Dominguez, F., J. Canon, and J. Valdes. 2010. IPCC-AR4 climate simulations for the Southwestern US: The importance of
future ENSO projections. Climatic Change 99(3-4):499-514.
251
OCR for page 252
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
Dongarra, J., P. Beckman, T. Moore, P. Aerts, G. Aloisio, J. C. Andre, D. Barkai, J. Y. Berthou, T. Boku, B. Braunschweig, F. Cappello,
B. Chapman, X. B. Chi, A. Choudhary, S. Dosanjh, T. Dunning, S. Fiore, A. Geist, B. Gropp, R. Harrison, M. Hereld, M. Heroux,
A. Hoisie, K. Hotta, Z. Jin, Y. Ishikawa, F. Johnson, S. Kale, R. Kenway, D. Keyes, B. Kramer, J. Labarta, A. Lichnewsky, T.
Lippert, B. Lucas, B. Maccabe, S. Matsuoka, P. Messina, P. Michielse, B. Mohr, M. S. Mueller, W. E. Nagel, H. Nakashima,
M. E. Papka, D. Reed, M. Sato, E. Seidel, J. Shalf, D. Skinner, M. Snir, T. Sterling, R. Stevens, F. Streitz, B. Sugar, S. Sumimoto,
W. Tang, J. Taylor, R. Thakur, A. Trefethen, M. Valero, A. van der Steen, J. Vetter, P. Williams, R. Wisniewski, and K. Yelick.
2011. The International Exascale Software Project roadmap. International Journal of High Performance Computing
Applications 25(1):3-60.
Douglass, D. H., and R. S. Knox. 2009. Ocean heat content and Earth’s radiation imbalance. Physics Letters A 373:3296-3300.
Duffy, P. B., B. Govindasamy, J. P. Iorio, J. Milovich, K. R. Sperber, K. E. Taylor, M. F. Wehner, and S. L. Thompson. 2003. High-
resolution simulations of global climate, part 1: Present climate. Climate Dynamics 21(5-6):371-390.
Edwards, P. N. 2010. A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press.
Edwards, P. N., S. J. Jackson, G. C. Bowker, and C. P. Knobel. 2007. Understanding Infrastructure: Dynamics, Tensions, and
Design. Report of a Workshop on History and Theory of Infrastructure: Lessons for New Scientific Cyberinfrastruc-
tures, January 2007. Available at http://cohesion.rice.edu/Conferences/Hewlett/emplibrary/UI_Final_ Report.pdf
(accessed August 23, 2012).
Fast, J. D., W. I. Gustafson, E.G. Chapman, R. C. Easter, J. P. Rishel, R. A. Zaveri, G. A. Grell, and M. C. Barth. 2011. The Aerosol
Modeling Testbed: A community tool to objectively evaluate aerosol process modules. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society 92(3):343-360.
Fu, C. B., S. Y. Wang, Z. Xiong, W. J. Gutowski, D. K. Lee, J. L. McGregor, Y. Sato, H. Kato, J. W. Kim, and M. S. Suh. 2005. Regional
climate model intercomparison project for Asia. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 86(2):257-266.
Furrer, R., S. R. Sain, D. Nychka, and G. A. Meehl. 2007. Multivariate Bayesian analysis of atmosphere-ocean general circula-
tion models. Environmental and Ecological Statistics 14(3):249-266.
GAO (U.S. Government Accountability Office). 2011. Polar Satellites: Agencies Need to Address Potential Gaps in Weather
and Climate Data Coverage. Testimony Before the Subcommittees on Investigations and Oversight and Energy
and Environment, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. Statement of David A.
Powner, Director, Information Technology Management Issues. Washington, DC: GAO.
Gates, R. M. 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review. Washington, DC: DOD.
GCOS (Global Climate Observing System). 2009. Progress Report on the Implementation of the Global Observing System
for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC 2004-2008. GCOS-129 (WMO/TD No. 1489; GOOS-173; GTOS-70). Geneva:
World Meteorological Organization.
GCOS. 2010. Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC. GCOS-138.
Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
Geist, A., A. Beguelin, J. Dongarra, W. Jiang, R. Manchek, and V. Sunderam. 1994. PVM: Parallel Virtual Machine. A Users’ Guide
and Tutorial for Networked Parallel Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Gent, P. R., S. G. Yeager, R. B. Neale, S. Levis, and D. A. Bailey. 2010. Improvements in a half degree atmosphere/land version
of the CCSM. Climate Dynamics 34(6):819-833.
Gent, P. R., G. Danabasoglu, L. J. Donner, M. M. Holland, E. C. Hunke, S. R. Jayne, D. M. Lawrence, R. B. Neale, P. J. Rasch, M.
Vertenstein, P. H. Worley, Z. L. Yang, and M. H. Zhang. 2011. The Community Climate System Model Version 4. Journal
of Climate 24(19):4973-4991.
GFDL (Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory). 2011. Climate Modeling. Available at http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/climate-
modeling (accessed November 17, 2011).
Giorgi, F. 2008. A simple equation for regional climate change and associated uncertainty. Journal of Climate 21(7):1589-1604.
Giorgi, F., and L. O. Mearns. 1999. Introduction to special section: Regional climate modeling revisited. Journal of Geophysi-
cal Research-Atmospheres 104(D6):6335-6352.
Giorgi, F., and L. O. Mearns. 2003. Probability of regional climate change based on the Reliability Ensemble Averaging (REA)
method. Geophysical Research Letters 30(12).
252
OCR for page 253
References
Giorgi, F., C. Jones, and G. R. Asrar. 2009. Addressing climate information needs at the regional level: The CORDEX framework.
Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization 58:175-183.
Gleckler, P. J., K. E. Taylor, and C. E. Doutriaux. 2008. Performance metrics for climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research
113:D06104.
Greene, A. M., L. Goddard, and U. Lall. 2006. Probabilistic multimodel regional temperature change projections. Journal of
Climate 19(17):4326-4343.
Gropp, W., E. Lusk, and A. Skjellum. 1999. Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with the Message-Passing Interface.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Grosfeld, K., and H. Sandhäger. 2004. The evolution of a coupled ice shelf-ocean system under different climate states.
Global Planetary Change 42:107-132.
Hannay, C., D. L. Williamson, J. J. Hack, J. T. Kiehl, J. G. Olson, S. A. Klein, C. S. Bretherton, and M. Kohler. 2009. Evaluation of fore-
casted Southeast Pacific stratocumulus in the NCAR, GFDL, and ECMWF models. Journal of Climate 22(11):2871-2889.
Harris, M. 2005. Mapping computational concepts to GPUs. In SIGGRAPH ‘05, edited by J. Fujii et al. New York: ACM Press.
Hawkins, E., and R. Sutton. 2009. The potential to narrow uncertainty in regional climate predictions. Bulletin of the Ameri-
can Meteorological Society 90:1095-1107.
Hawkins, E., and R. Sutton. 2011. The potential to narrow uncertainty in projections of regional precipitation change.
Climate Dynamics 37(1-2):407-418.
Hazeleger, W., C. Severijns, T. Semmler, S. Ştefănescu, S. Yang, X. Wang, K. Wyser, E. Dutra, J. M. Baldasano, R. Bintanja, P. Bougeault,
R. Caballero, A. M. L. Ekman, J. H. Christensen, B. v. d. Hurk, P. Jimenez, C. Jones, P. Kållberg, T. Koenigk, R. McGrath, P.
Miranda, T. V. Noije, T. Palmer, J. A. Parodi, T. Schmith, F. Selten, T. Storelvmo, A. Sterl, H. Tapamo, M. Vancoppenolle, P.
Viterbo, and U. Willén. 2010. A seamless Earth-system prediction approach in action. Bulletin of the American Me-
teorological Society 91:1357-1364.
HECRTF (High-End Computing Revitalization Task Force). 2004. Federal Plan for High-End Computing. Report of the High-
End Computing Revitalization Task Force (HECRTF). Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President of the United
States, Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Hegerl, G. C., F. W. Zwiers, P. A. Stott, and V. V. Kharin. 2004. Detectability of anthropogenic changes in annual temperature
and precipitation extremes. Journal of Climate 17(19):3683-3700.
Held, I. M. 2005. The gap between simulation and understanding in climate modeling. Bulletin of the American Meteoro-
logical Society 86(11):1609-1614.
Held, I. M., and B. J. Soden. 2006. Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming. Journal of Climate
19(21):5686-5699.
Held, I. M., T. L. Delworth, J. Lu, K. L. Findell, and T. R. Knutson. 2005. Simulation of Sahel drought in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(50):17891-17896.
Hill, C., C. DeLuca, V. Balaji, M. Suarez, A. d. Silva, and the ESMF Joint Specification Team. 2004. The architecture of the Earth
system modeling framework. Computing in Science and Engineering 6(1):1-6.
Hoerling, M., J. Hurrell, J. Eischeid, and A. Phillips. 2006. Detection and attribution of twentieth-century northern and
southern African rainfall change. Journal of Climate 19(16):3989-4008.
Holland, D. M., and A. Jenkins. 1999. Modeling thermodynamic ice-ocean interactions at the base of an ice shelf. Journal
of Physical Oceanography 29(8):1787-1800.
Holland, D. M., R. H. Thomas, B. deYoung, M. H. Riebergaard, and B. Lyberth. 2008. Acceleration of Jakobshavn Isbræ triggered
by warm subsurface ocean waters. Nature Geoscience 1:659-664.
Houze, R. A. 2012. Orographic effects on precipitating clouds. Reviews of Geophysics 50.
Hurrell, J. W., and K. E. Trenberth. 1999. Global sea surface temperature analyses: Multiple problems and their implications
for climate analysis, modeling, and reanalysis. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80:2661-2678.
Hurrell, J. W., G. A. Meehl, D. Bader, T. L. Delworth, B. Kirtman, and B. Wielicki. 2009. A unified modeling approach to climate
system prediction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90:1819-1832.
Huybrechts, P., H. Goelzer, I. Janssens, E. Driesschaert, T. Fichefet, H. Goosse, and M. F. Loutre. 2011. Response of the Green-
land and Antarctic ice sheets to multi-millennial greenhouse warming in the Earth system model of intermediate
complexity LOVECLIM. Surveys in Geophysics 32(4-5):397-416.
253
OCR for page 254
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1990. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Report pre-
pared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by Working Group I, edited by J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins,
and J. J. Ephraums. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. 1995. Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses: Cam-
bridge University Press.
IPCC. 1998. Principles governing IPCC work, approved at the 14th session of the IPCC (Vienna, October 1-3, 1998), and
amended at the 21st session (Vienna, November 3 and 6-7, 2003) and the 25th session (Mauritius, April 26-28, 2006).
IPCC. 2007a. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. 2007b. Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth As-
sessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK. Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. 2007c. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC. 2007d. Summary for policymakers. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Inter-
governmental Panel on Climate Change. In Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, edited by
M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, and C.E. Hanson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, C. S., M. K. Sen, G. Huerta, Y. Deng, and K. P. Bowman. 2008. Error reduction and convergence in climate prediction.
Journal of Climate 21(24):6698-6709.
Jakob, C. 2010. Accelerating progress in global atmospheric model development through improved parameterizations
challenges, opportunities, and strategies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(7):869-875.
Jin, E. K., J. L. Kinter, B. Wang, C. K. Park, I. S. Kang, B. P. Kirtman, J. S. Kug, A. Kumar, J. J. Luo, J. Schemm, J. Shukla, and T. Yamagata.
2008. Current status of ENSO prediction skill in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Climate Dynamics 31(6):647-664.
Johnson, L. B. 1965. Special Message to the Congress on Conservation and Restoration of Natural Beauty, February 8, 1965.
Available at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/ index.php?pid=27285 (accessed August 23, 2012).
Jung, T., F. Vitart, L. Ferranti, and J. J. Morcrette. 2011. Origin and predictability of the extreme negative NAO winter of
2009/10. Geophysical Research Letters 38.
Karl, T. R., H. J. Diamond, S. Bojinski, J. H. Butler, H. Dolman, W. Haeberli, D. E. Harrison, A. Nyong, S. Rösner, G. Seiz, K. Trenberth,
W. Westermeyer, and J. Zillman. 2010. Observation needs for climate information, prediction and application: Capa-
bilities of existing and future observing systems. World Climate Conference—3. Procedia Environmental Sciences
1:192-205.
Katz, M. L., and C. Shapiro. 1985. Network externalities, competition, and compatibility. American Economic Review
75(3):424-440.
Katz, R. W. 2010. Statistics of extremes in climate change. Climatic Change 100(1):71-76.
Kerr, R. A. 2011. Vital details of global warming are eluding forecasters. Science 334:173-174.
Khairoutdinov, M., D. A. Randall, and C. DeMott. 2005. Simulation of the atmospheric general circulation using a cloud-
resolving model as a super-parameterization of physical processes. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62:2136-2154.
Kharin, V. V., and F. W. Zwiers. 2005. Estimating extremes in transient climate change simulations. Journal of Climate
18(8):1156-1173.
Kheshgi, H. S., A. K. Jain, and D. J. Wuebbles. 1999. Model-based estimation of the global carbon budget and its un-
certainty from carbon dioxide and carbon isotope records. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres
104(D24):31127-31143.
Kiehl, J. T. 2007. Twentieth century climate model response and climate sensitivity. Geophysical Research Letters 34(22).
Kiehl, J. T., and D. L. Williamson. 1991. Dependence of cloud amount on horizontal resolution in the National Center for At-
mospheric Research Community Climate Model. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 96(D6):10955-10980.
Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. A. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch. 1998. The National Center for Atmospheric
Research Community Climate Model: CCM3. Journal of Climate 11(6):1131-1149.
Kirtman, B. P., and D. Min. 2009. Multimodel ensemble ENSO prediction with CCSM and CFS. Monthly Weather Review
137(9):2908-2930.
254
OCR for page 255
References
Klein-Tank, A. M. G., F. W. Zwiers, and X. Zhang. 2009. Guidelines on Analysis of Extremes in a Changing Climate in Support
of Informed Decisions for Adaptation. Climate Data and Monitoring WCDMP-No. 72. Geneva: World Meteorological
Organization.
Knutti, R. 2008. Should we believe model predictions of future climate change? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society A—Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 366(1885):4647-4664.
Knutti, R. 2010. The end of model democracy? Climatic Change 102(3-4):395-404.
Kogge, P., ed. 2008. ExaScale Computing Study: Technology Challenges in Achieving Exascale Systems. Washington, DC:
DARPA Information Processing Techniques Office.
Krishnamurti, T. N., C. M. Kishtawal, T. E. LaRow, D. R. Bachiochi, Z. Zhang, C. E. Williford, S. Gadgil, and S. Surendran. 1999.
Improved weather and seasonal climate forecasts from multimodel superensemble. Science 285(5433):1548-1550.
Kwok, R., and D. A. Rothrock. 2009. Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICESat records: 1958-2008.
Geophysical Research Letters 36:L15501.
Laprise, R., M. R. Varma, B. Denis, D. Caya, and I. Zawadzki. 2000. Predictability in a nested limited-area-model. Monthly
Weather Review 128(12):4149-4154.
Laprise, R., R. de Elia, D. Caya, S. Biner, P. Lucas-Picher, E. Diaconescu, M. Leduc, A. Alexandru, L. Separovic, and Canadian Net-
work for Regional Climate Modelling and Diagnostics. 2008. Challenging some tenets of regional climate modelling.
Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 100(1-4):3-22.
Lawford, R. G., J. Roads, D. P. Lettenmaier, and P. Arkin. 2007. GEWEX contributions to large-scale hydrometeorology. Journal
of Hydrometeorology 8(4):629-641.
Lean, J. L., and D. H. Rind. 2009. How will Earth’s surface temperature change in future decades? Geophysical Research
Letters 36.
Lemos, M. C., and B. J. Morehouse. 2005. The co-production of science and policy in integrated climate assessments. Global
Environmental Change—Human and Policy Dimensions 15(1):57-68.
Lempert, R. J., and D. G. Groves. 2010. Identifying and evaluating robust adaptive policy responses to climate change for
water management agencies in the American west. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 77(6):960-974.
Lempert, R. J., N. Nakicenovic, D. Sarewitz, and M. Schlesinger. 2004. Characterizing climate-change uncertainties for deci-
sion-makers. An editorial essay. Climatic Change 65(1-2):1-9.
Leung, L. R., and S. J. Ghan. 1998. Parameterizing subgrid orographic precipitation and surface cover in climate models.
Monthly Weather Review 126(12):3271-3291.
Leung, L. R., and Y. Qian. 2003. The sensitivity of precipitation and snowpack simulations to model resolution via nesting
in regions of complex terrain. Journal of Hydrometeorology 4(6):1025-1043.
Leung, L. R., Y. Qian, X. D. Bian, W. M. Washington, J. G. Han, and J. O. Roads. 2004. Mid-century ensemble regional climate
change scenarios for the western United States. Climatic Change 62(1-3):75-113.
Leung, L. R., M. Y. Huang, Y. Qian, and X. Liang. 2011. Climate-soil-vegetation control on groundwater table dynamics and
its feedbacks in a climate model. Climate Dynamics 36(1-2):57-81.
Levis, S., G. B. Bonan, E. Kluzek, P. E. Thornton, A. Jones, W. J. Sacks, and C. J. Kucharik. 2012. Interactive crop management in
the Community Earth System Model (CESM1): Seasonal influences on land-atmosphere fluxes. Journal of Climate
25:4839-4859.
Liu, X., R. C. Easter, S. J. Ghan, R. Zaveri, P. Rasch, X. Shi, J.-F. Lamarque, A. Gettelman, H. Morrison, F. Vitt, A. Conley, S. Park, R.
Neale, C. Hannay, A. M. L. Ekman, P. Hess, N. Mahowald, W. Collins, M. J. Iacono, C. S. Bretherton, M. G. Flanner, and D.
Mitchell. 2011. Toward a minimal representation of aerosol direct and indirect effects: Model description and evalu-
ation. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4(3485-3598).
Lubchenco, J. 2009. Testimony of Dr. Jane Lubchenco before the Senate Commerce Committee, February 12, 2009.
Lusk, E., and K. Yelick. 2007. Languages for high-productivity computing: The DARPA HPCS language project. Parallel Pro-
cessing Letters 17(1):89-102.
Lyman, J. M., S. A. Good, V. V. Gouretski, M. Ishii, G. C. Johnson, D. M. Palmer, D. M. Smith, and J. K. Willis. 2010. Robust warming
of the global upper ocean. Nature 465:334-337.
Manabe, S. 1969. Climate and the ocean circulation 1. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the Earth’s surface.
Monthly Weather Review 97(11):739-774.
255
OCR for page 256
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
Manabe, S., and K. Bryan. 1969. Climate calculations with a combined ocean-atmosphere model. Journal of the Atmospheric
Sciences 26(4):786-789.
Manton, M. J., A. Belward, D. E. Harrison, A. Kuhn, P. Lefale, S. Rösner, A. Simmons, W. Westermeyer, and J. Zillman. 2010. Ob-
servation needs for climate services and research. World Climate Conference—3. Procedia Environmental Sciences
1:184-191.
Martin, G. M., M. A. Ringer, V. D. Pope, A. Jones, C. Dearden, and T. J. Hinton. 2006. The physical properties of the atmosphere
in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part I: Model description and global climatology.
Journal of Climate 19:1274-1301.
Martin, G. M., S. F. Milton, C. A. Senior, M. E. Brooks, S. I. T. Reichler, and J. Kim. 2010. Analysis and reduction of systematic errors
through a seamless approach to modeling weather and climate. Journal of Climate 23:5933-5957.
Maslowski, W., J. C. Kinney, M. Higgins, and A. Roberts. 2012. The future of Arctic sea ice. Annual Review of Earth and Plan-
etary Sciences 40:625-654.
Masson, D., and R. Knutti. 2011. Climate model genealogy. Geophysical Research Letters 38(8):L08703.
Mearns, L. O., W. J. Gutowski, R. Jones, L.-Y. Leung, S. McGinnis, A. M. B. Nunes, and Y. Qian. 2009. A regional climate change
assessment program for North America. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 90(36):311-312.
Meehl, G. A., and S. Bony. 2011. Introduction to CMIP5. CLIVAR Exchanges 56:4-5.
Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, T. Delworth, M. Latif, B. McAvaney, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, and K. E. Taylor. 2007. The WCRP
CMIP3 multimodel dataset—a new era in climate change research. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
88(9):1383-1394.
Meehl, G. A., L. Goddard, J. Murphy, R. J. Stouffer, G. Boer, G. Danabasoglu, K. Dixon, M. A. Giorgetta, A. M. Greene, E. Hawkins,
G. Hegerl, D. Karoly, N. Keenlyside, M. Kimoto, B. Kirtman, A. Navarra, R. Pulwarty, D. Smith, D. Stammer, and T. Stockdale.
2009. Decadal prediction: Can it be skillful? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90(10):1467.
Menendez, C. G., M. de Castro, J. P. Boulanger, A. D’Onofrio, E. Sanchez, A. A. Sorensson, J. Blazquez, A. Elizalde, D. Jacob, H.
Le Treut, Z. X. Li, M. N. Nunez, N. Pessacg, S. Pfeiffer, M. Rojas, A. Rolla, P. Samuelsson, S. A. Solman, and C. Teichmann.
2010. Downscaling extreme month-long anomalies in southern South America. Climatic Change 98(3-4):379-403.
Michalakes, J., and M. Vachharajani. 2008. GPU acceleration of numerical weather prediction. Parallel Processing Letters
18(4):531-548.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005a. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Volume 1: Current State & Trends. Wash-
ington, DC: Island Press.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005b. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Volume 2: Scenarios. Washington, DC:
Island Press.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005c. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Volume 3: Policy Responses. Washington,
DC: Island Press.
Mills, E. 2005. Insurance in a climate of change. Science 309(5737):1040-1044.
Mills, E., and E. Lecomte. 2006. From Risk to Opportunity: How Insurers Can Proactively and Profitably Manage Climate
Change. Boston: Ceres Press.
Minobe, S., A. Kuwano-Yoshida, N. Komori, S. P. Xie, and R. J. Small. 2008. Influence of the Gulf Stream on the troposphere.
Nature 452(7184):206-209.
Morgan, G., H. Dowlatabadi, M. Henrion, D. Keith, R. Lempert, S. McBrid, M. Small, and T. Wilbanks. 2009. Best Practice Ap-
proaches for Characterizing, Communicating, and Incorporating Scientific Uncertainty in Decision Making. U.S. Cli-
mate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assesment Product 5.2. Washington, DC: CCSP.
Moss, R. H., J. A. Edmonds, K. A. Hibbard, M. R. Manning, S. K. Rose, D. P. van Vuuren, T. R. Carter, S. Emori, M. Kainuma, T. Kram, G.
A. Meehl, J. F. B. Mitchell, N. Nakicenovic, K. Riahi, S. J. Smith, R. J. Stouffer, A. M. Thomson, J. P. Weyant, and T. J. Wilbanks.
2010. The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463(7282):747-756.
Munshi, A. 2008. OpenCL: Parallel Computing on the GPU and CPU. Available at http://s08.idav.ucdavis.edu/munshi-
opencl.pdf (accessed October 11, 2012).
Murphy, J., B. B. Booth, M. Collins, G. R. Harris, D. M. H. Sexton, and M. J. Webb. 2007. A methodology for probabilistic predic-
tions of regional climate change from perturbed physics ensembles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
A—Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 365(1857):1993-2028.
256
OCR for page 257
References
Murphy, J., V. Kattsov, N. Keenlyside, M. Kimoto, G. Meehl, V. Mehta, H. Pohlmann, A. Scaife, and D. Smith. 2008. Towards
prediction of decadal climate variability and change. In Proceedings of the World Climate Conference-3 (WCC-3),
August 31 to September 4, 2009. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization.
National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2000. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences
of Climate Variability and Change. Overview Report. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
National Assessment Synthesis Team. 2001. Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences
of Climate Variability and Change. Foundation Report. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Navarra, A., S. Gualdi, S. Masina, S. Behera, J. J. Luo, S. Masson, E. Guilyardi, P. Delecluse, and T. Yamagata. 2008. Atmospheric
horizontal resolution affects tropical climate variability in coupled models. Journal of Climate 21(4):730-750.
NCDC (National Climatic Data Center). 2010. Billion Dollar U.S. Weather Disasters. Available at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
billions/ (accessed November 18, 2010).
Neale, R., J. R. Richter, and M. Jochum. 2008. The impact of convection on ENSO: From a delayed oscillator to a series of
events. Journal of Climate 21:5904-5924.
Nesbitt, S. W., and A. M. Anders. 2009. Very high resolution precipitation climatologies from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission precipitation radar. Geophysical Research Letters 36:L15815.
Nick, F. M., A. Vieli, I. M. Howat, and I. Joughin. 2009. Large-scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at
the terminus. Nature Geoscience 2:110-114.
Niu, G. Y., Z. L. Yang, R. E. Dickinson, L. E. Gulden, and H. Su. 2007. Development of a simple groundwater model for use in
climate models and evaluation with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data. Journal of Geophysical Re-
search—Atmospheres 112(D7).
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2011. Toward a National Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) Sys-
tem for Operational Intra-Seasonal to Interannual (ISI) Climate Forecasts. White Paper. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA. Avail-
able at http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/ctb/MMEWhitePaperCPO_revised.pdf (accessed August 23, 2012).
NOAA Science Advisory Board. 2008. A Review of the NOAA Climate Services Strategic Plan. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA.
NOAA Science Advisory Board. 2011. Towards Open Weather and Climate Services. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA.
Norton, C. D., A. Eldering, M. Turmon, and J. Parker. 2009. Extending OSSE beyond numerical weather prediction to new
areas in Earth observing science. Presented at the 2009 IEEE Aerospace Conference, March 7-14, 2009, Big Sky, MT,
doi:10.1109/AERO.2009.4839627.
NPCC (New York City Panel on Climate Change). 2010. Climate Change Adaptation in New York City: Building a Risk Man-
agement Response. New York: New York Academy of Science.
NRC (National Research Council). 1979. Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
NRC. 1982. Meeting the Challenge of Climate. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. 1985. The National Climate Program: Early Achievements and Future Directions. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press.
NRC. 1986. Atmospheric Climate Data, Problems and Promises. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. 1998. Capacity of U.S. Climate Modeling to Support Climate Change Assessment Activities. Washington, DC: National
Academy Press.
NRC. 2001a. A Climate Services Vision: First Steps Toward the Future. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. 2001b. Improving the Effectiveness of U.S. Climate Modeling. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NRC. 2003. Fair Weather: Effective Partnerships in Weather and Climate Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies
Press.
NRC. 2004. Climate Data Records from Environmental Satellites. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2007. Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. Washington,
DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2009. Restructuring Federal Climate Research to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The Na-
tional Academies Press.
NRC. 2010a. Adapting to the Impacts of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2010b. Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
257
OCR for page 258
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
NRC. 2010c. Assessment of Intraseasonal to Interannual Climate Prediction and Predictability. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press.
NRC. 2010d. Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2010e. Limiting the Magnitude of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2011a. America’s Climate Choices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2011b. Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia. Washington,
DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2011c. National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces. Washington, DC: The National Acad-
emies Press.
NRC. 2012a. Assessing the Reliability of Complex Models: Mathematical and Statistical Foundations of Verification, Valida-
tion, and Uncertainty Quantification. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NRC. 2012b. A Review of the U.S. Global Change Research Program’s Strategic Plan. Washington, DC: The National Acad-
emies Press.
Numrich, R. W., and J. K. Reid. 1998. Co-array Fortran for parallel programming. ACM Fortran Forum 17(2):1-31.
Overpeck, J. T., G. A. Meehl, S. Bony, and D. R. Easterling. 2011. Climate data challenges in the 21st century. Science
331(6018):700-702.
Palmer, M. D., D. J. McNeall, and N. J. Dunstone. 2011. Importance of the deep ocean for estimating decadal changes in
Earth’s radiation balance. Geophysical Research Letters 38.
Palmer, T. N., A. Alessandri, U. Andersen, P. Cantelaube, M. Davey, P. Delecluse, M. Deque, E. Diez, F. J. Doblas-Reyes, H.
Feddersen, R. Graham, S. Gualdi, J. F. Gueremy, R. Hagedorn, M. Hoshen, N. Keenlyside, M. Latif, A. Lazar, E. Maisonnave,
V. Marletto, A. P. Morse, B. Orfila, P. Rogel, J. M. Terres, and M. C. Thomson. 2004. Development of a European multimodel
ensemble system for seasonal-to-interannual prediction (DEMETER). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
85(6):853-872.
Palmer, T. N., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, R. Hagedorn, and A. Weisheimer. 2005. Probabilistic prediction of climate using multi-model
ensembles: From basics to applications. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B—Biological Sciences
360(1463):1991-1998.
Palmer, T. N., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Weisheimer, and M. J. Rodwell. 2008. Toward seamless prediction: Calibration of climate
change projections using seasonal forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 89(4):459-470.
Palmer, T. N., R. Buizza, F. Doblas-Reyes, T. Jung, M. Leutbecher, G. J. Shutts, M. Steinheimer, and A. Weisheimer. 2009. Stochas-
tic parameterization and model uncertainty. Reading, UK: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.
PCAST (President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology). 2010. Designing a Digital Future: Federally Funded
Research and Development in Networking and Information Technology. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the
President.
Peng, R. D. 2011. Reproducible research in computational science. Science 334(6060):1226-1227.
Pennell, C., and T. Reichler. 2011. On the effective number of climate models. Journal of Climate 24(9):2358-2367.
Phillips, N. A. 1956. The general circulation of the atmosphere—a numerical experiment. Quarterly Journal of the Royal
Meteorological Society 82(352):123-164.
Phillips, T. J., G. L. Potter, D. L. Williamson, R. T. Cederwall, J. S. Boyle, M. Fiorino, J. J. Hnilo, J. G. Olson, S. C. Xie, and J. J. Yio. 2004.
Evaluating parameterizations in general circulation models—climate simulation meets weather prediction. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society 85(12):1903-1915.
Pidgeon, N., and B. Fischhoff. 2011. The role of social and decision sciences in communicating uncertain climate risks.
Nature Climate Change 1(1):35-41.
Pierce, D. W., T. P. Barnett, B. D. Santer, and P. J. Gleckler. 2009. Selecting global climate models for regional climate change
studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(21):8441-8446.
Pincus, R., C. P. Batstone, R. J. P. Hofmann, K. E. Taylor, and P. J. Glecker. 2008. Evaluating the present-day simulation of clouds,
precipitation, and radiation in climate models. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 113(D14).
Pincus, R., D. Klocke, and J. Quaas. 2010. Interpreting Relationships Between Present-Day Fidelity and Climate Change
Projections. Presented at the American Geophyscial Union Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 13-17, 2010.
258
OCR for page 259
References
Pitman, A. J. 2003. The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models. International
Journal of Climatology 23(5):479-510.
Pitman, A. J., and S. E. Perkins. 2009. Global and regional comparison of daily 2-m and 1000-hPa maximum and minimum
temperatures in three global reanalyses. Journal of Climate 22(17):4667-4681.
Proelss, A. 2009. Governing the Arctic Ocean. Nature Geoscience 2(5):310-313.
Rajagopalan, B., U. Lall, and S. E. Zebiak. 2002. Categorical climate forecasts through regularization and optimal combina-
tion of multiple GCM ensembles. Monthly Weather Review 130(7):1792-1811.
Randall, D. 2011. The evolution of complexity in general circulation models. In The Development of Atmospheric General
Circulation Models: Complexity, Synthesis and Computation, edited by L. Donner et al. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
Rayner, N. A., A. Kaplan, E. C. Kent, R. W. Reynolds, P. Brohan, K. Casey, J. J. Kennedy, S. D. Woodruff, T. M. Smith, C. Donlon, L. A.
Breivik, S. Eastwood, M. Ishii, and T. Brando. 2009. Evaluating climate variability and change from modern and historical
SST observations. ESA Publication WPP-306.
Reichler, T., and J. Kim. 2008. How well do coupled models simulate today’s climate? Bulletin of the American Meteorologi-
cal Society 89(3):303-311.
Reilly, J. M., J. A. Edmonds, R. H. Gardner, and A. L. Brenkert. 1987. Uncertainty analysis of the IEA/ORAU CO2 emissions model.
The Energy Journal 8(3):1-29.
Reilly, J. M., P. H. Stone, C. E. Forest, M. D. Webster, H. D. Jacoby, and R. G. Prinn. 2001. Uncertainty in climate change assess-
ments. Science 293(5529):430-433.
Reynolds, R. W., and D. B. Chelton. 2010. Comparisons of daily sea surface temperature analyses for 2007-08. Journal of
Climate 23:3545-3562.
Rice, J. S., R. H. Moss, P. J. Runci, K. L. Anderson, and E. L. Malone. 2012. Incorporating stakeholder decision support needs into
an integrated regional Earth system model. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 17(7):805-819.
Richter, I., and C. R. Mechoso. 2006. Orographic influences on subtropical stratocumulus. Journal of the Atmospheric Sci-
ences 63(10):2585-2601.
Ridley, J. K., P. Huybrechts, J. M. Gregory, and J. A. Lowe. 2005. Elimination of the Greenland ice sheet in a high CO2 climate.
Journal of Climate 18:3409-3427.
Ridley, J. K., J. M. Gregory, P. Huybrechts, and J. Lowe. 2010. Thresholds for irreversible decline of the Greenland ice sheet.
Climate Dynamics 35(6):1065-1073.
Rind, D. 2008. The consequences of not knowing low- and high-latitude climate sensitivity. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society 89(6):855-864.
Ringler, T. D., J. Thuburn, J. B. Klemp, and W. C. Skamarock. 2010. A unified approach to energy conservation and potential
vorticity dynamics for arbitrarily-structured C-grids. Journal of Computational Physics 229(9):3065-3090.
Roads, J., R. Lawford, E. Bainto, E. Berbery, S. Chen, B. Fekete, K. Gallo, A. Grundstein, W. Higgins, M. Kanamitsu, W. Krajewski,
V. Lakshmi, D. Leathers, D. Lettenmaier, L. Luo, E. Maurer, T. Meyers, D. Miller, K. Mitchell, T. Mote, R. Pinker, T. Reichler, D.
Robinson, A. Robock, J. Smith, G. Srinivasan, K. Verdin, K. Vinnikov, T. V. Haar, C. Vorosmarty, S. Williams, and E. Yarosh.
2003. GCIP water and energy budget synthesis (WEBS). Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 108(D16).
Roberts, A., L. Hinzman, J. E. Walsh, M. Holland, J. Cassano, R. Döscher, H. Mitsudera, and A. Sumi. 2010. A Science Plan for
Regional Arctic System Modeling: A Report by the Arctic Research Community for the National Science Foundation
Office of Polar Programs. Fairbanks, AK: International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks.
Robertson, A. W., U. Lall, S. E. Zebiak, and L. Goddard. 2004. Improved combination of multiple atmospheric GCM ensembles
for seasonal prediction. Monthly Weather Review 132(12):2732-2744.
Rodwell, M. J., and T. N. Palmer. 2007. Using numerical weather prediction to assess climate models. Quarterly Journal of
the Royal Meteorological Society 133(622):129-146.
Romm, J. 2011. Desertification: The next dust bowl. Nature 478:450-451.
Ruosteenoja, K., H. Tuomenvirta, and K. Jylhä. 2007. GCM-based regional temperature and precipitation change esti-
mates for Europe under four SRES scenarios applying a super-ensemble pattern-scaling method. Climatic Change
81:193-208.
Ruttimann, J. 2006. 2020 computing: Milestones in scientific computing. Nature 440(7083):399-405.
259
OCR for page 260
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
Saha, S., S. Nadiga, C. Thiaw, J. Wang, W. Wang, Q. Zhang, H. M. Van den Dool, H. L. Pan, S. Moorthi, D. Behringer, D. Stokes, M.
Pena, S. Lord, G. White, W. Ebisuzaki, P. Peng, and P. Xie. 2006. The NCEP climate forecast system. Journal of Climate
19(15):3483-3517.
Saha, S., S. Moorthi, H. L. Pan, X. R. Wu, J. D. Wang, S. Nadiga, P. Tripp, R. Kistler, J. Woollen, D. Behringer, H. X. Liu, D. Stokes, R.
Grumbine, G. Gayno, J. Wang, Y. T. Hou, H. Y. Chuang, H. M. H. Juang, J. Sela, M. Iredell, R. Treadon, D. Kleist, P. Van Delst, D.
Keyser, J. Derber, M. Ek, J. Meng, H. L. Wei, R. Q. Yang, S. Lord, H. Van den Dool, A. Kumar, W. Q. Wang, C. Long, M. Chelliah,
Y. Xue, B. Y. Huang, J. K. Schemm, W. Ebisuzaki, R. Lin, P. P. Xie, M. Y. Chen, S. T. Zhou, W. Higgins, C. Z. Zou, Q. H. Liu, Y. Chen,
Y. Han, L. Cucurull, R. W. Reynolds, G. Rutledge, and M. Goldberg. 2010. The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(8):1015-1057.
Sain, S. R., D. Nychka, and L. Mearns. 2011. Functional ANOVA and regional climate experiments: A statistical analysis of
dynamic downscaling. Environmetrics 22(6):700-711.
Santer, B. D., K. E. Taylor, P. J. Gleckler, C. Bonfils, T. P. Barnett, D. W. Pierce, T. M. L. Wigley, C. Mears, F. J. Wentz, W. Bruggemann,
N. P. Gillett, S. A. Klein, S. Solomon, P. A. Stott, and M. F. Wehner. 2009. Incorporating model quality information in
climate change detection and attribution studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America 106(35):14778-14783.
Schaefer, M., D. J. Baker, J. H. Gibbons, C. G. Groat, D. Kennedy, C. F. Kennel, and D. Rejeski. 2008. An Earth Systems Science
Agency. Science 321(5885):44-45.
Schmith, T. 2008. Stationarity of regression relationships: Application to empirical downscaling. Journal of Climate
21:4529-4537.
Schroeder, B., and G. A. Gibson. 2007. Understanding failures in petascale computers. Journal of Physics 78:012022.
Schuur, E. A. G., J. Bockheim, J. G. Canadell, E. Euskirchen, C. B. Field, S. V. Goryachkin, S. Hagemann, P. Kuhry, P. M. Lafleur,
H. Lee, G. Mazhitova, F. E. Nelson, A. Rinke, V. E. Romanovsky, N. Shiklomanov, C. Tarnocai, S. Venevsky, J. G. Vogel, and
S. A. Zimov. 2008. Vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change: Implications for the global carbon cycle.
BioScience 58(8):701-714.
Schwartz, P., and D. Randall. 2003. An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and Its Implications for United States National
Security. Emeryville, CA: Global Business Network.
Scott, M. J., R. D. Sands, J. Edmonds, A. M. Liebetrau, and D. W. Engel. 1999. Uncertainty in integrated assessment models:
Modeling with MiniCAM 1.0. Energy Policy 27(14):855-879.
Senior, C. A. 1995. The dependence of climate sensitivity on the horizontal resolution of a GCM. Journal of Climate
8(11):2860-2880.
Senior, C. A., A. Arribas, A. R. Brown, M. J. P. Cullen, T. C. Johns, G. M. Martin, S. F. Milton, S. Webster, and K. D. Williams. 2010.
Synergies between numerical weather prediction and general circulation climate models. In The Development
of Atmospheric General Circulation Models, edited by L. Donner, W. Schubert, and R. Somerville. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Shapiro, M., J. Shukla, G. Brunet, C. Nobre, M. Béland, R. Dole, K. Trenberth, R. Anthes, G. Asrar, L. Barrie, P. Bougeault, G. Brasseur,
D. Burridge, A. Busalacchi, J. Caughey, D. Chen, J. Church, T. Enomoto, B. Hoskins, Ø. Hov, A. Laing, H. L. Treut, J. Marotzke,
G. McBean, G. Meehl, M. Miller, B. Mills, J. Mitchell, M. Moncrieff, T. Nakazawa, H. Olafsson, T. Palmer, D. Parsons, D. Rogers,
A. Simmons, A. Troccoli, Z. Toth, L. Uccellini, C. Velden, and J. M. Wallace. 2010. An Earth-system prediction initiative for
the twenty-first century. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(10):1377-1388.
Shukla, J., T. N. Palmer, R. Hagedorn, B. Hoskins, J. Kinter, J. Marotzke, M. Miller, and J. Slingo. 2010. Toward a new generation of
world climate research and computing facilities. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 91(10):1407-1412.
Shutts, G. J., and T. N. Palmer. 2007. A kinetic energy backscatter algorithm for use in ensemble prediction systems. Quarterly
Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 131:3079-3102.
Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, M. G. Duda, L. Fowler, S. Park, and T. Ringler. 2012. A multiscale nonhydrostatic atmospheric
model using centroidal Voronoi tesselations and C-grid staggering. Monthly Weather Review 140:3090-3105.
Smith, I., and E. Chandler. 2010. Refining rainfall projections for the Murray Darling Basin of south-east Australia—the effect
of sampling model results based on performance. Climatic Change 102(3-4):377-393.
Smith, R. L., C. Tebaldi, D. Nychka, and L. O. Mearns. 2009. Bayesian modeling of uncertainty in ensembles of climate models.
Journal of the American Statistical Association 104(485):97-116.
260
OCR for page 261
References
Smith, S. J., and J. A. Edmonds. 2006. The economic implications of carbon cycle uncertainty. Tellus Series B—Chemical
and Physical Meteorology 58(5):586-590.
Soden, B. J., and I. M. Held. 2006. An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. Journal of
Climate 19:3354-3360.
Soden, B. J., and G. A. Vecchi. 2011. The vertical distribution of cloud feedback in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
Geophysical Research Letters 38.
Somerville, R. C. J., and S. J. Hassol. 2011. Communicating the science of climate change. Physics Today 64(10).
Stainforth, D. A., T. Aina, C. Christensen, M. Collins, N. Faull, D. J. Frame, J. A. Kettleborough, S. Knight, A. Martin, J. M. Murphy,
C. Piani, D. Sexton, L. A. Smith, R. A. Spicer, A. J. Thorpe, and M. R. Allen. 2005. Uncertainty in predictions of the climate
response to rising levels of greenhouse gases. Nature 433(7024):403-406.
Stouffer, R., K. Taylor, and G. Meehl. 2011. CMIP5 Long-Term Experimental Design. CLIVAR Exchanges 56:5-7.
Stroeve, J., M. M. Holland, W. Meier, T. Scambos, and M. Serreze. 2007. Arctic sea ice decline: Faster than forecast. Geophysical
Research Letters 34(9).
Sullivan, K. D. 2011. From NPOESS to JPSS: An Update on the Nation’s Restructured Polar Weather Satellite Program. Written
statement by Dr. Kathryn D. Sullivan, Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Environmental Observation and Predic-
tion and Deputy Administrator, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight and Subcommittee on Energy and Environment Committee on
Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives. September 23, 2011.
Suppiah, R., K. Hennessy, P. H. Whetton, K. McInnes, I. Macadam, J. Bathols, J. Ricketts, and C. M. Page. 2007. Australian climate
change projections derived from simulations performed for the IPCC 4th Assessment Report. Australian Meteoro-
logical Magazine 56(3):131-152.
Takahara, H., and D. Parks. 2008. NEC High Performance Computing. Presented at World Modelling Summit for Climate
Prediction, May 6-9, 2008. Available at http://www.ecmwf.int/newsevents/meetings/workshops/2008/Modelling-
Summit/presentations/Parks.pdf (accessed October 11, 2012).
Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl. 2012. An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society 93(4):485-498.
Tebaldi, C., and R. Knutti. 2007. The use of the multimodel ensemble in probabilistic climate projections. Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A 365:2053-2075.
Tebaldi, C., and D. B. Lobell. 2008. Towards probabilistic projections of climate change impacts on global crop yields.
Geophysical Research Letters 35(8).
Tebaldi, C., and B. Sanso. 2009. Joint projections of temperature and precipitation change from multiple climate models:
A hierarchical Bayesian approach. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A—Statistics in Society 172:83-106.
Tebaldi, C., R. L. Smith, D. Nychka, and L. O. Mearns. 2005. Quantifying uncertainty in projections of regional climate change:
A Bayesian approach to the analysis of multimodel ensembles. Journal of Climate 18(10):1524-1540.
Thornton, P. E., J. F. Lamarque, N. A. Rosenbloom, and N. M. Mahowald. 2007. Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling
on land model response to CO(2) fertilization and climate variability. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21(4).
Tippett, M. K., and A. G. Barnston. 2008. Skill of multimodel ENSO probability forecasts. Monthly Weather Review
136(10):3933-3946.
Trenberth, K. 2010. Atmospheric reanalyses: A major resource for climate services. GEO News 8.
Trenberth, K. E., B. Moore, T. R. Karl, and C. Nobre. 2006. Monitoring and prediction of the Earth’s climate: A future perspec-
tive. Journal of Climate 19:5001-5008.
Trenberth, K. E., A. Belward, O. Brown, E. Haberman, T. R. Karl, S. Running, B. Ryan, M. Tanner, and B. Wielicki. 2011. Challenges
of a Sustained Climate Observing System. Plenary paper for the WCRP Open Science Conference, Denver, CO, Oc-
tober 2011.
Troccoli, A., and T. N. Palmer. 2007. Ensemble decadal predictions from analysed initial conditions. Philosophical Transac-
tions of the Royal Society A—Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences 365(1857):2179-2191.
U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. 2004. Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States
and Canada: Causes and Recommendations. Ottawa: Natural Resources Canada.
261
OCR for page 262
A N AT I O N A L S T R AT E G Y F O R A D VA N C I N G C L I M AT E M O D E L I N G
U.S. CLIVAR Office. 2008. Review of U.S. CLIVAR Pilot Climate Process Teams and Recommendations for Future Climate
Process Teams. U.S. CLIVAR Report No. 2008-3. Washington, DC: U.S. CLIVAR Office.
USGCRP (U.S. Global Change Research Program). 2001. High-End Climate Science: Development of Modeling and Related
Computing Capabilities. Washington, DC: USGCRP.
USGCRP. 2009. Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
USGCRP. 2011. What We Do: The National Climate Assessment. Washington, DC: USGCRP.
USGCRP. 2012. National Global Change Research Plan 2012-2021: A Strategic Plan for the U.S. Global Change Research
Program. Washington, DC: USGCRP.
Valcke, S., R. Redler, and R. Budich. 2012. Earth System Modelling-Volume 3: Coupling Software and Strategies. SpringerBriefs
in Earth System Sciences. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag.
Vavrus, S. J., M. M. Holland, A. Jahn, D. A. Bailey, and B. A. Blazey. 2012. Twenty-first-century Arctic climate change in CCSM4.
Journal of Climate 25:2696-2710.
Vecchi, G. A., A. Clement, and B. J. Soden. 2008. Pacific signature of global warming: El Niño or La Niña? EOS, Transactions
of the American Geophysical Union 89(9).
Vizcaino, M., U. Mikolajewicz, J. Jungclaus, and G. Schurgers. 2010. Climate modification by future ice sheet changes and
consequences for ice sheet mass balance. Climate Dynamics 34(2-3):301-324.
Voisin, N., A. F. Hamlet, L. P. Graham, D. W. Pierce, T. P. Barnett, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2006. The role of climate forecasts in
Western US power planning. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45(5):653-673.
Wake, L., G. Milne, and E. Leuliette. 2006. 20th century sea-level change along the eastern US: Unravelling the contributions
from steric changes, Greenland ice sheet mass balance and Late Pleistocene glacial loading. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters 250(3-4):572-580.
Walter, K. 2002. The outlook is for warming, with measurable local effects. Science and Technology Review July/August
2002.
Ward, B. 2008. Communicating on Climate Change: An Essential Resource for Journalists, Scientists, and Educators. Nar-
ragansett: Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting, University of Rhode Island Graduate School
of Oceanography.
Watterson, I. G. 2008. Calculation of probability density functions for temperature and precipitation change under global
warming. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 113(D12).
Watterson, I. G. 2012. Understanding and partitioning future climates for Australian regions from CMIP3 using ocean
warming indices. Climatic Change 111(3-4):903-922.
Watterson, I. G., and P. H. Whetton. 2011. Distributions of decadal means of temperature and precipitation change under
global warming. Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres 116.
WCRP (World Climate Research Programme). 2005. The World Climate Research Programme Strategic Framework 2005-
2015: Coordinated Observation and Prediction of the Earth System (COPES). WCRP-123, WMO/TD-No. 1291. Geneva:
World Meteorological Organization.
Weisheimer, A., T. N. Palmer, and F. J. Doblas-Reyes. 2011. Assessment of representations of model uncertainty in monthly
and seasonal forecast ensembles. Geophysical Research Letters 38:L16703.
Werz, M., and L. Conley. 2012. Climate Change, Migration, and Conflict. Addressing Complex Crisis Scenarios in the 21st
Century. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, p. 52.
Wilby, R. L., T. M. L. Widley, D. Conway, P. D. Jones, B. C. Hewitson, J. Main, and D. S. Wilks. 1998. Statistical downscaling of
general circulation model output: A comparison of methods. Water Resources Research 34:2995-3008.
WMO (World Meteorological Organization). 1988. Resolution 4 [EC-XL] of the WMO Executive Council. Geneva: WMO.
WMO. 2012. Position Paper on Global Framework for Climate Services. Submitted by the World Meteorological Organiza-
tion to the High-Level Taskforce for the Global Framework for Climate Services. Geneva: WMO.
Wu, W., A. H. Lynch, and A. Rivers. 2005. Estimating the uncertainty in a regional climate model related to initial and lateral
boundary conditions. Journal of Climate 18:917-933.
262
OCR for page 263
References
Wyant, M. C., R. Wood, C. S. Bretherton, C. R. Mechoso, J. Bacmeister, M. A. Balmaseda, B. Barrett, F. Codron, P. Earnshaw, J. Fast,
C. Hannay, J. W. Kaiser, H. Kitagawa, S. A. Klein, M. Kohler, J. Manganello, H. L. Pan, F. Sun, S. Wang, and Y. Wang. 2010.
The PreVOCA experiment: Modeling the lower troposphere in the Southeast Pacific. Atmospheric Chemistry and
Physics 10(10):4757-4774.
Yelick, K., D. Bonachea, W. Chen, P. Colella, K. Datta, J. Duell, S. L. Graham, P. Hargrove, P. Hilfinger, P. Husbands, C. Iancu, A.
Kamil, R. Nishtala, J. Su, M. Welcome, and T. Wen. 2007. Productivity and performance using partitioned global address
space languages. In Proceedings of the 2007 International Workshop on Parallel Symbolic Computation, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada, July 27-28, 2007. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
Zinser, T. J. 2011. Weathering Change: Need for Continued Innovation in Forecasting and Prediction. Testimony of the
Honorable Todd J. Zinser, Inspector General, U.S. Department of Commerce, before a hearing of the Subcommittee
on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, U.S.
Senate, November 16, 2011.
Zwieflhofer, W. 2008. Trends in High-Performance Computing. Presented at World Modelling Summit for Climate Predic-
tion, May 6-9, 2008. Available at http://www.ecmwf.int/newsevents/meetings/workshops/2008/ModellingSummit/
presentations/Zwieflhofer.pdf (accessed August 23, 2012).
263
OCR for page 264