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Nuclear Physics
Exploring the Heart of Matter
Committee on the Assessment of and Outlook for Nuclear Physics
Board on Physics and Astronomy
Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy
of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of
the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard
for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Grant No. PHY-80933 between the National Academy of Sciences and
the National Science Foundation and by Grant No. DE-SC0002593 between the National Academy
of Sciences and the Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations
expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
Cover: “Circles in a Circle” by Wassily Kandinsky.
Dedication (p. xv): Photo courtesy of University of California, Berkeley, Department of Physics.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-0-309-26040-4
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26040-X
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013931504
Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street,
NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu; and
the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20001; http://www.national-academies.org/bpa.
Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by
the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on
scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National
Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure
the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters
pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National
Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg
is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to asso-
ciate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.
Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON THE ASSESSMENT OF AND
OUTLOOK FOR NUCLEAR PHYSICS
STUART J. FREEDMAN, University of California at Berkeley, Chair
ANI APRAHAMIAN, University of Notre Dame, Vice-Chair
RICARDO ALARCON, Arizona State University
GORDON A. BAYM, University of Illinois
ELIZABETH BEISE, University of Maryland
RICHARD F. CASTEN, Yale University
JOLIE A. CIZEWSKI, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
ANNA HAYES-STERBENZ, Los Alamos National Laboratory
ROY J. HOLT, Argonne National Laboratory
KARLHEINZ LANGANKE, GSI Helmholtz Zentrum Darmstadt and Technische
Universität Darmstadt
CHERRY A. MURRAY, Harvard University
WITOLD NAZAREWICZ, University of Tennessee
KONSTANTINOS ORGINOS, The College of William and Mary
KRISHNA RAJAGOPAL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
R.G. HAMISH ROBERTSON, University of Washington
THOMAS J. RUTH, TRIUMF/British Columbia Cancer Research Centre
HENDRIK SCHATZ, National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory
ROBERT E. TRIBBLE, Texas A&M University
WILLIAM A. ZAJC, Columbia University
Staff
JAMES C. LANCASTER, Director
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Senior Scholar
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Associate Program Officer
TERI G. THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator
SARAH NELSON WILK, Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy
Graduate Fellow
BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate
v
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BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY
ADAM S. BURROWS, Princeton University, Chair
PHILIP H. BUCKSBAUM, Stanford University, Vice-Chair
RICCARDO BETTI, University of Rochester
JAMES DRAKE, University of Maryland
JAMES EISENSTEIN, California Institute of Technology
DEBRA ELMEGREEN, Vassar College
PAUL FLEURY, Yale University
PETER F. GREEN, University of Michigan
LAURA H. GREENE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
MARTHA P. HAYNES, Cornell University
JOSEPH HEZIR, EOP Group, Inc.
MARC A. KASTNER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MARK B. KETCHEN, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
JOSEPH LYKKEN, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
PIERRE MEYSTRE, University of Arizona
HOMER A. NEAL, University of Michigan
MONICA OLVERA DE LA CRUZ, Northwestern University
JOSE N. ONUCHIC, University of California at San Diego
LISA J. RANDALL, Harvard University
MICHAEL S. TURNER, University of Chicago
MICHAEL C.F. WIESCHER, University of Notre Dame
Staff
DONALD C. SHAPERO, Director
JAMES C. LANCASTER, Associate Director, Senior Program Officer
DAVID B. LANG, Program Officer
CARYN J. KNUTSEN, Associate Program Officer
TERI G. THOROWGOOD, Administrative Coordinator
BETH DOLAN, Financial Associate
vi
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Preface
The National Research Council convened the Committee on the Assessment
of and Outlook for Nuclear Physics (NP2010 Committee) as part of the decadal
studies of physics and astronomy conducted under the auspices of the Board on
Physics and Astronomy. The principal goals of the study were to articulate the sci-
entific rationale and objectives of the field and then to take a long-term strategic
view of U.S. nuclear science in the global context for setting future directions for
the field. The complete charge is presented in Appendix A.
The NP2010 Committee was composed of experts from universities and
national laboratories in the United States, Canada, and Europe, mainly research-
ers in nuclear physics but also experts in other disciplines (see Appendix C for
biographical information about committee members). The committee met four
times in person, with the first meeting taking place on April 9-10, 2010, in Wash-
ington, D.C., and the fourth and final meeting on February 12-13, 2011 in Irvine,
California. To provide an international context for research taking place in the
United States, the NP2010 Committee heard from experts representing nuclear
science from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
global nuclear forum, from India, Europe, Canada, and Japan. The federal agencies
that support nuclear physics research also briefed the committee, providing their
perspectives on the issues to be addressed in this report. The committee thanks all
those who met with it and supplied information. Their materials and discussions
were valuable contributions to the committee’s deliberations.
As chair and vice chair of the committee, we are particularly grateful to the
committee members for their willingness to devote many hours to meeting and
vii
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viii Preface
discussing all of the issues that arose and then to preparing the report. Finally, we
thank the NRC staff for their guidance and assistance.
Stuart Freedman, Chair
Ani Aprahamian, Vice Chair
Committee on the Assessment of and Outlook for Nuclear Physics
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the National Research Council’s (NRC’s) Report Review Committee.
The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible
and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence,
and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to
thank the following individuals for their review of this report:
John Beacom, Ohio State University,
Paul Debevec, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Gerry Garvey, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Barbara Jacak, Stony Brook University,
Noemie Koller, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,
Alice Mignerey, University of Maryland,
Martin Savage, University of Washington,
Susan J. Seestrom, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
Brad Sherrill, Michigan State University, and
Priya Vashishta, University of Southern California.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com-
ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or
ix
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x Acknowledgment of Reviewers
recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release.
The review of this report was overseen by William H. Press, University of Texas at
Austin, as monitor. Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain
that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with
institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered.
Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring
committee and the institution.
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Contents
SUMMARY 1
OVERVIEW 9
Introduction, 9
How Did Visible Matter Come Into Being and How Does It Evolve?, 11
How Does Subatomic Matter Organize Itself and What
Phenomena Emerge?, 14
Are the Fundamental Interactions That Are Basic to the Structure of
Matter Fully Understood?, 22
How Can the Knowledge and Technological Progress Provided by
Nuclear Physics Best Be Used to Benefit Society?, 24
Planning for the Future, 28
2 SCIENCE QUESTIONS 30
Introduction, 30
Perspectives on the Structure of Atomic Nuclei, 31
Revising the Paradigms of Nuclear Structure, 32
Neutron-Rich Matter in the Laboratory and the Cosmos, 39
Nature and Origin of Simple Patterns in Complex Nuclei, 41
Toward a Comprehensive Theory of Nuclei, 51
Nuclear Astrophysics, 56
Origin of the Elements, 60
Collapse of a Star, 67
xi
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xii Contents
Thermonuclear Explosions, 71
Neutron Stars, 74
Neutrino Messengers, 77
Exploring Quark-Gluon Plasma, 80
Discovery of the Near-Perfect Liquid Plasma, 84
Quantifying QGP Properties and Connecting to the Microscopic Laws of
QCD and Its Macroscopic Phase Diagram, 91
Toward a Theoretical Framework for Strongly Coupled Fluids, 100
The Strong Force and the Internal Structure of Neutrons and Protons, 104
The Basic Properties of Protons and Neutrons: Spatial Maps of Charge
and Magnetism, 106
Momentum and Spin Within the Proton, 117
In-Medium Effects: Building Nuclei with QCD, 121
Identifying the Full Array of Bound States—The Spectroscopy of Mesons
and Baryons, 128
Toward the Next Steps: An Electron-Ion Collider, 130
Fundamental Symmetries, 132
A Decade of Discovery, 133
The Next Steps, 138
The Precision Frontier, 138
Two Challenges, 143
Underground Science, 147
Fundamental Symmetries Studies in the United States and Around the
World, 148
The Workforce, 149
HIGHLIGHT: DIAGNOSING CANCER WITH PET, 150
3 SOCIETAL APPLICATIONS AND BENEFITS 153
Diagnosing and Curing Medical Conditions, 154
Nuclear Imaging of Disease and Functions, 154
New Radioisotopes for Targeted Radioimmunotherapy, 156
Future Technologies in Nuclear Medicine, 158
Making Our Borders and Our Nation More Secure, 158
Protecting Our Borders from Proliferation of Nuclear Materials, 159
Certifying the Nation’s Nuclear Stockpile, 161
The Greatest Challenge: Nuclear Devices in the Hands of Terrorists or a
Rogue Nation, 165
Carbon-Emission-Free Energy for the Future, 165
Nuclear Fission Reactors, 165
Nuclear Fusion Energy, 168
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Contents xiii
Innovations in Technologies and Applications of Nuclear Science, 170
Addressing Challenges in Medicine, Industry, and Basic Science with
Accelerators, 171
Free-Electron Lasers, 173
Information and Computer Technologies, 174
Cosmic Rays, Electronic Devices, and Nuclear Accelerators, 177
Helping to Understand Climate Effects One Nucleus at a Time, 178
HIGHLIGHT: FUTURE LEADERS IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ITS
APPLICATIONS: STEWARDSHIP SCIENCE GRADUATE FELLOWS, 182
4 GLOBAL NUCLEAR SCIENCE 186
United States, 191
Europe, 193
FAIR and GSI, 194
GANIL and SPIRAL2, 195
CERN, 196
Other European Facilities, 198
Asia, Africa, and Australia, 199
Canada and Latin America, 204
U.S. Nuclear Science Leadership in the G-20, 206
HIGHLIGHT: THE FUKUSHIMA EVENT—A NUCLEAR
DETECTIVE STORY, 209
5 NUCLEAR SCIENCE GOING FORWARD 213
Ways of Making Decisions, 213
The Long-Range Plan Process, 213
Planning in a Global Context, 215
The Need for Nimbleness, 217
A Nuclear Workforce for the Twenty-first Century, 218
Challenges and Critical Shortages, 218
The Role of Graduate Students and Postdocs, 219
Balance of Investments in Facilities and Universities, 221
Mechanisms for Ensuring a Robust Pipeline, 221
Broadening the Nuclear Workforce, 225
HIGHLIGHT: NUCLEAR CRIME SCENE FORENSICS, 227
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xiv Contents
6 RECOMMENDATIONS 230
Following Through with the Long-Range Plan, 231
Building a Foundation for the Future, 234
APPENDIXES
A STATEMENT OF TASK 239
B MEETING AGENDAS 240
C BIOGRAPHIES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS 244
D ACRONYMS 253
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STUART JAY FREEDMAN
1944-2012
The committee dedicates this report to Stuart Freedman, its chair, who passed away
unexpectedly on November 10, 2012. Stuart brought intellectual leadership, humor,
friendship, and the highest standards of scientific excellence to his work. His loss
is deeply felt throughout the community of nuclear physicists.
xv
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