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Appendix B
Glossary
Adolescence: These years, from puberty to adulthood, may be roughly
divided into three stages: early adolescence, generally ages 12 and 13;
middle adolescence, ages 14 to 16; and late adolescence, ages 17 to 21. In
addition to physiological growth, seven key intellectual, psychological, and
social developmental tasks take place during these years. The fundamental
purpose of these tasks is to form one's own identity and to prepare for
adulthood.1
Adverse events: In the context of this report, any unexpected, damaging
effect that occurs as the result of a performing a fitness test, such as an
injury or physical pain.
Body composition: The components that make up body weight, including
fat, muscle, and bone content. The committee defined body composition
operationally as a component of fitness, a marker of health, and a modifier
of fitness for the purposes of this report.
Cardiorespiratory endurance: The ability to perform large-muscle, whole-
body exercise at moderate to high intensities for extended periods of time
(Saltin, 1973).
1Available at http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/teen/pages/Stages-of-
Adolescence.aspx (accessed August 23, 2012).
243
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244 FITNESS MEASURES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN YOUTH
Childhood: The period in human development that extends from birth until
the onset of puberty.2
Concurrent validity: A type of measurement validity; a form of criterion-
related validity; the degree to which the outcomes of one test correlate with
outcomes on a criterion test when both tests are given at relatively the same
time (Portney and Watkins, 2008).
Criterion-referenced standards: Evaluation standards used to interpret
physical fitness test scores and provide information about a participant's
health status. They are considered the most accurate measure of a construct
and are used to validate field-based measures.
Cut-point (cutoff score): A test score that represents the minimum level
of performance that must be achieved for a participant to be said to be at
reduced risk or fit/healthy. Cut-points are critical to interpretation of the
results of health-related fitness tests since they serve as a way to distinguish
individuals and populations that may be at risk of poor health outcomes
from those that are not.
Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the
manner or within the range considered normal for a human being. For the
purposes of this report, this term should be construed in the broadest sense,
covering impairments (i.e., a problem in body function or structure), activ-
ity limitations (i.e., a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a
task or action), and participation restrictions (i.e., a problem experienced
by an individual in involvement in life situations). Adapted from the World
Health Organization definition.3
Feasibility: In this report, the degree to which a fitness test can be admin-
istered and interpreted with ease. It is defined by criteria such as ease of
administration; burden on participants and administrators; privacy and
safety; equipment and space; complexity; and suitability for all socioeco-
nomic levels, education levels, and ages.
Fitnessgram: A health-related fitness test and reporting program introduced
by the Cooper Institute in 1988 (Cooper Institute, 2010).
2Available at http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/childhood (accessed August
25, 2012).
3Available at http://www.who.int/topics/disabilities/en/ (accessed August 8, 2012).
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APPENDIX B 245
Flexibility: The intrinsic property of body tissues that determines the range
of motion achievable without injury at a joint or group of joints (adapted
from Holt et al., 1996).
Health marker: An indicator of a particular health or disease state within
an organism.
Health risk factor: A characteristic statistically associated with, although not
necessarily causally related to, an increased risk of morbidity or mortality.4
In this report, it refers to markers (characteristics) associated with a disease
or illness that increase the chances of contracting that disease or illness.
Hypokinetic-related diseases: A term coined by Kraus and Raab, who
described "somatic or mental derangements" that are "caused by insuf-
ficient motion" (Kraus and Raab, 1961, p. 8). In this report, hypokinetic-
related diseases are health problems or illnesses that are caused partly by
the lack of regular physical activity (Corbin and Lindsey, 2007, p. 320).
Metabolic health: Freedom from diseases or conditions associated with
metabolic risk factors (metabolic syndrome); the sum of all cellular pro-
cesses that provide the human body with the ability to function optimally
and resist disease.
Modifying factors: As related to physical fitness tests, those factors that can
independently affect an individual's level of fitness. They include both fac-
tors that are measurable in the field (e.g., gender, race, ethnicity, maturity)
and those that are not (e.g., heredity, practice level, skill level).
Motor skill: The ability to perform complex muscle-and-nerve acts that
produce movement. Fine motor skills are small movements such as writing
and tying shoes; gross motor skills are large movements such as walking
and kicking.
Muscle endurance: The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to perform
repeated contractions against a constant external load for an extended
period of time (Kell et al., 2001). The constant load can be either an abso-
lute external resistance, which provides a measure of absolute endurance, or
a relative load based on an individual's maximal strength, which provides
a measure of relative endurance.
4Available at http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/risk-factor (accessed August 25, 2012).
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246 FITNESS MEASURES AND HEALTH OUTCOMES IN YOUTH
Muscle power: A physiological construct reflecting the rate at which work
is performed (Knuttgen and Kraemer, 1987). It is derived from the product
of the force production of a muscle or group of muscles and the velocity
of the muscle contraction during a single- or multijoint action (Sale and
Norman, 1982).
Muscle strength: The ability of skeletal muscle (single or group) to produce
measureable force, torque, or moment about a single or multiple joints,
typically during a single maximal voluntary contraction and under a defined
set of controlled conditions, which include specificity of movement pattern,
muscle contraction type (concentric, isometric, or eccentric), and contrac-
tion velocity (Farpour-Lambert and Blimkie, 2008; Kell et al., 2001; Sale
and Norman, 1982).
Musculoskeletal fitness: A theoretical construct reflecting the integrated
function of an individual's muscle strength, endurance, and power to enable
the performance of work against one's own body or an external resistance.
Physical fitness: A set of attributes that people have or achieve relating to
their ability to perform physical activity (HHS, 1996).
Reliability: The dependability of test scores, their freedom from error, and
their reproducibility in repeated trials on the same individual. A reliable test
will have little test-retest, intratester, and intertester variability.
Validity: The extent to which a test measures what it is designed to mea-
sure; the degree to which evidence supports the interpretation of test scores
(Eignor, 2001).
VO2max: Maximal oxygen consumption--the maximum capacity of an
individual's body to transport and use oxygen during incremental exercise.
It is considered to be the criterion-referenced standard for the fitness com-
ponent of cardiorespiratory endurance.5
Youth: For this report, a period of human development that includes ages
5-18.
5Available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VO2_max (accessed August 28, 2012).
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APPENDIX B 247
REFERENCES
Corbin, C. B., and R. Lindsey. 2007. Fitness for life. 5th ed. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman
and Company.
Eignor, D. R. 2001. Standards for the development and use of tests: The standards for
educational and psychological testing. European Journal of Psychological Assessment
17(3):157-163.
Farpour-Lambert, N. J., and C. J. R. Blimkie. 2008. Muscle strength. In Paediatric exercise
science and medicine. 2nd ed., edited by N. Armstrong and W. van Mechelen. Oxford,
UK: Oxford University Press. Pp. 37-53.
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 1996. Physical activity and health:
A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: HHS, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
Holt, J., L. E. Holt, and T. W. Pelham. 1996. Flexibility redefined. In Biomechanics in sports
XIII, edited by T. Bauer. Thunder Bay, Ontario: Lakehead University. Pp. 170-174.
Kell, R. T., G. Bell, and A. Quinney. 2001. Musculoskeletal fitness, health outcomes and qual-
ity of life. Sports Medicine 31(12):863-873.
Knuttgen, H. G., and W. J. Kraemer. 1987. Terminology and measurement in exercise perfor-
mance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 1(1):1-10.
Kraus, H., and W. Raab. 1961. Hypokinetic disease. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Publishers.
Meredith, M. D., and G. J. Welk, eds. 2010. Fitnessgram/Activitygram test administration
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Portney, L. G., and M. P. Watkins. 2008. Foundations of clinical research: Applications to
practice. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
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Mutual Press. Pp. 7-37.
Saltin, B. 1973. Oxygen transport by the circulatory system during exercise in man. In Lim-
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