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Index
A sonic–vocal pattern generator, 175, 176,
177, 178-185, 187-188, 190, 191
Abbott, Donald P., 54 tetrapods, 150, 175, 176, 177, 181-182,
Achaete-scute complex, 65-66 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191
Acid sensitivity channels, 34 taxonomic analysis, 182
Acoela, 49-50, 52-53 vocal circuitry, 187-188, 189
Acoustic signaling Acropora millepora, 5 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16
call duration, frequency, and amplitude, Actinopterygian fishes, 36, 176, 182, 184,
175, 179, 180, 181, 188, 189 185, 186
central pattern generators, 175, 178-185 Action potentials, 1, 22, 31, 168, 169, 170,
comparative studies, 175, 177-178, 182 242
coupling of pectoral–gestural circuitry, Adherens junction, 11
150, 175, 176, 177, 188, 190, 191 Agnathans, 27, 44, 176, 177
coupling of sound production and Alaama, Roula A., 57-58, 75-90
respiration, 181 Ambulacraria, 50
evolutionary origins, 150, 175, 176, 177, Ammon’s horn, 218
181-187 Amniotes, 21, 28, 29
fishes, 150, 175-191 Amphimedon queenslandica, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14,
hotspots for novel pattern generators, 15, 16
178 Amygdala, 193, 197, 212
musculature and central mechanisms, Anemones, 24, 26
182-185 Annelids, 2, 39, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51, 54, 226
pectoral appendage circuitry, 175, 185- Anomalocaris, 40, 43, 44
188, 190 Apical-basal polarity genes, 11
rhombomere-8 spinal compartment, Aplysia, 163, 171, 172
175, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186-187, Apteronotidae, 31
188-190 Arboreomorphs, 41
shared origins, 182-185, 187-190 Arcila, Mary Luz, 1, 3-19
social context-dependent, 181-182 Arkarua, 39, 40
397
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Armina, 156, 158, 171 targeting, 71
Arms races, 36, 42, 227 termination patterns, 121
Aromatase (ARO), 193, 195, 197, 203, 207, tracing, xvi, 67, 68, 256
209 Ayala, Francisco J., xiii-xiv
Arthropods (see also Bilaterians) Aysheaia, 40, 44
appendage morphology, 63-65
body plans, 62-63
brains, 2, 49, 51, 54 B
Cambrian explosion, 42, 43
Bacteria
homologous structures, 66, 72-74
toxins, 32
Hox genes, 57, 62, 63, 65, 68-70, 71, 74
voltage-gated ion channels, 22, 23-24
motor circuits, 69, 70-72
Barn owls, 244
nervous system specialization, 2, 54, 57,
Barrett, H. Clark, 252, 313-333
61-74
Bass, Andrew H., 149-150, 175-191
neurogenesis, 61, 65-67, 70-72
Bassett, Danielle S., 1, 3-19
olfaction, 213, 216, 225-226
Bats
outgroup analysis, 48
behavior, 111
segmental neuromeres, 61, 67-70
cognitive mapping, 222
segmentation network, 62, 67
cortical organization, 106, 111, 222, 235
stem, 39, 44
echolocating, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263
Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia, iv, viii, xiii, xv
FOXP2 sequences, 263
Arthur M. Sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii
limb morphology, 97-98, 106, 110-111
Ascidians, 27
olfaction, 220, 221, 222-223, 226
Associative learning, 227
touch domes, 98, 109, 110-111
Auditory acuity, 244
wing, 97-98, 110
Auditory cortex
Behavior (see also Acoustic signaling;
classic columns, 119
Foraging behavior; Nudipleura
cross-species modifications, 95, 119
swimming behavior; Sparrow
extrinsic factors affecting phenotypic
seasonal sociality)
variability, 107, 110
cortical phenotype and, 103, 105
homologies, 93, 94, 95
neural basis for, 154
Australopithecus, 147
neuroendocrinology, 103
Avalon assemblage, 41
social affiliation, 206
Avise, John C., xiii-xiv
tongue licking, 189
Axons
β-catenin, 76
arborizations, 71, 138
Bichirs (Polypteriformes), 36, 184
conduction velocity, 27
Bilaterians
cortical connectivity, 138-139
anterior posterior patterning, 47, 48, 49,
diameter, 139
53, 54
evolution of centralized nervous
brain evolution, 47-48, 49, 50, 51, 54,
systems, 51
226, 227
genesis, 68
Cambrian explosion, 42, 43
Hox gene regulation, 71, 72
central neural characters, 49, 50, 51-52
lateral geniculate, 121
clades, 49-50
length, 139, 265
dorsoventral patterning, 47, 48, 53, 72
of motor neurons, 31, 70, 71, 72, 169,
Ediacaran, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53, 226-227
183, 185-186, 187
genetic basis of body plan, 47-48, 53, 62
myelinated/myelination, 2, 21, 27, 101,
Hox genes, 62
233, 276, 277
last common ancestor, 2, 24, 37, 38, 50,
Nav clusters at initial segments, 2, 21,
51, 53-54
27, 31
locomotory, 41
olfactory, 213
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origin and divergence, 37, 47, 53, 236 cortical expansion, gyrification, and
stem, 53 connectivity, 138-140
synaptic gene networks, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, glia/neuron ratio, 141-144
15, 53 human, xv, 127, 134-135
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 54 independent evolution of large brains,
Vernanimalcula fossils, 39 130, 131
voltage-gated ion channels, 22, 24, 25, and language, xv
26, 35 mammalian order and, 128, 129, 130,
Biodiversity, defined, xiii 132, 138
Birds (see also Songbirds; Sparrow seasonal neuronal scaling rules, 130-132 134-135,
sociality) 140, 141, 142, 145
FOXP2 orthologs, 263 nonneuronal cells, 132-136, 140, 142
hindbrain segmentation, 178 primates, 128, 129, 132, 134-135, 136,
olfaction, 219, 223-224 137, 138, 139, 140, 141
telencephalon, 76 relative size of structures, 136-138, 150,
vocal circuitry, 178, 184, 190 223
vocal–respiratory coupling, 181 shared scaling rules, 132-138
Blind mole rats, 58, 93, 107 Broca’s area, 190, 251, 260, 261
Bonobos, 254, 255, 328 Bruce, Heather S., 57, 61-74
Bornella anguilla, 158, 162 Burgess Shale biota. 40, 42, 43, 44
Bowerbirds, 92 Burgessochaeta, 40, 43
Bowfin, 184
Brachiopods, 42, 43, 44
Brain (see also Human brain; individual C
structures)
Caddis flies (Limnephilus flavastellus), 34
“basic uniformity” concept, 257
Caenorhabditis elegans, 5, 6, 8, 16, 213
bilaterian evolution, 47-48, 49, 50, 51,
Cajal–Retzius cells, 86
54, 226, 227
Calcium (Ca2+) ion channels, 1, 21, 22, 23,
defined, 51
24, 28, 32
early vertebrate, 44
California newts (Taricha torosa), 33
descent with modification, 318-319
Cambrian explosion, 42-44
developmental effects on specialization,
Canadaspis, 40, 43
316-321
Cantlon, Jessica F., 252, 293-311
energy cost, 59, 127, 142, 144, 146, 148,
Canton, Richard, xvi
270
Capuchin monkeys, 129
independent evolution, 51, 52, 99, 130
Capybara, 129
mammalian radiation, 131
Caribbean spiny lobsters, 226
methodological advances, xvi, 130, 256,
Carnivores, 94, 118, 119, 122, 220, 221, 225,
257
263
ontogenic tuning and module
Castor gene, 68
spawning, 317-318
Catania, Kenneth C., 151, 229-249
reaction norms, 316-317, 318-319
Catarrhines, 274
small-world networks, 138-139
Catfish, 177, 187, 188
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48,
Cathaymyrus, 43
49, 53, 54
Cats, 101, 119, 124
Brain size (see also individual structures and
Caudal hindbrain, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180,
areas)
181, 182, 183, 184, 187
body size and, 144-146, 147, 257
Cebus monkeys, 99
cell cycle exit delay and, 75, 76, 79
Cell cycle exit, 75, 76, 79
and cognitive ability, 59, 128-129, 138,
Cell lineage tracing, 66
140, 141, 326-328
Centipedes, 66, 73
coordination among areas, 58
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Central pattern generators (CPGs) Charniodiscus, 39, 40
sonic–vocal, 175, 176, 177, 178-185, 187- Charvet, Christine J., 57-58, 75-90
188, 190, 191 Chelicerates, 66, 67, 73
swimming behavior, 153, 166, 167-169, Chengjiang biota, 42, 43, 44
170, 171, 172, 173 Cheungkongella, 43
vocalization, 175 Chick optic tectum
Centralized nervous system evolution (see caudomedial, 75, 76, 84, 85
also Brain; other specific structures) cell cycle exit, 75, 76, 79
Cambrian explosion, 42-44 FGF2 effects, 57-58, 75-90
cephalic neural ganglia, 2, 51, 52, 54 folding, 57-58, 75, 76, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
cladistic analysis, 44-46, 47, 49-50 90
comparative approaches, 37, 44-53 laminar disruptions, 58, 75, 76, 77, 81,
diffuse nerve nets, 2, 7, 37, 48, 50-52, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88
53-54 mantle zone, 79
Ediacaran biota, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53 persistence of FGF2-induced alterations,
fossil record, 38-44, 46, 53 79
genetic basis of bilaterian body plan, pia mater thinning/holes, 58, 75, 76, 77,
47-48 80, 81, 83, 86-87, 88
last common bilaterian ancestor, 37, proliferative zone fraction (PZF), 78, 79,
53-54 85, 89
molecular clock hypothesis, 37, 38, radial thickness, 78-80
46-47, 53 ventricular surface area, 78-79, 80, 81
outgroup analysis of metazoan central volume, 77, 80
neural characters, 37, 45-46, 47-48, Chimpanzees, 94, 128, 129, 130, 141, 142,
49-53, 54 145, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258-259,
phenetics, 44, 45, 46 261, 262, 266, 268, 270, 328, 330, 332
subepidermal nerve plexuses, 50-51 Chiropterans, 222, 223 (see also Bats)
tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48, Choanoflagellates, 5, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35
49, 53, 54 Chondrichthyes, 176, 186
Cephalochordates, 43-44, 51 Chordates
Cephalopods, 51, 52, 54 brains, 2, 43, 47-48, 49, 54
Cephalopyge trematoides, 157 fossil record, 43
Cerebellum, 51, 84, 122, 130, 132, 133, 135, Nav channels, 21, 27, 29
136-138, 140, 143, 148, 178, 182, 185, Circadian functions, 93
189, 190, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265 Cladistic analysis, centralized nervous
Cerebral cortex system, 44-46, 47, 49-50
comparative studies, 128, 132, 136, 137, Cladobranchia, 155, 156, 158-159, 163, 164,
138, 139 165, 166
expansion, gyrification, and Clark University, vii
connectivity, 128, 138-140 Clione limacine, 163, 171
human, 127, 128, 134-135, 140 Cloudina, 41
number of neurons, 128, 132, 133, 134- Club-winged manakin, 177, 190
135, 140 Cnidarians, 5, 6, 7, 14, 22, 24, 26, 39, 41-42,
nonneuronal cells, 133, 134-135, 140 49, 51
shared scaling rules, 134-138 Coast mole (Scapanus orarius), 241
size comparisons, 128, 132, 136, 137, Coelacanth, 176, 186
138, 139 Cognitive ability (see also Computational
Cerebrospinal fluid, 75-76, 86, 87 ability; Language; Numerical
Cerebrum, 51 cognition; Speech)
Cetaceans, 128, 130, 141, 263 brain size and, 59, 128-129, 138, 140,
Chagnaud, Boris P., 149-150, 175-191 141, 326-328
Charnia, 41 developmental processes and, 316-321
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“dual system” view, 315 D
duplication and divergence of new
structures, 323-324 Danio rerio, 5, 6-7, 8, 16
energy cost, 144 Dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis), 193-194,
evolutionary feedback processes, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202,
324-325 206, 207, 209
explaining, 328-331 Darwin, Charles, xv, xvi, 59, 92, 154, 230,
genes, gene regulation, and human 241, 256-257
environments and, 329-330 Deer mice, 103-104
modified orthologies and, 330 Degnan, Bernard M., 1, 3-19
number of cortical neurons and, 129, Degnan, Sandie M., 1, 3-19
140, 141 Delta-Notch signaling, 65-66
origin of new specializations, 321-328 Dendronotida, 155, 158, 163, 164, 165, 166
paralogies and, 330-331 Dendronotus iris, 153, 158, 161, 162, 166, 169,
psychological testing, 320-321 170, 171, 172, 173
reaction norms and, 316-317, 318-319 Dentate gyrus, 217, 218, 222
spatial navigation, 313 Deuterostomes, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51-52,
word perception, 325-326 211, 227
Cognitive mapping, 213-218, 219, 222, 226, Devonian extinction, 21, 35
227, 316 Dickinsonia, 39, 40, 53
Common garter snake (Thamnopis sirtalis), Diencephalon-tegmentum, 77
33 Dinomischus, 40, 44
Comparative studies Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv
acoustic signaling, 175, 177-178, 182 Dolphins
centralized nervous systems, 37, 44-53 echolocation, 221, 263
cerebral cortex, 128, 132, 136, 137, 138, pectoral fin, 97, 98
139 Doridacea, 155, 156, 160, 163, 164, 165, 166
FOXP2 gene, 262-264 Doushantuo Formation, 39, 53
genomics, 253, 258-266 Drosophila
molecular biology, 254-256 D. melanogaster, 5, 6, 8, 16, 62, 213
neurobiological investigations, 256-257 decapentapelgic (dpp) gene, 48
neuroethological studies, 336 embryogenesis, 62, 63, 68
olfaction, 220 gooseberry (gsb) gene, 73
psychological, 258 Hox genes, 62, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72
Complexity, organismal, 15, 37, 38 insecticide resistance, 35
Computational ability (see also Numerical motor neurons, 71
cognition) Nav channel genes, 28, 35
Nav ion channels and, 21, 31, 35-36 neurogenesis, 65, 67, 70, 72-74
Conaco, Cecilia, 1, 3-19 olfaction, 213
Convergent evolution, 2, 107, 213 segmentation, 62, 63, 68
Coral (see also Acropora millepora), 26 short gastrulation (sog) gene, 48
Corpus callosum, 120 Duck-billed platypus, 94, 95, 96-97, 99
Corticopontine system, 138
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, E
206, 208, 209 Eastern moles (Scalopus aquaticus), 236, 239
Croaking gouramis, 187 Eastern towhees (Pipilo erythropthalmus),
Crustaceans, 43, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 72-73, 74, 193-194, 195-196, 197, 198, 199, 200,
213, 214, 216, 319, 320 201, 202, 206, 209
Cryogenian Period, 47 Ecdysozoans, 48, 49, 51
Ctenophores, 22, 49 Echinoderms, 39, 43, 44, 49, 68
Cupiennius, 73
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Echolocation, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263 Fire, 147
Ectoderm, 48, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, Fishes
73, 74, 108 acoustic signaling, 150, 175-191
Ediacaran biota caudal hindbrain rhombomere-8 spinal
bilaterians, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53, 226-227 compartment, 175, 188-190
centralized nervous system escape response, 229, 230, 244-247
development, 37, 39-40, 41, 47, 53 FOXP2 orthologs, 262-263
fossil record, 39-42 pectoral appendage, 97, 98, 150, 175,
morphological complexity, 39-41 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 184, 185-188,
phylogeny, 41-42 190, 191
Egyptian fruit bats, 222 sonic mechanisms, 178-181
Eimer’s organs, 231, 232, 233, 239, 240, 241, swim bladder, 177, 178-179, 184, 187-188
243 Flabellina, 156, 158, 171
Elasmobranchs, 36, 176 Flatworms, 39, 49, 50, 51, 52
Eldonia, 40, 43 Foraging behavior (see also Star-nosed
Electric fish, 21-22, 30, 31-32, 36, 188 moles; Tentacled snakes)
Elephants, 128, 141, 263 optimal foraging theory, 151, 229, 230,
Energy 235, 238, 239
content of foods, 147, 227 FOXP2 gene
cost of brains, 59, 127, 142, 144, 146, 148, comparative genomics, 253, 262-264
270 discovery, 259-261
efficiency adaptations, 21-22, 31, 35-36, expression and sequencing studies,
236-237, 239, 269-270 262-264
genes for aerobic metabolism, 269-270 in human evolution, 253, 261-262,
Nav channels and, 21-22, 31, 35-36 264-265
profitability of prey, 151, 229, 230, 235, mouse model of human evolution,
238, 239 264-265
Enteropneust hemichordates, 43, 48, 51 mouse model of R552H substitution,
Entoprocts, 44, 52 264
Eoporpita, 39, 40 and phenotype, 26-270
Epithelial gene networks, 6, 11-12, 15 regulation of gene expression by, 265-266
Erniettomorphs, 41 Freise, Amanda C., 57-58, 75-90
Euarchontoglires, 114 Frogs
Euctenidiacea, 155, 156, 160-161 optic tectum, 58, 124
Eulipotyphla, 133, 136 vocalizations, 177, 181, 184
Fugu, 33
F
G
Feeding
appendages, 74 Galagos, 121, 123
cooked foods, 147, 148 Ganglia, 2, 50-51, 52, 54, 67, 68, 260-261,
Ferrets, 107 262, 265
FGF2 Ganglion mother cells, 66, 68
and cell cycle rate, 85 Garter snake–newt system, 33-34
effects on chick optic tectum, 57-58, 75-90 Gastropods, 51, 52, 153, 154, 155, 157
lamination, folding, and pial integrity Gene expression networks
changes, 79-84 bilaterian body plans, 47-48, 62-63
and neurogenesis, 76, 85, 87, 89 conserved, 3, 4, 11, 14, 54, 61, 62, 65, 73,
persistence of alterations, 79 74, 104, 106, 142, 225-226
and tectal progenitor pool, 77-79 coregulation and modality analysis, 3,
Field sparrows (Spizella pusilla), 193, 195-210 7, 9, 10, 11-12, 13, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19
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correlation in eumetazoans, 7, 9, 15 Homing pigeons, 219, 224
epithelial, 6, 11-12, 15 Homo antecessor, 147
nuclear pore complex, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13, Homo erectus, 147
15, 17, 19 Homo heidelbergensis, 147
and organismal complexity, 15 Homo neanderthalensis, 147
proteasome 26S, 4, 6, 8, 11-12, 13, 15, Homo rudolfensis, 147
18-19 Homologies
scale-free growth, 15 arthropod neurogenesis, 66, 72-74
synaptic, 4-10, 11-12 auditory cortex, 93, 94, 95
within-species variability, 104 bilaterian body plans, 48
Gestural signaling or communication, 150, brain structures, 66, 72-74, 93, 321-323
175, 176, 177, 190, 191, 273, 288, 289, peripheral morphology variations in
290, 291, 331 homologous body parts, 97-98
Ghost bats, 94 cortical fields, 93-94
Glia/neuron ratio, 141-144 and development or function of
Glial cells, 59, 66, 68, 69 82, 85, 86, 87-88, nonhomologous structures, 1
127, 136, 140, 141-142, 144 in gene expression patterns, 2, 335-336
Glires, 133, 134-135 in human synaptic complex, 5
Gnathostomes, 21, 27, 176, 177 independent evolution distinguished
Gogia, 40, 43 from, xvi-xvii
Goldfish, 189, 225 neurogenesis, 66, 72-74
Golgi staining, xvi Nudipleura swimming neurons, 149,
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh), 153, 154-155, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169-
103 172, 173-174
Goodson, James L., 150, 150, 193-210 somatosensory areas, 93, 94
Gorillas, xvi, 129, 130, 141, 144-146, 190, speech in primates, 330
254, 261 Honeybees, 226
Gould, Stephen Jay, 256 Horses, 128
Grasshoppers, 67, 73 Hox genes
grim gene, 70, 71 abdominal A (abd-A), 69, 70
Gunaratne, Charuni A., 149, 153-174 abdominal B (Abd-B), 69, 71, 72
Antp, 63, 69, 70, 72
and apoptosis, 70
H and appendage morphology, 57, 62, 63,
65, 71, 74, 106, 322-323
Hagfishes, 43, 44 bilaterian body plan, 47, 57, 62
Haikouella, 43 cofactors, 71
Haikouichthys, 44 locomotion, 70
Hallucigenia, 40, 44 and neural morphology, 57, 65, 68-72,
Harvard University, vii-viii 185
Heater muscles, 32 Pb, 71, 72
Hebbian plasticity, 58 Scr, 71
Hemichordates, 43, 48, 51 transcription factors, 62
Herculano-Houzel, Suzana, 58-59, 127-148 Ultrabithorax (Ubx), 63, 64, 65, 69, 70 71,
Hermissenda, 156, 158, 171 72
Hexabranchus sanguineus, 160, 162 and vertebrate forelimb development,
Hindbrain (see Caudal hindbrain) 106, 322-323
Hippocampus, 150, 211, 212, 216, 218, 219, Huang, Johnny C., 57-58, 75-90
220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 228 Human brain
Hitzig, Eduard, xvi cerebral cortex, 127, 128, 134-135, 140
Homeobox gene superfamily, 47, 48, 106 cognitive advantage, 140-141
(see also Hox genes) encephalization quotient, 128-129
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energy cost, 127, 128, 144-147 Ion channels, 22 (see also Calcium ion
FOXP2 gene, 253, 258-266 channels; Potassium leak and
hierarchical model of specialization, voltage-grated ion channels;
313-333 Voltage-gated sodium channels)
homologous traits, 321-323 bilaterians, 22, 24, 25, 26, 35
ideological obstacles to study, 256-257 6TM gene family, 22-26, 28
as outlier, xv, 127, 128-129, 130, 140, 141, and sound production, 32
147-148 types, 24
psychological studies, 258
quantification of numbers of cells, 127,
140 J
as scaled-up primate brain, 127-128,
Jacobs, Lucia F., 150-151, 211-228
140-141
Jarvis, Erin, 57, 61-74
size, xv, 127, 134-135, 257
Jellyfish (medusazoa), 24, 26, 35
vocal–gestural coupling, 190
Jerboas (Jaculus orientalis), 208
Human hand, 97
Human specializations
chimpanzee-bonobo evolution and, 253,
254, 255, 256, 257, 258-259, 261, 262, K
266, 268, 270 Kaas, Jon H., 58, 113-125
comparative molecular and genetic Katz, Paul S., 149, 153-174
background, 254-256 Kimberella, 40, 41, 53
evolutionary continuity and, 256-257 Kimberellomorpha, 41
neurobiological and behavioral Kosik, Kenneth S., 1, 3-19
background, 256-258 Krubitzer, Leah A., 58, 91-111
Hunchback gene, 68 Kruppel gene, 68
Huxley, T. H., xv-xvi, 59, 256-57
Hypothalamus, 194, 197, 203, 207-208, 262
L
I Lagerstätten, 38, 42, 44
Lagomorphs, 114, 117
Independent evolution, xvi-xvii, 51, 52, 99, Lampreys, 27, 28, 44
113, 124-125 Language (see also Speech)
large brains, 130, 131 ape-language projects, 258
Inferior olive, 178, 182, 185, 188-189, 262 auditory and visual integration, 251,
Insectivores, 132, 135, 136, 137, 220, 221, 274, 278, 279, 283, 285, 288-291
236, 238 brain areas, 251, 261, 273-274, 276, 278,
Insects 279, 283, 285, 289, 325-326, 330-331
motor circuits, 71 brain size and, xv
NAV channels, 2, 35, 36 developmental processes and, 316, 318-
neurogenesis, 65, 66, 67 319, 332
olfactory system, 213, 216, 226 evolution from generalized precursors,
resistance to pesticides, 35, 36 324, 330
similarities with vertebrate and annelid genes, 111, 251, 253, 259, 260, 261, 262,
nervous systems, 2, 72-74 267
Interneurons, 31, 68, 70, 167-168, 172, 173 reaction norms and, 323
Inversion hypothesis, 48 and runaway evolutionary processes,
Invertebrates 325
Nav channels, 21, 25, 26, 27-28, 33, 34, and symbolic math, 252
35 vocal vs. gestural origins, 190
word perception, 325-326
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Lateral geniculate, 94, 103, 120-121 Millipedes, 66
Lateral septum, 193, 194, 197, 205-206, 208 Molecular clock, 37, 38, 46-47, 53, 226
Latimeria, 176, 186 Moles, 231 (see also Star-nosed moles)
Lillvis, Joshua L., 149, 153-174 Molluscs, 39, 44
Lingulella, 40, 43 central neural characters, 2, 49, 51, 52,
Lithobius, 73 53, 54
Lobopods, 44 olfactory system, 213
Locomotion swimming behaviors, 153, 154
appendages, 74, 97, 175 Monoplacophorians, 52
behavior (see also Nudipleura Monosiga brevicollis, 5, 25
swimming behavior) Motor cortex, 99, 101, 102, 105-106, 111, 113,
bilateria, 41 115, 122-123, 190, 317
coupling of vocal circuitry, 175 Motor neurons
crawling, 155, 157 apoptosis, 70, 71
mucociliary, 155, 157 arthropods, 69, 70, 71
Lophotrochozoans, 44 axons, 31, 70, 71, 72, 169, 183, 185-186,
Lungfish, 31, 36, 176, 185, 186 187
Luteinizing hormone, 103, 194 genesis, 68, 71
and hand morphology, 99
Hox gene regulation, 57, 69, 70, 71-72
M locomotion, 69, 70, 71, 171-172, 185-186,
187, 188, 190
Macaque monkeys, 94, 99, 101, 102, 116, mapping, 185-186
117, 120, 121, 123-124, 190, 251, 254, ventral horn, 99
255, 257, 261, 262, 270, 273, 274, 275, vertebrates, 71-72
276, 277, 281, 283, 285, 286, 289, 290, vocal and sonic, 149, 150, 177, 181, 182,
291, 184, 187
Malacostracans, 66 Myelin/myelination, 2, 21, 27, 101, 233,
Mammals 276, 277
acoustic communication, 181, 190 Myllokunmingia, 44
brain relationships across orders, 128, Myriapods, 66, 67 72-73
129, 130, 132, 138 Mysids, 65
cell cycle exit, 76 321
cortical evolution in, 75, 76, 88, 91-111
neocortical folding, 88 N
outgroup analysis, 48
sonic pectoral signaling, 190 Naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber), 22,
Marble crayfish, 64 34, 36
Marrella, 40, 43 Nama assemblage, 41
Mathematics (see Numerical cognition) Namacalathus, 41
Maxillipeds, 63-84, 65 Naraoia, 40, 43
McGowan, Luke D., 57-58, 75-90 Natural selection, xv, 77, 91, 92, 100, 124,
Megabats, 220 230, 241, 252, 314, 316, 325, 326, 327
Melibe leonina, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161-162, Navigation
166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 echolocation, 109, 221, 222, 223, 263
Mesoderm, 62, 65, 176-177 evolution of, 226-227
Mesolimbic dopamine system, 206 olfactory, 150, 211, 212, 213, 214-217,
Mesotocin, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 218-220, 222, 223-224, 225, 226-227,
201, 203, 206, 208, 209 228
Midbrain, 51, 85, 88, 179, 180, 194, 208 spatial, 211, 212, 213, 218, 219, 220, 314
Midshipman fish, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, telencephalon, 225
183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189 visual, 220
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Nematodes, 3, 6, 28, 49, 213 Neuroblasts (neural stem cells), 66, 67-70,
Nemertodermatida, 49, 50 72-73
Neocortex (see also Visual cortex) Neurogenesis
activity-dependent selection, 124-125 arthropods, 61, 65-67, 70-72
areas (specialized regions), 93-95, 99, Drosophila, 65, 67, 70, 72-74
101, 102, 113, 114 FGF2 and, 76, 85, 87, 89
bats, 106, 111 homologies, 66, 72-74
cell cycle exit, 76, 79 telencephalic, 21, 35, 76, 85, 89
classic columns, 113, 116-118, 124-125 proliferative zone fraction (PZF), 77, 79,
connectional studies, 101 85, 89
cross-species phenotypic variability, timing, 79
93-100, 121 Neurons (see also Motor neurons)
development of functional organization, auditory cortex, 119
124-125 energy cost, 142-144
domains, 94-95 113, 122-124 giant Mauthner cells, 244
extrinsic factors affecting phenotypic isotropic fractionator enumeration
variability, 95, 107-110 method, 59, 130, 132
folding, 88 neocortex minicolumns, 114-115, 116,
genetic basis of phenotypic variability, 117-119
92, 93, 104-107, 111 number, 76, 101, 103, 130-132
homologies, 93 orientation-selective, 118-119
human, 114 premotor, 149, 175, 176, 178, 182, 188,
mammalian phylogenetic relationships, 189, 190, 191
94 scaling rules for brain size, 130-132 134-
mice, 88, 101, 103-104, 106, 107, 120 135, 140, 141, 142, 145
minicolumns, 58, 113, 114-125 somatotopic maps, 119
modules, 58, 101, 114, 118-121, 124-125 visual cortex, 116, 117-119
olfactory perception, 213-214 vocal pacemaker, 179, 180-181, 182, 183,
phenotypic variability in mammals, 184, 188
91-111 Neurotransmitters, 22, 68, 265
pia matter, 77 Neutral theory of molecular evolution, 46
position-dependent selection, 124-125 New World monkeys, 94, 99, 120, 121, 123,
primates, 76, 100, 101-103, 113-125 274, 283
progenitor proliferation, 88 New York University, vii
rats, 76, 119-120 Newcomb, James M., 149, 153-174
representations of stimulus orientations, Newts, 22, 36 (see also Garter snake–newt
118-119 system)
separated parts of sensory surfaces, Nodes of Ranvier, 2, 21, 27
119-121 Northcutt, R. Glenn, 2, 37-55
septa, 113, 120, 197, 198, 208, 233 Notochord, 43
size/organization/connectivity of fields, Nuclear pore complex, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 13,
94-95, 100, 105-106, 107, 111, 114 15, 17, 19
somatotopic organization, 58, 101, 119- Nudipleura
120, 122-123 locomotor behavior categories, 155-163
star-nosed moles, 235, 248 phylogeny, 153, 156-157, 163
sulcal patterns, 100 Nudipleura swimming behavior
unbounded columns, 58, 113, 118-119 asymmetric undulation (AU), 156, 157,
volume and neuron number, 76, 136 161, 163
within-species phenotypic variability, breaststroke (BS), 156, 157, 158, 163,
100-104, 121 164
Network theory, 1, 3-19 central pattern generators (CPGs), 153,
Neural tube, 51, 54 166, 167-169, 170, 171, 172, 173
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dorsal–ventral body flexions, 153, 156, cognitive maping, 213-218, 219, 222, 226
157, 158-161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, comparative studies, 220
167, 168, 169-172, 173 convergence in system structure and
dorsal–ventral undulation (DU), 156, function, 212-213
157, 162-163, 165 discrimination and acuity function, 211,
escape response, 161, 163 213, 218, 219
evolution of neural circuits and, 149, evolutionary origin, 213-214, 223,
154, 164-166 226-227
flapping (F), 157, 161, 163, 172, 173 feeding behavior and, 150-151
homologous neurons, 149, 153, 154-155, fish, 216, 225
164, 166, 167, 168, 169-172, 173-174 genes, 213, 219, 225
homoplasy, 153, 154, 164, 166, 173 hippocampus and, 150, 211, 212, 216,
left–right (LR) body flexions, 153, 156, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226,
157, 158-161, 162, 163, 164, 165-166, 228
167-169, 170, 171, 172, 173 mammals, 216, 217, 218, 219-220,
left–right undulation (LU), 156, 157, 221-223
158, 159, 162, 163 mechanosensory systems integration,
neural circuits, 166-172 216, 218, 226
phylogenetic distribution, 163 navigation function, 150, 211, 212, 213,
taxonomy, 158-161 214-217, 218-220, 222, 223-224, 225,
Numerical cognition 226-227, 228
amodal representations, 307 parallel map theory, 216-218, 219
analog representations as sole predatory strategy and, 220-223, 225
precursors of, 302-306 rats, 219, 220
analogical reasoning, 307 reptiles, 224-225
arithmentic, 299-301 size of olfactory bulb, 150-151, 211, 212,
automatic cross-activation, 307-308 213, 219, 220, 222
comparison of values, 297-299 Olfactory bulb
correlational and statistical associations, adult neurogenesis in, 222
306-307 size considerations, 150-151, 211, 212,
evolutionary history and, 308 213, 219, 222
math IQ origins, 293, 308-311 Olfactory perception, 213-216
oldest numbers, 295-301 Olfactory spatial hypothesis, 150, 211, 216,
representation, 295-297 218-219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226,
symbols, 301-302 227, 228
Onychophoran worms, 44
Opabinia, 40, 43
O Opisthobranchia, 154, 155, 157, 163, 171,
173
Odontogriphus, 40, 44 Opossums, 94, 100, 107
Ohno, Susumu, 28 Optic tectum (see also Chick optic tectum)
Old World monkeys, 94, 99, 120, 121, 122, frogs, 58, 124
123, 276, 283, 285 species differences in size, 77
Olenoides, 40, 43 tentacle snake, 242, 243
Olfaction Optimal foraging theory, 151, 229, 230, 235,
allocation of perception and attention, 238, 239
214 Orangutans, 145, 234
arthropods, 213, 216, 225-226 Ottoia, 40, 43
axons, 213 Otx genes, 47
bats, 220, 221, 222-223, 226 Outgroup analysis of metazoan central
birds, 219, 223-224 neural characters, 37, 45-46, 47-48,
chemosensory receptors, 213, 218 49-53, 54
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Owen, Richard, xv, xvi Polychaete annelids, 43
Owl monkeys, 101, 102-103, 120, 121 Polyplacophorians, 52
Oxytocin, 195, 205 Porifera, 3, 4, 5, 15, 49 (see also Sponges)
Postembryonic neuroblasts, 69-70
Posterior parietal cortex, 99, 101, 113, 115,
P 122, 123
Potassium leak and voltage-gated ion
Paddlefish, 185 channels, 1, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28, 31
Paedomorphosis, 52 Praecambridium, 39, 40, 54
Parallel evolution, 33, 35, 173-174 Predatory strategy (see also Star-nosed
Paranthropus, 147 moles; Tentacled snakes)
Parhyale sp., 63, 73 olfaction and, 220-223, 225
Parrots, 76 Prefrontal cortex, 137, 251, 289, 310, 329,
Patel, Nipam H., 57, 61-74 331 (see also Ventral prefrontal
Pax genes, 47 cortex)
PDM gene, 68 Premotor cortex, 115, 122, 123, 180, 190,
Pectoral appendages, 150, 175, 176, 177, 274, 276, 283
185-188, 190, 191 Premotor-motor circuitry, 175, 176, 178,
Peking University, viii 183, 184, 191
Phenocopy approach, 76 Preuss, Todd M., 251, 253-271
Phenotypic variability Priapulid worms, 42, 43
and behavior, 92 Primates
comparative genomics and, 254-256 brain–body scaling, 145-146
cross-species, 93-100 brain size, 128, 129, 132, 134-135, 136,
discovery approach, 269 137, 138, 139, 140, 141
extended phenotype, 91, 92, 93 cerebral cortex, 132, 136, 137, 138, 139,
extrinsic factors, 107-110 140
genes and, 92, 93, 104-107, 111, 266-270 glia/neuron ratio, 142, 143
mammalian cortical evolution, 91-111 hand, 99, 101
morphology, 92, 93, 97-98 neocortex, 76, 99, 101, 113-125
targets of selection, 92-93 number of neurons, 141
within-species, 100-104 Princeton University, vii
Pheromones, 34 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA),
Phylliroë atlantica, 155, 159 77, 78, 79, 81, 85, 89
Phylliroë bucephala, 155, 159 Proteasome 26S, 4, 6, 8, 11-12, 13, 15, 18-19
Phylogenetic systematics Protostomes, 48, 49, 51, 52, 211, 227, 228
methodological advances, xvi-xvii Pufferfish, 2, 22, 33, 34, 36
Pia mater, 58, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 86-87, 88 Pyramidal neurons, 31, 36, 115, 276-277
Pikaia, 40, 43
Pinnipeds, 221, 223, 226
Piranhas, 184 R
Pit vipers, 244
Pituitary, 103, 206 Rabbits, 119, 122, 254
Placozoans, 49, 53 Raccoons, 96, 97
Platyhelminthes, 49, 52, 53 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, xvi
Pleiotropy, 267 Rangeomorpha, 41
Pleurobranchaea californica, 153, 161, 162, Rats, 76, 85, 96-97, 100, 101, 103, 107-108,
166, 167, 168, 171, 172 119-120, 189, 219-220, 262, 297 (see
Pleurobranchomorpha, 155, 156, 161, 163, also Blind mole rats; Naked mole
164 rats)
Pleurobranchus membranaceus, 161, 163 Rattus norvegicus, 100, 103
Plocamopherus, 157, 160-161 Ray-finned fish, 31, 36
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Reaper gene, 69, 70, 71 Snakes, 224 (see also Tentacled snakes)
Red slider turtles, 224 Sodium channels (see Voltage-gated sodium
REST transcriptional repressor, 14 channels)
Retina, 105, 116, 120-121 Soma, 27, 31
Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 9, 270, Somatosensory areas
274, 283, 285 barrel field, 119-120
Roboastra, 161 homologies, 93, 94
Rodents (see also specific rodents) intraspecies variability, 100, 110-111
brain size, 134-135, 136, 141 primates, 116, 120, 121-122
glia/neuron ratio, 142, 143 size changes, 96, 98-99, 105-106, 107
neocortex, 59, 85, 94, 100, 101, 114, 117, star-nosed moles, 120, 233-235
118, 119, 122, 123 structure, 116, 233-235
number of neurons, 141 tentacle snake, 243
olfaction, 213 Song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), 193,
social affiliation, 206 195-210
territoriality, 194 Songbirds, 76, 150, 194, 205, 224, 263
whiskers, 97, 120, 233 Sound production (see also Acoustic
Romanski, Lizabeth M., 251-252, 273-291 signaling; Vocalization)
coupling of respiration and, 181
muscle evolution, 32
S Sparrow seasonal sociality
flocking, 194, 197-201, 205-206
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 5, 13, 16 group-size decisions, 195
Saccoglossus, 48 individual differences in aggression,
Sackler, Arthur M., vii-viii. See also Arthur 193, 203-205
M. Sackler Colloquium methods, 209-210
Sackler, Jillian, vii, viii neurochemical signals, 193, 197-204,
Sakurai, Akira, 149, 153-174 205-206
Salamanders, 52 plasticity, 205, 208
Salmon, 185, 187, 225 species-specific territorial behavior, 201-
Saltatory conduction, 27 203, 207-208
Sarcopterygian fishes, 36, 176, 182, 185, 186 Speech (see also Language)
Scandentia, 134-135, 133, 137, 143 audiovisual integration, 252, 273,
Schistocerca, 73 288-291
Schizocosa, 73 brain areas, 267, 273, 288-291
Schizophrenia, vii FOXP2 gene and, 253, 259, 260, 261, 262,
Schrock, Sara E., 150, 193-210 266-267
Sculpin, 182, 184, 187-188 gesture integration, 190, 289, 290
Sea robins, 184, 187-188 homologs in other primates, 330
Sea turtles, 224-225, 226 perception, 252, 289
Seelke, Adele M. H., 58, 91-111 production, 262, 267, 283
Segment polarity genes, 67 Spiders, 66, 73
Shankouclava, 43 Spiralians, 48, 49, 51
Sharks, 176, 212, 221, 225 Sponges, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15,
Shiverer mice, 27 16, 22, 24, 41-42
Short-finned whales, 128 Spriggina, 39, 40, 54
Short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis Squirrel monkeys, 101, 102, 120, 147, 177,
domestica), 100, 107 274
Short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), 236 Squirrels, 94, 100, 101, 103
Shrews, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122, 235, 236, 238 Star-nosed moles (Condylura cristata)
Sidneyia, 40, 43 competition in the swamp, 229, 235-236
Smooth dogfish, 225
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cortical structure, 95, 96-97, 99, 120, 230, spatial orientation, 225
233-235, 248 vocal-pectoral motor systems, 179, 184,
hunting behavior, 151, 229, 233, 236-238, 185
241-242 Temporal cortex, 123-124, 331
morphology, 229, 230, 231 Tentacled snakes
optimal foraging theory and, 151, 229, adaptation to fish escape response, 229,
230, 235-238, 239 230, 244-247
prey profitability and foraging behavior, hunting behavior, 229-230, 241-242,
236-238 243-244
sensory organs, 120, 229, 230, 231-233, innate ability, 247-248
239 neural circuits, 243
star evolution, 229, 230, 239-241 mechanosensory appendages, 229, 230,
star function, 238-239 243
star innervation, 229, 231-233 morphology, 231
tactile fovea, 229, 233 optic tectum response to visual stimuli,
State University of New York at Stony 229, 243
Brook, viii Tethys fimbria, 155, 156, 159
Striedter, Georg F., 57-58, 75-90 Tetrapods
Sturgeon, 184 Nav channel evolution, 21, 28-29, 30-31,
Synapses, neuronal 35-36
assembly, 1, 13-14, 115 olfactory-spatial hypothesis, 225
bilaterian gene networks, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, vocal-pectoral motor systems, 150, 175,
15, 53 176, 177, 181-182, 184, 186, 187, 188,
and cognitive capabilities, 129-130 190, 191
density across species, 129 Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 2, 21-22, 32-34
network analysis of gene expression, 1, TGF-β receptor gene superfamily, 28
4-10, 11-12, 15 Thalamus, 51, 93, 105, 116, 120, 261, 262, 265
plasticity, 144, 264, 269, 270 Toadfishes, 150, 179, 181-182, 183, 184, 185,
protein interactions, 6 188
scaffolding proteins, 13-14 Tochina, 171
signaling, 3, 13 Touch organs (see also Star-nosed moles)
vacuolar ATPase complex, 5, 9, 10, 11, bat touch domes, 98, 109, 110-111
15 whiskers, 97, 120, 233
vesicles, 4, 5, 9, 10, 13 Transcription factors, 5, 62, 68, 104, 105,
106, 109, 256, 260, 264
Trapania velox, 160, 161, 166
T Tree shrews, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122
Trilobites, 39, 40, 43, 54
Tambja eliora, 157, 161 Triopha, 156, 161, 171
Taxonomic analysis, acoustic signaling, 182 Tripartite brain hypothesis, 37, 47, 48, 49,
Tectum (see Chick optic tectum) 53, 54
Telencephalon Tritonia diomedea, 153, 159, 162, 166, 167,
navigation function, 225 168, 171
neurogenesis, 21, 35, 76, 85, 89
parrots and songbirds, 76
size/volume, 76, 77, 225 U
Teleosts
hindbrain segmentation, 178 Ultrabithorax (Ubx), 63-64, 70, 71
medial pallium homologue, 225 Urochordates, 43, 52
Nav channel evolution, 21, 28-30, 31-32,
35-36
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V ocular dominance columns, 120-121,
124-125
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), orientation hypercolumns, 118-119, 124
193, 195, 196-197, 198, 199, 202, 203, phenotypic variability, 95, 100, 101, 103,
206-207, 208, 209 105, 107, 108-109, 115, 116, 117, 118,
Vasopressin, 195 119, 120-121
Vasotocin, 193, 195, 196-197, 198, 200-201, primary visual cortex, 58, 93-94, 100,
202, 203, 205-206, 207, 208, 210 116
Vendobionta, 39, 41 primates, 116-117, 121-122, 124
Ventral neuroectoderm, 65-66, 71 size/organizational changes, 58, 105-
Ventral prefrontal cortex 106, 107
anatomical considerations, 274-279 somatosensory connections, 107,
auditory projections to prefrontal 120-121
cortex, 278-279 stimulus orientations, 118-119
audiovisual integration in human brain, two-cone color vision, 103
288-291 within-species variability, 101-103
audiovisual speech evolution, 288-291 Vocalization (see also Acoustic signaling;
auditory responses and function in, Speech)
283-286 central pattern generators, 175
connectivity with cortical visual circuitry, 187-188, 189
processing regions, 277-278 coupling of sound production and
cytoarchitectonic organization, 276-277 respiration, 175, 181, 182
functional studies, 279-288 Voltage-gated sodium (Na+ or Nav)
multisensory responses in, 286-288 channels
organization, 274-276 adaptive evolution, 21-22, 28, 31-35
visual processing, 279-282 at axon initial segments, 2, 21, 27, 31
Ventromedial hypothalamus, 194, 197, 203, and computation ability, 21, 31, 35-36
207 and energy, 21-22, 31, 35-36
Vernanimalcula, 39, 53 function, 21
Vertebrates gene duplication in teleosts and
bmp-4 gene, 48 tetrapods, 21, 27-31, 35-36
hindbrain segmental blueprint, 176-178 genes for 6TM family, 22-26
homologies in gene expression patterns, and insecticide resistance, 22, 35
2 invertebrates, 21, 25, 26, 27-28, 33, 34, 35
motor neurons, 71-72 at nodes of Ranvier, 2, 21, 27
olfactory system, 213, 219 maximum likelihood phylogeny, 25
phylogeny, 176 and proton insensitivity, 21-22, 34
Vetulicolians, 43, 44 structure, 24-25
Vimentin, 82, 87, 90 and tetrodotoxin resistance, 2, 21-22,
Visual acuity, 244 32-34
Visual cortex in weakly electric fish, 21-22, 30-32, 36
auditory connections, 94, 107, 244 vertebrates, 2, 28
in blind mole rats, 58, 93, 107
blobs and interblobs, 58, 116-117
color selective domain, 103, 124 W
cross-species variability, 93, 94, 95
hue-selective subregions, 119 Waddington, Conrad, 77
middle temporal crescent, 115, 118 Weber’s law, 294, 296, 297, 302, 304, 309,
neuron number/density, 103 324
Whales, 128, 141, 263
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White-footed mice, 103-104 Y
White Sea assemblage, 41
Wilson, Leah C., 150, 193-210 Yunnanozoans, 43-44
Wnt/planar polarity genes, 11 Yunnanozoon, 43
X Z
Xenocoelmorphs, 50, 51, 52 Zakon, Harold H., 1-2, 21-36
Xenopus Zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), 177, 195,
chordin (chd) gene, 48 205, 263
X. tropicalis, 5, 7, 8, 16, 19 Zebrafish (see also Danio rerio), 185, 186,
Xenoturbella, 49, 50, 52-53 187, 190
Zhongjianichthys, 44
Zhou, Hongjun, 1, 3-19
