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STUDIES IN GEOPHYSICS
The Role of Fluids in
Crustal Processes
Geophysics Study Committee
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1990
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National
Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the
National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for
the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report
Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to
their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the
Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr.
Frank Press is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy
of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the
selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the
federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers.
Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services
of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of
the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its
congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues
of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the
broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy,
the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and
engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research
Council.
Support for the Geophysics Study Committee was provided by the Department of Energy, the National
Science Foundation, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The Role of fluids in crustal processes / Geophysics Study Committee,
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National
Research Council.
p. cm. - (Studies in geophysics)
Based on papers presented at an American Geophysical Union
symposium.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-309-04037-X
1. Earth-Crust. 2. Fluid dynamics. I. National Research
Council. (U.S.). Geophysics Study Committee. II. Series.
QE5 1 1.R64 1990
55 1.1'3~c20
Copyright (~3 1990 by the National Academy of Sciences
90-35845
CIP
No part of this book may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form
of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for
public or private use, without written permission from the publisher, except for the purposes of official. use by the
U.S. government.
Printed in the United States of America
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Pane} on
The Role of Fluids in Crustal Processes
JOHN D. BREDEHOEFT, U.S. Geological Survey, Cochairman
DENIS L. NORTON, University of Arizona, Cochairman
TERRY ENGELDER, The Pennsylvania State University
AMOS M. NUR, Stanford University
JACK E. OLIVER, Cornell University
HUGH P. TAYLOR, JR., California Institute of Technology
SPENCER R. TITLEY, University of Arizona
PETER J. VROLIJK, University of Michigan
JOHN V. WALTHER, Northwestern University
STEPHEN M. WICKHAM, University of Chicago
. . .
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Geophysics
Study Committee
BYRON D. TAPLEY, University of Texas, Chairman
RICHARD T. BARBER, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
ROBIN BRETT, U.S. Geological Survey
RALPH J. CICERONE, University of California, Irvine
tRANA A. FINE, University of Miami
LYNN W. GELHAR, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
*ARNOLD L. GORDON, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory
*MARK F. MEIER, University of Colorado
T NORMAN F. NESS, university of Delaware
*THOMAS A. POTEMRA, Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University
t GEORGE C. REID, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
JOANNE SIMPSON, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
t ROBERT S. YEATS, Oregon State University
Staff
THOMAS M. USSELMAN
Agency Liaison Representatives
BILAL U. HAQ, National Science Foundation
GEORGE A. KOLSTAD, Department of Energy
NED A. OSTENSO, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
*Terms ended June 30, 1989
tTerms began July 1, 1989
1V
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Commission on Geosciences,
Environment, and Resources
M. GORDON WOLMAN, The Johns Hopkins University, Chairman
ROBERT C. BEARDSLEY, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
B. CLARK BURCHFIEL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
RALPH J. CICERONE, University of California, Irvine
PETER S. EAGLESON, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
GENE E. LIKENS, New York Botanical Gardens
JERRY D. MAHLMAN, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
SCOTT M. MATHESON, Parsons, Behle & Latimer
JACK E. OLIVER, Cornell University
PHILIP A. PALMER, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
FRANK L. PARKER, Vanderbilt University
DUNCAN T. FATTEN, Arizona State University
MAXINE L. SAVITZ, Garrett Corporation
LARRY L. SMARR, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
STEVEN M. STANLEY, Case Western Reserve University
Sir CRISPIN TICKELL, United Kingdom Representative to the United Nations
KARL K. TUREKIAN, Yale University
IRVIN L. WHITE, New York State Energy and Development Authority
JAMES H. ZUMBERGE, University of Southern California
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
v
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Studies in Geophysics
ENERGY AND CLIMATE
Roger R. Revelle, panel chairman, 1977, 158 pp.
ESTUARIES, GEOPHYSICS, AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Charles B. Officer, panel chairman, 1977, 127 pp.
CLIMATE, CLIMATIC CHANGE, AND WATER SUPPLY
James R. Wallis, panel chairman, 1977, 132 pp.
THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE AND MAGNETOSPHERE
Francis S. Johnson, panel chairman, 1977, 168 pp.
GEOPHYSICAL PREDICTIONS
Helmut E. Landsberg, panel chairman, 1978, 215 pp.
IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON GEOPHYSICS
Homer E. Newell, panel chairman, 1979, 136 pp.
CONTINENTAL TECTONICS
B. Clark Burchfiel, Jack E. Oliver, and Leon T. Silver, panel co-chairmen, 1980.
197 pp.
MINERAL RESOURCES: GENETIC UNDERSTANDING FOR PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS
Paul B. Barton, Jr., panel chairman, 1981, 119 pp.
SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF WATER-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Myron B. Fiering, panel chairman, 1982, 127 pp.
SOLAR VARIABILITY, WEATHER, AND CLIMATE
John A. Eddy, panel chairman, 1982, 104 pp.
*Published to date.
· -
V11
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CLIMATE IN EARTH HISTORY
Wolfgang H. Berger and John C. Crowell, panel cochairmen, 1982, 198 pp.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON ESTUARIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF AN
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH
L. Eugene Cronin and Charles B. Officer, panel co-chairmen, 1983, 79 pp.
EXPLOSIVE VOLCANISM: INCEPTION, EVOLUTION, AND HAZARDS
Francis R. Boyd, panel chairman, 1984, 176 pp.
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
John D. Bredehoeft, panel chairman, 1984, 179 pp.
ACTIVE TECTONICS
Robert E. Wallace, panel chairman, 1986, 266 pp.
THE EARTH'S ELECTRICAL ENVIRONMENT
E. Philip Krider and Raymond G. Roble, panel co-chairmen, 1986, 263 pp.
SEA-LEVEL CHANGE
Roger Revelle, panel chairman, 1990, 246 pp.
THE ROLE OF FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES
John D. Bredehoeft and Denis L. Norton, panel co-chairmen, 1990, 170 pp.
· · -
V111
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Preface
This report is part of a series, Studies in Geophysics, that has been carried out over the
past 13 years to provide (1) a source of information from the scientific community to aid
policymakers in decisions on societal problems that involve geophysics and (2) assessments
of emerging research topics within the broad scope of geophysics. An important part of
such reports is an evaluation of the adequacy of current geophysical knowledge and the
appropriateness of current research programs in addressing needed information.
The study resulting in this report on the role of fluids in crustal processes is primarily
in the latter category an emerging area of research but it is not without its applications
in understanding (1) the tectonics of the crust, (2) the occurrences and characteristics of
mineral and energy resources, and (3) waste disposal. It was initiated by the Geophysics
Study Committee in consultation with the liaison representatives of the federal agencies
that support the committee, relevant boards and committees within the National Research
Council, and members of the scientific community.
The study examines the premise that pore fluids are important in our understanding of
geological processes. There is mounting evidence that pore pressure at mid-crustal depths
in active tectonic areas is at or near the lithostatic load. This topic presents an exciting
proposition that might help unify much of what we know about crustal processes-
geological, geophysical, and geochemical.
The preliminary scientific findings of the authored background chapters were presented
at an American Geophysical Union symposium. In completing their chapters, the authors
had the benefit of discussions at this symposium as well as the comments of several
scientific referees. Ultimate responsibility for the individual chapters, however, rests with
the authors.
The Overview and Recommendations of the study summarizes the highlights of the
chapters and formulates conclusions and recommendations. In preparing the Overview
1X
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x
PREFACE
and Recommendations, the panel cochairmen and the Geophysics Study Committee had
the benefit of meetings that took place at the symposium, comments of the panel, several
other meetings of the committee, and the comments of scientists, who reviewed the report
according to procedures established by the National Research Council's Report Review
Committee. Responsibility of the Overview and Recommendations rests with the Geophysics
Study Committee and the cochairmen of the panel.
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Contents
OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS
BACKGROUND
1.
.
Mass and Energy Transport in a Deforming Earth's Crust
John D. Bredehoeft and Denis L. Norton
2. Pore Fluid Pressure Near Magma Chambers.
Denis F. Norton
3. Evolution and Style of Fracture Permeability in
Intrusion-Centered Hydrothermal Systems ....
Spencer R. Titley
· -
4. Fluid Dynamics During Progressive Regional Metamorphism
John V. Walther
Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Constraints on the Deep Circulation
of Surface Waters into Zones of Hydrothermal Metamorphism and
Melting ......................................................
Hugh P. Taylor, Jr.
1
X1
3
..... 27
.... 42
· · · 50
64
72
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X11
CONTENTS
6. Hydrothermal Systems Associated with Regional Metamorphism and
Crustal Anatexis: Example from the Pyrenees, France 96
Stephen M. Wickham and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr.
7. Time-Dependent Hydraulics of the Earth's Crust.
Amos M. Nur and Joseph Waider
8. COCORP and Fluids in the Crust .
lack E. Oliver
9. Smoluchowski's Dilemma Revisited: A Note on the Fluid-Pressure
History of the Central Appalachian Fold-Thrust Belt
Terry Engeldler
10. Fluid Pressure History in Subduction Zones: Evidence from
Fluid Inclusions in the Kodiak Accretionary Complex, Alaska
Peter Vrolijk and Georgianna Myers
11. Degassing of Carbon Dioxide as a Possible Source of
High Pore Pressures in the Crust .
John D. Bredehoeft and Steven E. Ingebritsen
Index ....
· .
........ 113
....... 128
. 140
.. 148
158
....... 165
