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Twenty-first Interim Report of the Committee on
Acute Exposure Guideline Levels: Part A
Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
Committee on Toxicology
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council,
whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and
the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by Contract No. W81K04-11-D-0017 between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S.
Department of Defense. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the
authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
This report is available online from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu.
Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in
scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general
welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a
parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing
with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent
members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community
of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the
National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON ACUTE EXPOSURE GUIDELINE LEVELS
Members
DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Inhalation Toxicology Associates, Savannah, GA
DEEPAK BHALLA, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
LUNG CHI CHEN, New York University, Tuxedo
KATHLEEN GABRIELSON, Johns Hopkins University, MD
GUNNAR JOHANSON, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
MARGARET MACDONELL, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL
DAVID A. MACYS, U.S. Department of the Navy (retired), Oak Harbor, WA
MARIA MORANDI, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
LEENA NYLANDER-FRENCH, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
FRANZ OESCH, University of Mainz (retired), Mainz, Germany
GEORGE C. RODGERS, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
NU-MAY RUBY REED, California Environmental Protection Agency (retired), Sacramento
ROBERT SNYDER, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
FRANK SPEIZER, Harvard University, Boston, MA
KENNETH STILL, Portland State University, Portland, OR
Staff
SUSAN MARTEL, Project Director
TAMARA DAWSON, Program Associate
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager, Technical Information Center
RADIAH ROSE, Manager, Editorial Projects
Sponsors
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
v
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COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
Members
GARY P. CARLSON (Chair), Purdue University (retired), West Lafayette, IN
LAWRENCE S. BETTS, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk
DEEPAK K. BHALLA, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry,
Rochester, NY
MARY E. DAVIS, West Virginia University, Morgantown
DAVID C. DORMAN, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
MARION F. EHRICH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
JOYCE S. TSUJI, Exponent, Inc., Bellevue, WA
Staff
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager, Technical Information Center
RADIAH ROSE, Manager, Editorial Projects
TAMARA DAWSON, Program Associate
vi
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BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY1
Members
ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair), Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
PRAVEEN AMAR, Clean Air Task Force, Boston, MA
MICHAEL J. BRADLEY, M.J. Bradley & Associates, Concord, MA
JONATHAN Z. CANNON, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
GAIL CHARNLEY, HealthRisk Strategies, Washington, DC
FRANK W. DAVIS, University of California, Santa Barbara
RICHARD A. DENISON, Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, DC
CHARLES T. DRISCOLL, JR., Syracuse University, New York
H. CHRISTOPHER FREY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
RICHARD M. GOLD, Holland & Knight, LLP, Washington, DC
LYNN R. GOLDMAN, George Washington University, Washington, DC
LINDA E. GREER, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC
WILLIAM E. HALPERIN, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark
PHILIP K. HOPKE, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
HOWARD HU, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
SAMUEL KACEW, University of Ottawa, Ontario
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University, Worcester, MA
THOMAS E. MCKONE, University of California, Berkeley
TERRY L. MEDLEY, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, DE
JANA MILFORD, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder
FRANK O’DONNELL, Clean Air Watch, Washington, DC
RICHARD L. POIROT, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation, Waterbury
KATHRYN G. SESSIONS, Health and Environmental Funders Network, Bethesda, MD
JOYCE S. TSUJI, Exponent Environmental Group, Bellevue, WA
Senior Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Scholar
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Officer for Environmental Studies
ELLEN K. MANTUS, Senior Program Officer for Risk Analysis
SUSAN N.J. MARTEL, Senior Program Officer for Toxicology
EILEEN N. ABT, Senior Program Officer
MIRSADA KARALIC-LONCAREVIC, Manager, Technical Information Center
RADIAH ROSE, Manager, Editorial Projects
1
This study was planned, overseen, and supported by the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.
vii
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Preface
Extremely hazardous substances (EHSs)2 can be released accidentally as a result of chemical
spills, industrial explosions, fires, or accidents involving railroad cars or trucks transporting EHSs, or they
can be released intentionally through terrorist activities. These substances can also be released by
improper storage or handling. Workers and residents in communities surrounding industrial facilities
where EHSs are manufactured, used, or stored and in communities along the nation’s railways and
highways are potentially at risk of being exposed to airborne EHSs during accidental or intentional
releases. Pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has identified approximately 400 EHSs on the basis of acute
lethality data in rodents.
As part of its efforts to develop acute exposure guideline levels for EHSs, EPA and the Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) in 1991 requested that the National Research
Council (NRC) develop guidelines for establishing such levels. In response to that request, the NRC
published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances
in 1993. Subsequently, Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
for Hazardous Substances was published in 2001. It provided updated procedures, methods, and other
guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for
Hazardous Substances and the NRC Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) in
considering acute adverse health effects to develop AEGL values.
Using the 1993 and 2001 NRC guideline reports, the NAC—consisting of members from EPA,
the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Energy (DOE), the Department of Transportation
(DOT), other federal and state governments, the chemical industry, academia, and other organizations
from the private sector—has developed AEGLs for approximately 270 EHSs.
In 1998, EPA and DOD requested that the NRC independently review the AEGLs developed by
NAC. In response to that request, the NRC organized within its Committee on Toxicology the Committee
on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels, which prepared this report.
At its meetings, the committee hears presentations from EPA staff and its contractor, SRC, Inc.,
on draft AEGL documents. The committee provides comments and recommendations on those documents
in its interim reports, and EPA and SRC, Inc., use those comments to make revisions. The revised
documents are presented by SRC, Inc., to the committee at subsequent meetings until the committee
concurs with the final draft documents. The revised documents are then published as appendixes in the
committee’s reports.
The present report is the committee’s twenty-first interim report (Part A). It summarizes the
committee’s conclusions and recommendations for improving AEGL documents for the following
chemicals and chemical classes: acrylonitrile, allyl alcohol, epichlorohydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin,
ethylphosphorodichloridate, hexane, ketene, lewisite, mercaptans, methanesulfonyl chloride, methyl
isothiocyanate, monoisocyanates, nitric acid, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, tear gas, titanium tetrachloride,
trimehtylacetyl chloride, and vinyl acetate monomer.
2
As defined pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986.
ix
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This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives
and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC Report Review Committee.
The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the
institution in making its published report as sound as possible and ensuring that the report meets
institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review
comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We
wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: A. Wallace Hayes (Harvard School
of Public Health), Rogene Henderson (Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute [retired]), and Sam Kacew
(University of Ottawa). Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments
and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the
final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by Robert Goyer
(University of Western Ontario [retired]). Appointed by the NRC, he was responsible for making certain
that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures
and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report
rests entirely with the author committee and the NRC.
The committee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following
individuals: Iris Camacho and Ernest Falke (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), and Heather
Carlson-Lynch, Gary Diamond, Lisa Ingerman, and Julie Klotzbach (SRC, Inc.).
The committee acknowledges Susan Martel, project director, for her work in this project. Other
staff members who contributed to this effort are James Reisa, (director of the Board on Environmental
Studies and Toxicology), Mirsada Karalic-Loncarevic (manager of the Technical Information Center),
Radiah Rose (manager of editorial projects), and Tamara Dawson (senior program assistant). Finally, we
would like to thank all members of the committee for their expertise and dedicated effort throughout the
development of this report.
Donald E. Gardner, Chair
Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
x
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Contents
BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................................................1
THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE.....................................................................................................2
COMMENTS RELEVANT TO ALL AEGL TSDs ....................................................................................2
ACRYLONITRILE......................................................................................................................................3
ALLYL ALCOHOL ....................................................................................................................................4
EPICHLOROHYDRIN................................................................................................................................5
ETHYL PHOSPHORODICHLORIDATE ..................................................................................................6
ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN (2-CHLOROETHANOL)......................................................................6
HEXANE .....................................................................................................................................................8
KETENE ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
LEWISITE ..................................................................................................................................................10
MERCAPTANS..........................................................................................................................................10
Ethyl mercaptan, 11
Methyl mercaptan, 12
Phenyl mercaptan, 12
METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE .......................................................................................................13
METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE................................................................................................................13
MONOISOCYANATES.............................................................................................................................14
NITRIC ACID ............................................................................................................................................14
3-QUINUCLIDINYL BENZILATE...........................................................................................................14
TEAR GAS .................................................................................................................................................16
xi
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TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE...............................................................................................................17
TRIMETHYLACETYL CHLORIDE.........................................................................................................22
VINYL ACETATE MONOMER ...............................................................................................................22
REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................23
xii
