Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 221
D
Glossary
Alcohol fuels Fuels that are organic compounds that contain one or more
hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to one or more of the car-
bon atoms in a hydrocarbon chain. Common alcohol fuels
include ethanol, methanol, and butanol.
Algae A group of aquatic eukaryotic organisms that contain chlo-
rophyll. Algae can be microscopic in size (microalgae) or ob-
servable to the eye (macroalgae).
Aliphatic alcohol An alcohol that contains a hydrocarbon fragment derived
from a fully saturated, nonaromatic hydrocarbon.
Anoxia The absence of dissolved oxygen.
Biodiesel Diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl esters derived from
biological material such as vegetable oils, animal fats, and
algal oils.
Biofuel Fuel derived from biological sources.
Biomass Any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recur-
ring basis, including agricultural crops and trees, wood and
wood residues, plants (including aquatic plants), grasses, al-
gae, animal residues, municipal residues, and other residue
materials.
Biorefinery A commercial-scale processing facility that successfully in-
tegrates all processes for extracting and converting biomass
feedstocks into a spectrum of saleable products.
Carbon sequestration Net transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide into long-lived
carbon pools.
221
OCR for page 222
222 APPENDIX D
Cellulose A polymer of glucose, (C6H10O5)n, that forms cell walls of
most plants.
Commercial demonstration The National Renewable Energy Laboratory defines a com-
mercial demonstration for biofuel refinery as a facility that
has the capacity to process 700 dry tons of feedstock per day.
In addition, a commercial demonstration facility is a fully
integrated facility that includes all processing steps at a scale
sufficient to identify potential operational problems.
Cyanobacteria Historically known as blue-green algae, cyanobacteria are
prokaryotes that contain chlorophyll.
Demonstration facility The National Renewable Energy Laboratory defines a dem-
onstration facility for biofuel refinery as one that has the ca-
pacity to process 70 dry tons of feedstock per day. A true
demonstration facility is a fully integrated facility that in-
cludes all of the processing steps that a commercial-scale
facility would have.
Drop-in fuel Non-petroleum fuel that is compatible with existing infra-
structure for petroleum-based fuels.
Green diesel Product of hydrotreated triaclyglycerols.
Hemicellulose A matrix of polysaccharides present in almost all plant cell
walls with cellulose.
Hydrocarbon fuels Organic compounds that contains primarily carbon and hy-
drogen and only trace amounts of other atoms such as sulfur,
nitrogen, and oxygen. Hydrocarbon fuels include petroleum-
based materials such as alkanes, olefins, and aromatics.
Hypoxia Low dissolved oxygen concentrations, generally less than 2
milligrams per liter.
Land use Defined by anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture,
forestry and urban development, that alter land-surface
processes including biogeochemistry, hydrology, and
biodiversity.
Lignin A complex polymer that occurs in certain plant cell walls.
Lignin binds to cellulose fibers and hardens and strengthens
the cell walls of plants.
Lignocellulosic biomass Plant biomass composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and
lignin.
Pilot demonstration The National Renewable Energy Laboratory defines a pilot
demonstration for biofuel refinery as a facility that has the
capacity to process 1-10 dry tons of feedstock per day. These
facilities typically do not include fully integrated processes.
