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Appendix B
Glossary
Agent: factor whose presence (or absence) is necessary for the occurrence
of a disease.
Carrier: individual who harbors a specific infectious agent without visible
symptoms of the disease. In the case of violence, a carrier can transmit
violence without directly committing an act of violence.
Cluster: aggregation of cases of a disease that are closely grouped in time
and place. Frequently the expected number of cases is not known.
Contagion: transmission of a disease from one individual to another
through direct contact or indirect exposure.
Disease: condition in which the functioning of the body or a part of the
body is interfered with or damaged. Usually the body will show some signs
and symptoms of the interference with or damaged functioning and exhibit
adverse health outcomes. A disease, such as violence, can be either acute
or chronic.
Infectious disease: disease that is caused by the invasion of a host by
agents and can be transmitted to other individuals.
Epidemic: occurrence of cases of a disease in a community or region that is
in excess of the number of cases normally expected for that disease in that
area at that time.
Exposure: instance of being subjected to an action or influence.
Dose exposure: refers to the amount of exposure, which can be along
spectrum of acute to chronic.
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APPENDIX B 155
Host: individual in which a disease lives.
Immunity: resistance to infection; in the case of violence, an individual’s
level of immunity is frequently increased through exposure to protective
factors and decreased through exposure to risk factors.
Incubation: period of inapparent infection following disease exposure and
ending with the onset of symptoms of apparent infection. In the case of
violence, the incubation period varies widely; individuals can be exposed
to violence, but not exhibit any violent behavior until a significant period
of time has lapsed.
Infection: entry and development of an infectious agent in the body. An
infection can be either apparent (showing outward symptoms of illness) or
unapparent (showing no outward symptoms of illness).
Interruption: prevention of disease transmission.
Latency: time period between infection and infectivity to others.
Mediators and cofactor: either a risk or protective factor that affects the
transmission or prevention and interruption of a disease.
Protective factor: aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental
exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that is associated with a
decreased occurrence of disease.
Risk factor: aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental ex-
posure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that is associated with an
increased occurrence of disease.
Spread: movement of an infectious disease from a vector to a host. In the
case of violence, one type of violence can spread virally to multiple cases of
the same type of violence, such as suicide clusters. Violence also can spread
through a spillover effect, with one type of violence spreading to other
types; for example, child abuse can lead to later occurrences of intimate
partner violence.
Susceptibility: level of immunity or resistance to a disease. Susceptibility
varies depending on mediators and cofactors such as time, context, and
biological circumstances.
Transmission: any mechanism by which an infectious disease is spread
from a source to an individual. Violence can be transmitted horizontally,
from individual to individual, and vertically, through intergenerational
transmission.
Vector: carrier that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another.
