National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: 7 Moving Forward by Looking Back
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×

A

Workshop Agendas

A Workshop Series of the Institute of Medicine
Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education
(IHPE Global Forum)

Workshop I: Interprofessional Education for Collaboration:
Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional
Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice

August 29–30, 2012

The Keck Center of The National Academies
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
Room 100

Workshop Objectives:

•    To engage in forward-looking dialogue around the importance of aligning health professional education with the needs of clinical practice, consumers, and the health care delivery system;

•    To explore the opportunity for shared decision making, distributed leadership, and team-based care, amongst other interprofessional education (IPE) and practice innovations, to fundamentally change health professions curriculums, pedagogy, culture, human resources, and assessment and evaluation metrics; and

•    To discuss how innovations in IPE will impact patient and population health as identified through the “triple aim” of better health, higher quality, and lower cost.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×

DAY 1: AUGUST 29, 2012

9:00 a.m.   Welcome and Introductions
Scott Reeves, Workshop Planning Committee Co-Chair
Lucinda Maine, Workshop Planning Committee Co-Chair
 
9:15 a.m.   Why Focus on IPE as a Key Health Professions Education Innovation?
Objective: To frame the importance of better alignment between health professions education and the needs for better health, better care, and lower costs.
George Thibault, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation
Q & A
 
10:00 a.m.  

Panel Discussion: Making the Case for the Integration of Practice Redesign and Education Reform
Objectives: To offer a variety of perspectives about how health professions education for shared decision making, distributed leadership, and team-based care can improve health delivery systems’ positive impact on individual and population health outcomes; and to examine to what extent health professional education is currently meeting these kinds of practice needs.
Moderator: Matt Wynia, Institute for Ethics, American Medical Association
Panelists:

•    Interprofessional practice: Craig Jones, Vermont Blueprint for Health

•    Education reform: Barbara Brandt, University of Minnesota Academic Health Center

•    Student: Sandeep Kishore, Young Professionals Chronic Disease Working Group

Respondents:

•    Patient perspective: Rosemary Gibson, Author, Wall of Silence, Archives of Internal Medicine

•    Employer perspective: Paul Grundy, IBM Healthcare Transformation

Q & A

 
12:00 p.m.   LUNCH
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
1:00 p.m.   White Paper Presentation
Objective: To lay the foundation for the small-group discussions around actualizing educational reform relevant to practice in the five areas for innovation—curriculum, pedagogy, metrics, culture, and resources—using elements of the triple aim as the outcome focus.
Lucinda Maine, Co-Chair
Q & A
 
2:00 p.m.   Small-Group Breakout Sessions Instructions
Lucinda Maine, Co-Chair
 
   

Using an appreciative inquiry approach, address the following questions:

•    What are the strengths and opportunities in using IPE to improve practice through better health, better care, better access, or lower costs?

•    Using curricular redesign, pedagogical innovation, culture, metrics, and human resources, how do we drive IPE competencies (and beyond?) toward the outcomes captured in the triple aims (better health, higher quality, lower cost)?

Additional guidance:

•    Could discuss these IPE questions focusing on any educational stage along the learning continuum from undergraduate/prelicensure to continuing education.

•    Can consider non-professionals insofar as professionals learn to interact with non-professionals as part of the team as well as other professionals.

•    Provide specific examples of places where IPE educational innovations in the five areas are designed to impact health, care, access, or costs.

 
2:30 p.m.   Break into Small Groups
Objectives: To explore opportunities for improving health, care, access, or lower costs through the use of IPE in the areas of curricular innovations, pedagogic innovations, cultural elements, human resources for health, and metrics that positively impact the triple aim; to identify exemplars and best practices that are already applying such innovations; and to identify
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
    gaps where IPE could be used to achieve better health, care, or access or lower costs, but where it is not yet being applied, and brainstorm strategies for promoting implementation in these areas.
 
   

1. Better health

•    Group leader: Pamela Jeffries, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing

     Assistance by Harrison Spencer, Workshop Planning Committee member

2. Better care (higher quality using teamwork and shared decision making)

•    Group leader: Lorna Lynn, American Board of Internal Medicine

     Assistance by Brenda Zierler, Workshop Planning Committee member

3. Enhanced access (enhanced access to education of patients/populations as learners and educators of team-based, collaborative care)

•    Group leader: Sally Okun, PatientsLikeMe

     Assistance by Mattie Schmitt, Workshop Planning Committee member

4. Lower cost

•    Group leader: Thomas Feeley, MD Anderson Cancer Center

     Assistance by George Thibault, Workshop Planning Committee member

 
4:00 p.m.   BREAK (reconvene in large group)
 
4:30 p.m.   Debriefing of Small-Group Session
Moderator: Scott Reeves, Co-Chair
 
4:45 p.m.  

Canadian Interprofessional Health Leadership Collaborative
Objective: To provide a case study from the Global Forum’s Canadian Interprofessional Health Leadership Collaborative describing how IPE is being linked to practice.
Linking Health Professions Education to Practice: Canadian Successes and Lessons Learned

•    Sarita Verma, Co-Lead, Canadian Interprofessional Health Leadership Collaborative

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
   

•    Maria Tassone, Co-Lead, Canadian Interprofessional Health Leadership Collaborative

Q & A

 
5:30 p.m.   ADJOURN

DAY 2: AUGUST 30, 2012

8:00 a.m.  

Breakfast and Report by Three Regional Collaboratives in India, Uganda, and South Africa
Moderator: Patrick Kelley, Director of Board on Global Health

•    Sanjay Zodpey, India Collaborative

•    Nelson Sewankambo, Uganda Collaborative

•    Marietjie de Villiers, South Africa Collaborative

Q & A panel discussion

 
9:00 a.m.   Recap of Day 1
Scott Reeves, Co-Chair
 
9:15 a.m.  

Small-Group Report Back
Moderator: Patricia Hinton Walker, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

•    Pamela Jeffries, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing

•    Lorna Lynn, American Board of Internal Medicine

•    Sally Okun, PatientsLikeMe

•    Thomas Feeley, MD Anderson Cancer Center

Q & A panel discussion with small-group leaders

 
10:00 a.m.   BREAK
 
10:15 a.m.  

Reflection Panel
Objectives: To reflect on the Day 1 discussions in an effort to identify principles of effective IPE and gaps that inhibit effective IPE, and to provide insight from different perspectives on how to better link health professional education with practice moving forward, including what currently is working to further this goal and what the priority areas for investment might be.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
   

Moderator: Brenda Zierler, University of Washington

•    Patient perspective: Brigid Vaughan

•    Employer of health workers: Marilyn Chow, Kaiser Permanente

•    Philanthropy: Gillian Barclay, Aetna Foundation

•    Population health: John Finnegan, University of Minnesota

Q & A panel discussion

 
11:45 a.m.   Closing Address
Social accountability in medical education: An Australian rural and remote perspective
Paul Worley, Dean of the School of Medicine at Flinders University, Australia
 
12:15 p.m.  

Summative Comments and the Way Forward
Moderator: Scott Reeves, Co-Chair

•    Maryjoan Ladden, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Forum member

•    Jan De Maeseneer, Workshop II planning committee member

•    Mattie Schmitt, Workshop I and II planning committee member

Open forum discussion

 
1:00 p.m.   LUNCH/ADJOURN
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×

Workshop II: Interprofessional Education for Collaboration:
Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional
Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice

November 29–30, 2012

The Keck Center of The National Academies
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
Room 100

Workshop Objectives:

•    To derive principles and lessons learned from sustained and exemplar IPE models across the continuum of education;

•    To identify and examine academic/practice partnerships that demonstrate purposeful modeling to advance team-based education and collaborative practice; and

•    To learn from IPE exemplars across the education/practice continuum that link to better health, higher quality, and improved value for individuals and populations.

DAY 1: NOVEMBER 29, 2012

8:00 a.m.   Breakfast
 
8:30 a.m.  

Welcome and Introductions
Introduction by Afaf Meleis, IHPE Global Forum Co-Chair

•    Lucinda Maine, Workshop II Co-Chair

•    Scott Reeves, Workshop II Co-Chair

 
8:40 a.m.  

Opening Address
Introduction by Jordan Cohen, IHPE Global Forum Co-Chair

•    Samuel Thier, Professor Emeritus, Health Care Policy and Medicine, Harvard Medical School

 
9:10 a.m.  

New National Coordinating Center (NCC) for IPE and IPP-University of Minnesota

•    Barbara Brandt, NCC Director

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
9:35 a.m.  

IPE as an Educational Innovation: Overview of Principles and Lessons Learned
Objectives: To derive principles and lessons learned about initiation and sustainability of IPE and how IPE success is measured.
Moderator: Hugh Barr, President of the U.K. Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE)

•    University of Colorado

image   Mark Earnest, Director, Interprofessional Education

•    Curtin University, Perth, Australia

image   Dawn Forman, Professor of Interprofessional Education and Clinical Director (via video conference)

•    Linköping University, Sweden

image   Margaretha Wilhelmsson, Vice Director of Study, Faculty of Health Science

 
10:45 a.m.   BREAK
 
11:15 a.m.  

IPE as an Educational Innovation: Principles and Lessons Learned for Linking IPE to Educational and Practice Outcomes
Objectives: To learn from IPE exemplars that strive to link to better health, higher quality, and improved value for individuals and populations and how IPE success is measured.
Moderator: John Tegzes, Director of IPE, Western University of Health Sciences

•    Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region, Department of Pharmacy

image   Dennis Helling, Executive Director, Pharmacy Operations & Therapeutics

•    University of Missouri

image   Carla Dyer, Faculty Lead on IPE

•    Ghent University, Belgium

image   Jan De Maeseneer, Head, Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care

•    Thomas Jefferson University

image   Elizabeth Speakman, Co-Director, Jefferson Interprofessional Education Center

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
12:30 p.m.   LUNCH
 
1:15 p.m.  

Student Session: Learning from the Learners
Objective: To gain a better understanding of how students view IPE and what aspects of IPE/IPP do or do not resonate with them as learners.
What is it like to go through an IPE curriculum?
What is your perspective on IPE—what resonates and what does not?
Moderator: Mohammed Ali, Assistant Professor at Emory’s Hubert Department of Global Health and member of the Young Professionals Chronic Disease Network (YP-CDN)

•    Student 1: Erin Abu-Rish, Multidisciplinary Predoctoral Clinical Research Training Program Trainee, University of Washington School of Nursing

•    Student 2: Edward Thomas Lewis, Resident Physician, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina

•    Student 3: Jenny Wong, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota

•    Student 4: Angella Namwase, 2nd Year Bachelor of Nursing Student, Makerere University (via video conference)

Q & A panel discussion

 
2:15 p.m.   Move to Small-Group Room Assignment
 
2:25 p.m.   Small-Group Breakouts
Objective: To further examine dimensions of successful relationships between education and practice across the interprofessional education continuum.
Group 1: What are the local, institutional, and national factors driving the initiation of collaborative partnerships between interprofessional education and practice?
Leader: Warren Newton, Vice Dean of Education for University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Family Medicine
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
    Group 2: What makes collaboration between education and practice for IPE successful and sustainable (support your conclusions with exemplars across the continuum of education from classroom to practice)?
 
    Leader: Donna Meyer, President, National Organization for Associate Degree Nursing
 
    Group 3: How should the outcomes of interprofessional education be measured/assessed assuming the ultimate goal is better health, higher quality, and improved value for individual patients and populations?
Leader: Eric Holmboe, Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President, American Board of Internal Medicine
 
    Group 4: How does one get buy-in from leadership when initiating or sustaining IPE/IPP (including linking education and practice from either perspective)?
Leader: Hugh Barr, President of the U.K. Centre for the Advancement of Interprofessional Education (CAIPE)
 
4:00 p.m.   Return to Main Room
 
4:15 p.m.   Debriefing with entire group (discuss general issues that arose during the small-group sessions)
Moderator: Lucinda Maine, Workshop II Co-Chair
 
4:40 p.m.  

Canadian Collaborative

•    Collaborative Representatives: Sarita Verma and Maria Tassone, Co-Leads

 
5:00 p.m.   ADJOURN

DAY 2: NOVEMBER 30, 2012

8:00 a.m.  

Breakfast and Report by Two Country Collaboratives
Moderator: Patrick Kelley, IOM Director, Board on Global Health

•    Rose Nabirye, Makerere University, Uganda

•    Stefanus Snyman, Stellenbosch University, South Africa

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
9:00 a.m.  

Leaders of the Small Groups Report Back
Moderator: Geraldine Polly Bednash, American Association of Colleges of Nursing

•    Q & A panel discussion with small-group leaders

 
9:30 a.m.   BREAK
 
9:50 a.m.  

Practice Session: Integrating Students into Interprofessional Practice
Objective: To identify opportunities and challenges for student placements and projects in team-based models.
How might academia and practice work together to create viable models for placing students across the educational continuum in high-functioning, interprofessional teams?
Moderator: Malcolm Cox, Chief Academic Affiliations Officer, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

•    David Collier, Director, Pediatric Healthy Weight Research and Treatment Center, Department of Pediatrics, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

•    Steven Chen, Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy serving in University of Southern California (USC) safety-net clinics

 
10:50 a.m.   “STRETCH YOUR LEGS” BREAK
 
11:00 a.m.  

Learning from “Exemplar” Academic/Practice Partnerships
Objective: To identify and examine academic/practice partnerships that demonstrate purposeful modeling to advance team-based education and collaborative practice.
Moderator: Lisa Lehmann, Director, Center for Bioethics, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Associate Professor of Medicine and Medical Ethics, Harvard Medical School

•    Kathryn Rugen, Nurse Consultant, Veterans Affairs Centers of Excellence in Primary Care Education

•    Valentina Brashers, Professor of Nursing and Attending Physician in Internal Medicine, University of Virginia

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
12:00 p.m.  

Keynote
Introduction by Harrison Spencer, Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health

•    James Lloyd Michener, Professor and Chair of the Department of Community and Family Medicine, Duke University Medical Center

 
12:30 p.m.  

Summary and Assessment

•    Martha Gaines, Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Experiential Learning; Director of Center for Patient Partnership, University of Wisconsin

 
1:00 p.m.   LUNCH/ADJOURN
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 97
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 98
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 99
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 100
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 101
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 102
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 103
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 104
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 105
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 106
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 107
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Workshop Agendas." Institute of Medicine. 2013. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13486.
×
Page 108
Next: Appendix B: Speaker Biographies »
Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice: Workshop Summary Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $45.00 Buy Ebook | $35.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Every year, the Global Forum undertakes two workshops whose topics are selected by the more than 55 members of the Forum. It was decided in this first year of the Forum's existence that the workshops should lay the foundation for future work of the Forum and the topic that could best provide this base of understanding was "interprofessional education." The first workshop took place August 29-30, 2012, and the second was on November 29-30, 2012. Both workshops focused on linkages between interprofessional education (IPE) and collaborative practice. The difference between them was that Workshop 1 set the stage for defining and understanding IPE while Workshop 2 brought in speakers from around the world to provide living histories of their experience working in and between interprofessional education and interprofessional or collaborative practice.

A committee of health professional education experts planned, organized, and conducted a 2-day, interactive public workshop exploring issues related to innovations in health professions education (HPE). The committee involved educators and other innovators of curriculum development and pedagogy and will be drawn from at least four health disciplines. The workshop followed a high-level framework and established an orientation for the future work of the Global Forum on Innovations in Health Professional Education. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning How to Improve Health from Interprofessional Models Across the Continuum of Education to Practice summarizes the presentations and small group discussions that focused on innovations in five areas of HPE:

1. Curricular innovations - Concentrates on what is being taught to health professions' learners to meet evolving domestic and international needs;

2. Pedagogic innovations - Looks at how the information can be better taught to students and WHERE education can takes place;

3. Cultural elements - Addresses who is being taught by whom as a means of enhancing the effectiveness of the design, development and implementation of interprofessional HPE;

4. Human resources for health - Focuses on how capacity can be innovatively expanded to better ensure an adequate supply and mix of educated health workers based on local needs; and

5. Metrics - Addresses how one measures whether learner assessment and evaluation of educational impact and care delivery systems influence individual and population health.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!