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OCR for page 233
INDEX
absorption, 70
absorption-adsorption
nonmetabolic' 104
Acari (see mites)
acetylene, microbial destruction,
97-98
acid deposition, aluminum
concentrations, 124
acid precipitation, 9, 84, 128
acidification acceleration,
180
Adirondack Mountains, New
York, 154
adverse effects, 167
agricultural crops, 167
air pollution, 15
aluminum compounds
solubility, 172
amorphous aluminum
hydroxide, 172
aquatic ecosystems, 19,
107-108, 129
causes, 140-149
crop damage, 167
ecological effects, 181
ecosystems, 132, 142
environmental quality
erosion, 133, 136
Europe, 121
fish effects, 99-100, 131
forests, 167, 171
fossil fuel combustion, 140
gibbsite, 172
hydrogen ions retention, 170
kaolinite, 172
lakes, 121
leaching, 179
233
Leeds, England, 17
mercury emissions problems,
157
nitrate runoff, 100
nitric acid, 47
nitrogen cycle, 170
nitrogen oxides, 130
North America, 121
plant processes
tolerance, 116
polyvalent metals, 176
production, 3
receptor ecosystems, 124
Scandinavia, 167
simulated, 168-169
soft-water ecosystems
destruction, 2
soil, 170, 173
sources, 142
terrestrial ecosystems,
19, 105, 129-130
watersheds, 129
(see also precipitation;
rain)
acid rain (see acid precipita-
tion)
acid soil (see soil)
acidification, 100
ammonification, 161
anthropogenic, 180
aquatic microbial
communities' 164
atmospheric depositions, 120
chlorophyte domination, 161
detrimental effects, 179
ecosystems, 149, 179-180
experimental, 100
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234
fresh waters, 100
freshwater streams, 121
fulvic acid stability
reduction, 176
ground waters, 121
indicator, 129
lakes, 100, 164
lead, 176
microbial denitrification,
161
minerals, 151
natural, 180
nickel, 176
Vitrification, 161
North America, 153
organisms, 161
pH levels effects, 176
polluted humus, 176
process, 148
rate, 100
Scandinavia, 153
soil, 120, 172, 176, 179
sulfur deposition, 100
vanadium, 176
zinc, 176
acidity, lakes, 102, 147, 149
acute toxicants (see toxicants)
Adirondack Mountains, New York
acid rain, 154
fish kills, 164
nitrate concentrations, 100
pH declines in lakes, 152
adsorption, 70
toxic compounds, 131
aerosols, 88
atmospheric processes, 41
droplets, 64
gas-to-particle conversion,
65
hydroscopic, 72
outer plant surfaces
reaction, 90
oxidation, 66
primary, 35
residence times, 74
secondary, 35
urban, 101
water surface film trapment,
88-91
Africa
DOT transport, 59
eolian transport, 15
agricultural burning
anthropogenic emissions, 54
particulate organic
fluxes, 56
agricultural crops
acid rain, 167
agricultural research, 22
air (see atmosphere)
air pollution
acid rain, 1 5
coal combustion, 20
corrosion, 20
cycle linkages, 131
health effects, 20
human health, 20
international trans-
boundary, 19
lichens, 20
Manchester, England, 20
smokestacks, 20
vegetation, 20
(see also pollutants;
pollution)
air quality
environmental effects, 30
gaseous reactive hydro-
carbons, 54
urban areas, 54
wood burning effects, 30
air-sea interface, mercury, 28
air-water interface, 101, 131
aquatic ecosystems, 87
alcohols, 65
aldehydes, 65
diesel vehicle exhaust, 56
gasoline-alcohol fuels, 56
alfisols, 172
algae, 101, 161
ammonium, 91
carbon dioxide, 91
green, 113
heavy metals, 113
nitrate, 91
sulfate content, 91, 111
Zygnema, 161
Zygogonium, 161
algal fixation in Lake Erie, 25
aliphatics, 96
alkanes transformations, 96
alkylamines, microbial activity,
24
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235
aluminum, 157
acid rain, 172
amorphous hydroxide, 172
concentrations, 124
hydrogen ion solubility
effects, 108-111
in fish, 164
in sediments, 161
leaching, 173
oxides mobilization, 176
poisoning of brook trout,
103-104
surface water, 124
toxic concentrations, 167
toxicity, 111, 120
amelioration, 181-182
amines, 65
formation, 24
soils, 24
ammonia
animal manure, 24
atmosphere, 24
concentrations isopleths,
150
deposition flux, 70
gaseous ammonia, 84, 120
mean annual concentrations in
precipitation, 150
microbial action, 24
microbial oxidation, 23
Vitrification, 149
sheep urine, 24
ammonia carbonate, 15
ammonification
acidification, 161
soil, 179
ammonium, in algae and aquatic
plants, 91
ammonium sulfate aerosols, 120
amoebae, 101
amorphous aluminum hydroxide
acid rain, 172
Anacapa Island, California
brown pelican populations,
117
anaerobic environments
metallic sulfides, 120
anaerobic habitats
volatile sulfides, 120
· ~
anaeroblosls
denitrification, 23
animal manure
ammonia, 24
decomposition, 26
animal phyla
protein, 114
animals
biological consequences, 126
cadmium-lead synergism, 111
gaseous emissions effects,
105
metals synergism effects,
111
teratogenicity, 111
toxic substance deposition,
104
trace metals content, 104
anoxic environments recycling, 93
anoxic hypolimnia,
denitrification, 25
anoxic sediments, 132
antagonisms, atmospheric
pollutants, 108, 124
Antarctic, ice sheets, 2
anthropogenic emissions, 91
agricultural burning, 54
atmospheric nitrous
hydrocarbons, 124
atmospheric nitrous
oxides, 124
fossil fuels pollution, 1
gaseous organics, 54
global, 47, 54
nitrogen oxides, 47
organic carbon particles, 54
organic compounds, 54
particulate organic carbon,
54
anticyclonic conditions
Europe, 60
North America, 60
antimony
metals flux, 50
trace metals, 28
APEX (see Atmospheric
Precipitation Experiment)
aquatic ecosystems, 108-114
accumulation, 88-93
acidification, 164
acid rain, 19, 107-108, 129
air-water interface, 87
ammonia content, 93-94
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236
atmospheric deposition,
99-100
degradation in Belgium, 3
Desulfovibrio, 27
dimethyl sulfide, 93
ethylene, 97
eutrophic, 91
flux rates, 94
freshwater plankton, calcium
content, 111
historical records, 95
hydrogen sulfide content,
93-94
litter decomposition, 95
methylated metals content,
93-94
microbial communities, 164
molecular nitrogen content,
93-94
nitrogen, 25
nitrous oxide content, 93-94
pollutants, 94
pollution dispersion, 91
poorly buffered, 149
recovery, 100
sediment-to-water partition,
94
surface film, 101
transfers, 99-100
aquatic food chain
mercury concentration, 103
zinc concentration, 103
aquatic fungi acid tolerance, 95
aquatic organisms
bottom-living, 94
in acidified lakes, 164
mercury retention, 113-114
metallothionein synthesis,
113, 114
pollution ingestion, 94
toxic metals resistance, 114
(see also aquatic plants)
aquatic plankton, 128
aquatic plants
ammonium, 91
carbon dioxide, 91
nitrate, 91
nitrogen requirements, 101
sulfate, 91
(see also aquatic organisms)
atmosphere
aquatic sediments
accumulation, 93-95
historical records, 95
long-term sinks, 93
aquatic systems mercury content,
28
aqueous solubility, 124
aqueous-lipid partitioning, 124
Arctic icecap chemical
deposition, 136
arctic lake, methane discharge,
91
aromatic hydrocarbon, 66
aromatic molecules
transformations, 96
aromatics' 65
arsenic, 4, 103
biological cycle, 31
livestock poisoning, 18
metals flux, 50
plant surface entry, 88
toxicity, 113
trace metals, 28
Asellus aquaticus
low-water hardness
tolerance, 112
ash in acid rain, 17
Astacus astacus, 161, 164
Atlantic Ocean
carbonyl sulfide in air, 27
eolian transport, 15
above Lake Michigan, 133
ammonia, 24
ammonia carbonate, 15
anthropogenic constituents,
56
anthropogenic emission, 35
biogenic emissions, 22
carbon dioxide, 2, 91
carcinogens, 121
chemical equilibrium, 62-63
chemical reactivity, 72
denitrification, 176
deposition processes, 74
deposits, 99
discharge, 2
disequilibrium, 62
elements mobilization, 51
fossil fuel burning, 50
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7
/
gaseous organzas
photooxidation, 65
gaseous pollutants, 105
heterogeneous processes, 66
human alterations, 13-19
hydrocarbons emissions, 32
interfaces, 122
mercury content, 107
mercury removal, 77
metabolic by-products, 27
metals, 28
methane, 64
mutagens, 121
organic compounds, 96
organic pollutants
removal, 57
organochlorines, 59
overview, 1
oxidation reactions, 62-63
oxygen, 60
particles, 72
plumes, 60
pollutants, 36, 58, 107
radionuclides, 117
radon, 59
rain, 77
removal processes, 72
resorb and recycle
materials, 93
selenium, 29
smelter emissions, 57
substances residence times,
74-84
sulfur content, 42, 70
sulfuric acid, 15
teratogens, 121
toxic heavy metals
fallout, 121
toxic substances, 77
trace organic pollutants,
107
volatile components, 95
atmosphere-biospbere
interaction, 36, 120
deposition processes, 57-86
global exchanges, 101
historical overview, 9-13
reactivity, 59
solubility, 59
synergistic relationships,
59
transformation, 57-86
transport, 57-86
atmosphere-biosphere system, 123
atmosphere-water interaction, 101
atmosphere-water interface, 74
atmospheric constituents
residence times, 57
atmospheric contaminants
biological accumulation,
87-119
deposition, 60
terrestrial ecosystems, 87
atmospheric deposition, 77-84,
101
acidification, 120
biological effects
prediction, 122
ecological effects, 77
freshwater ecosystems, 131
terrestrial ecosystem, 131
atmospheric emissions
fossil fuel burning, 38-56
natural biomass
burning, 30-32
trace metals, 50
(see also atmospheric
pollutants; atmospheric
pollution)
atmospheric haze, 15
atmospheric hydrocarbons
fluorine, 130
sulfur dioxide, 130
trace metals, 130
atmospheric nitrous hydrocarbons,
124
atmospheric nitrous oxides, 124
atmospheric particulates
formation, 14
atmospheric pollutants
carbon dioxide, 120
ecosystems, 130
global distribution, 1
lichens, 130
mosses, 130
nitrogen oxides, 120
atmospheric pollution
bogs, 180
forecasting, 7
monitoring, 7
atmospheric precipitation, 12
acid content, 84
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238
chemistry, 19
Atmospheric Precipitation
Experiment, 85
atmospheric processes, 59
aerosols, 41
photochemical reactions, 41
atmospheric substances,
anthropogenic sources, 35-56
atmospheric sulfur (see sulfur)
atmospheric temperature
variation, 59
atmospheric transport, 85, 126,
131-132
Australia, ammonia flux, 24 biosphere
automobiles (see vehicles
exhaust)
autotrophic nitrifying bacteria,
23
bacteria, 94, 101
acid tolerance, 95
(see also soils)
barium, fossil fuel
mobilization, 50
toxicity, 113
trace metals, 28
Barrow, Alaska
atmospheric sulfate, 137
atmospheric vanadium, 137
baseline monitoring, 136 biota
beech
Fagus sylvatica, 173
beetles, 94
Belgium, aquatic ecosystems
degradation, 3
benthic crustacea, 161
Gammarus lacustris, 128
benthic organisms, heavy metals
toxicity, 111
benzota~pyrene, antbropogenic
sources, 131, 54
beryllium, trace metals, 28
bicarbonate solution, titration,
148
bioassay methodologies, 132
bioconcentration, 128
bioexcluded toxic elements, 103
biogenic emissions in atmosphere,
22
biogeochemical cycling,
ecological effects, 126
biogeochemical reservoirs, global
interactions, 123
biological methylation, 28
biological nitrogen fixation,
ecosystems, 22
biology, 8
biomagnification, 128-129, 131
biomagnification-food chain
relationship, 103, 125
biomass burning
emission composition, 32
nitrogen oxides emissions,
47
acid effects, 149-181
atmospheric contaminants
accumulation, 74
chemical elements
behavior, 124
degradation, 136
deposition processes, 74
fossil fuels, 2
human health effects, 47
interfaces, 122
nitrogen oxides emissions
effects, 47
overview, 1
pollutants, 107
reduction reactions, 63-64
acids production, 179
ecology, 8, 101
physiological parameters,
103
survival, 121
temperature dependence, 104
bioturbation, 94
birds, selenium concentration,
113-114
bismuth
metals flux, 50
trace metals, 28
blood chemistry, copper
toxicity, 107
blood-brain barrier, 114
blue-green algae, 25
heavy metal toxicity, 111
bog moss, Sphagnum, 149, 180
bogs
sediments, methane
generation, 32
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239
sulfuric acid generation,
152
waters, 149, 152
bone
metabolization, 103
boron, trace metals, 28
Boston-Washington corridor,
nitrogen oxide emissions, 41
Brachinecta paludosa, 164
bracken fern, gametophyte
fertilization, 167
Britain (see Great Britain)
British Isles (see Great Britain)
brook trout
aluminum poisoning, 103-104
hydrogen ions, 104
brown pelicans, 117
bryophytes
liverworts, 128
mosses, 128
stresses, 130
sulfur dioxide damage, 105
trace metals, 128
urban areas, 128
cadmium, 111, 173
concentrations in fishes, 3
detergents mixture, 113
Greenland glaciers, 136
in animals, 111
in Lake Michigan, 4, 5
in sediments, 161
in Swedish rain, 173
lakes, 157
lead synergism, 111
metals flux, 50
organism exposure, 113
Pimephales ~romelas, 114
streams, 157
synergistic interactions,
108
toxic concentrations, 107
toxicity, 113-114
trace metals, 28
worldwide emissions flux, 50
calcicoles, 170
calcifuges, 170
Calcite Saturation Index, 181
calcium, 103
aluminum uptake, 111 carcinogens
Canada
aquatic freshwater plankton,
111
as an ameliorative, 111
in Swedish lakes, 155
lake sediments, 100
leaching, 173
low pH, 111
nutrient elements, 120
requirements, 101
ammonia concentrations, 150
aquatic ecosystems
degradation, 3
Arctic tundra, 130
ecosystem acidification, 149
environmental quality
erosion, 136
precipitation pH, 81
satellite plume
observations, 61
sulfur dioxide damage, 105
Canadian Department of Fisheries
& Oceans, 182
Canadian Network for Sampling
Precipitation, 81, 150
carbon, 91
bioconcentration, plants,
101
particulate organic, 54
carbon dioxide
algae, 91
aquatic plants, 91
atmosphere, 2, 91
atmospheric pollutants, 120
global atmosphere, 13
pollutant, 4
carbon disulfide, 26
conversion, 98-99
carbon monoxide
atmospheric source, 66
plants reaction, 88
soils interaction, 97
carbonates, weathered, 172
carbonyl sulfide, 26, 98, 99
carbonyls, 65
carboxylic acids
formation, 66
hydrocarbon pbotooxidation,
66
atmosphere, 121
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240
compounds, 131
micropollutants, 4
Caribbean
DOT transport, 59
carnivores, 131
carnivorous fish
bioconcentration, 104
mercury concentrations, 104
Catastomas commersoni, 119
catfish, PCB concentrations, 107
cation exchange
neutral salts, 172
cement industry
production, 56
production of heavy metals,
132
trace metals, 56
trace metals fluxes, 50
volatile oxides emissions,
53
cereal crops
dry deposition resistance,
75
cesium
residence times, 128
Chaoborus larvae, 167
charcoals
concentration, 134
Lake Michigan, 134
strata deposits, 133
chelate metals, 113
chemical reactivity in
atmosphere, 72
chemicals, biodegraded, 96
China
fossil fuel consumption, 38 coal
nuclear device detonation,
59
Chinook salmon, PCB
concentrations, 107
chironomids, in acidified lake
sediments, 167
Chlorella, heavy metals
concentrations, 114
chlorides
in acid rain, 17
systematic studies, 12
chlorinated aromatics, 96
chlorinated hydrocarbons, 14
pollutant resistance, 114
chlorophytes, 161
chromium, 173
in Swedish rain, 173
toxicity, 113
trace metals, 28
chrysophyceans, 161
Chrysophyta, 128
silicon concentration, 101
Cladonia, 128
clays
minerals in soils, 99
nonmetabolic absorption -
adsorption, 104
climate
changes, 2
ecosystems, 143
oscillations, 122
warming, 14
clouds
coal
condensation nuclei, 70
pollutants, 77
gasification, 54, 56
particulate organic carbon
fluxes, 56
phenols, 56
toxic metals enrichment, 35
U.S. reserves, 38
coal combustion
air pollution, 20
nitrogen oxides linkage,
119-120
processes, 132
products, 124
sulfur oxides linkage,
119-120
consumption
commercial heating, 38
electric utilities, 38, 40
oven coke production, 38
railroads, 38, 40
residential heating, 38
United States, 40
coastal bays
DOT toxicity, 115
halogenated hydrocarbon
toxicity, 115
coastal environments
heavy metals, 131
pollutants, 132
coastal sediments, nitratre
reduction, 26
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241
cobalt
in sediments, 161
soil accumulation' 99
trace metals, 28
cobalt-60
particulate matter
absorption, 93
Coho salmon, PCB concentrations,
107
cold extremes stresses, 130
Collembola, 179
combustion processes, 132
condensed hydrocarbons,
atmospheric visibility, 14
copper, 4
forests, 173
freshwater fish, 107
in sediments, 161
in Sudbury soils, 108
in Swedish rains, 173
organism exposure, 113
Pimephales promelas, 114
rainbow trout exposure, 113
soil accumulation, 99
toxicity, 111, 114
trace metals, 28
worldwide emissions flux, 58
corals, sedimentary record, 132
corixids, 167
corrosion, air pollution, 20
crabs
DOT toxicity, 115
halogenated hydrocarbon
toxicity, 115
crayfish
Astacus astacus, 161, 164
Orconectes virilis, 161, 164
crops
acid rain, 167
field-grown, 169
greenhouse, 168
crustaceans, 128, 161
calcium concentrations, 111
Daphnia, 164
hydrogen ions sensitivity,
111
larvae, 101
pH tolerances, 163
planktonic, 164
pollutant ingestion, 94
cyanophytes, 161
cycle linkages, air pollution,
131
cyclic monoterpenes,
photooxidation, 66, 67
cyclic olefins, 66
· .
cypr~n~c
Rutilus rutilus, 164
dairy cattle manure production
24
Daphnia magna, 164
Daphnia middendorfiana, 164
-
DDE in marine ecosystem, 117
DOT
Africa, transport, 59
biological effects, 115
blood-brain barrier effects,
114
deposition flux, 70
in atmosphere, 14
in fish, 94-95
insecticide, 115
marine ecosystem, 117
membrane barrier, 114
myelin, 114
predatory birds, 103
sediment concentration, 94
decomposition of soil, 179
deep ocean, inert substances
accumulation, 93
denitrification, 22
acidification, 176
anaerobiosis, 23
anoxic hypolimnia, 25
atmosphere, 176
inorganic nitrogen, 23
so~l, 179
soil acidification, 100
suppression, 100
denitrification rates - soil pH
correlation, 178
Denmark, aguatic ecosystems
degradation, 3
deposition, 66-70, 126
atmospheric-resistance
controlled, 74
atmospheric transport, 85
dry processes, 66-70, 72
lead, 82
measurement, 70
particles, 73
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242
plants, 73
rate, 70
surface-resistance
controlled, 74
trees, 71
turbulent transfer, 72
wet processes, 66-70
zinc, 82
desert regions, sulfur dioxide
from smelters, 130
Desulfovibrio
-
aquatic ecosystems, 27
detergents
anionic, 113
cadmium, 113
mercury, 113
nonionic, 113
dew, 66-70
· ~
d~am~ne
microbial activity, 24
diatoms, 161
heavy metal toxicity, 111
silicon concentration, 101
diesel, 54
fuel soot particles, 131
vehicles, 56
diethyl disulfide, 26
diffusion, 59-60
dimethyl disulfide, 26, 98, 99
dimethyl mercury
sediments, 160
dimethyl sulfide, 26, 27, 99
dimethyl sulfoxide, 27
dimethylselenide, 29
drainage basin, 100
drinking water quality, 100
droughts, 2
stresses, 130
dytiscid beetles, 167
Earth Research Technology
Satellite, 60-61
earthworms, 94
ecological reserves, 136
ecological toxicity, 59
acid rain, 181
ecology, 8
biota, 101
(see also ecosystem entries)
ecosystems
acidification, 149, 179-180
aerosol entry, 88
antbropogenic, 121-128, 143
aquatic, 149
atmospheric pollutants, 130
biogeocbemistry, 179
biological nitrogen
fixation, 22
biotic effects, 143
climatic effects, 143
diverse interactions, 120
educational programs
needed, 8
forests, 170
fossil fuel combustion, 104
freshwater, 149
geologic effects, 143
identification, 7
linked emissions, 120
long-term studies, 136
natural, episodic
effects, 143
pathways, 126
research techniques needed,
8
stress responses, 129
taxonomy, 136
topographic conditions, 143
ecotoxicology, long-term, 7
eel, PCB concentrations, 107
electric utilities
coal consumers, 38
coal use, 40
sulfur oxide emissions,
41, 43
elements, biointermediate and
biologically inert, 103
emissions, 126
anthropogenic, 41
control technology, 36
energy-related, 36-38
flux, 38
global atmosphere, 49
hydrogen sulfide, 26
natural, 41
nitrogen oxide, 3, 41
sulfur, 3
trace metals, 47
volatile oxides, 53
Enchytraeidae, 179
endothermic reactions, 63
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243
energy
air pollution, historical
overview, 19-21
flow, ecological effect-
126
flux density, 38, 39
fossil fuel consumption, 36
production worldwide, 37
England {see Great Britain)
environmental engineering, 8
environmental monitoring,
material accounting
principles, 84
Environmental Protection Agency,
8, 41
environmental quality, fossil
fuel use, 38
enzymes, metal exposure, 114
eolian transport, biogenic dust,
Africa, 15
epidermal pores, aerosol entry,
88
epilimnion-sediments reaction, 93
epiphytic lichens, 131
ERTS (see Earth Research
Technology Satellite)
esters transformations, 65, 96
estuarine environments, 131-132
ethane, 28
ethyl mercaptan, 26
ethyl methyl sulfide, 26
ethylamine, microbial
activity, 24
ethylene
aquatic ecosystems, 97
plant hormone, 90
soils interaction, 97
Europe
acid rain, 121
anticyclonic conditions, 60
fossil fuel combustion, 56
fossil fuel consumption, 36
eutrophic lakes
denitrification, 25
exothermic chemistry, 63
Experimental Lakes area, Ontario
acid rain, 154
~ r
Fagus sylvatica, 173
fairy shrimp
Brachinecta Paludosa. 164
fathead minnow
Pimephales promelas, 164
fauna, 131
Fayetteville, Arizona
nuclear fallout, 59
feather moss
Hyloconium splendens, 128
fine particulate pollutants,
atmospheric visibility, 14
fir trees exudates, 28
fire stresses, 130
fish, 94
acid rain, 99-100, 131
aluminum toxicity, 164
chlorinated hydrocarbons
accumulations, 125
DOT toxicity, 115
egg Matchability, 165
halogenated hydrocarbon
toxicity, 115
in acidified lakes, 164
kills, 164
lead content effects, 107
life cycle, 164
mercury accumulation, 125,
131
mercury bioaccumulation,
113-114
mercury concentrations, 4,
107
mortality, 99
occurrence, 166
pH values, 164
populations, 164
selenium concentration,
113-114
toxic metals resistance, 114
floating aquatic plants
Lemna valdiviana, 111
Salvinia natans, 111
fluorine, atmospheric
hydrocarbons, 130
fluxes
aquatic ecosystems, 94
natural, 122
fog, 66-70
foliar lesions, nitrogen
thresholds, 106
food chains, 128
biomagnification, 125
leaf litter, 131
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254
gaseous organics, 64, 65
isoprene, 67
e-butane, 67
toluene, 67
photosynthesis
depression, 128
large-scale exchange, 90
light dependence of
phytoplankton, 104
Phoxinus pboxinus, 164
phyllopod
Lepidurus arcticus, 161, 164
physico-cbemical environment,
properties effects, 127
phytoplankton
arsenic concentrations, 103
growth, 94
in acid lakes, 161
light dependence, 104
metals concentration, 103
metals Volubility, 101
phosphorus concentrations,
103
production, 157
toxicity, 111
Pimephales promelas
acidification, 129
cadmium exposure, 114
copper exposure, 114
disappearance, 167
zinc exposure, 114
pine trees exudates, 28
Pinus strobus
.
pollutants interactions, 108
sulfur dioxide damage, 105
Pisum sativum, 110
pollutants interactions, 108
planetary atmosphere warming, 120
planetary boundary layer
structure, 59-60
plankton
chrysophyceans elimination,
161
diatoms elimination, 161
pollutants absorption, 91
plant hormone, ethylene, 90
plant phyla, protein, 114
plants
aerosol entry, 88
annual, 131
biological consequences, 126
carbon bioconcentration, 101
deposition, 73
fungi, 94
grasses, 130
metabolic effects, 106
nitrogen, 103
nitrogen thresholds, 106
nutrients, 3, 101
pH responses, 170
phosphorus, 103
phosphorus bioconcentration,
101
photochemical oxidents
damage, 105
pollutants, 108
populations, 131
roots, 93
sedges, 130
smelters effects, 131
sulfur accumulation, 70
surface-gases interactions,
90
toxic substance deposition,
104
trace metals content, 104
plasmalemma
copper-nickel synergism
effects, Ill
plumes, 60-61
POC {see particulate organic
carbon)
podzol acid, 172
pollination, 115
pollutants
accumulation, 93
aquatic ecosystems, 94
atmosphere, 36
atmospheric effects, 123
atmospheric residence times,
59
bioconcentrated, 101
bioexcluded, 101
biological effects, 115
biological responses, 104
biosphere, 108
chemical characteristics,
77
cloud, 77
coal-smoke, 115
coastal environments, 132
dispersion, 58
OCR for page 255
255
pollution
ecological effects, 122,
126-127, 133
energy related, 4, 7
estuarine environments, 132
exchange, 89
fat-soluble, 129
gaseous, 56, 66, 75
health-related, 41
individual organisms,
101-117
interactions, 108, 110
leaf surfaces, 115
life cycle effects, 114-115
linkages, 119-120
measurements, 60
physical characteristics, 77
plants, 88, 108
precipitation, 59
rain, 59
rain drops, 77
resistance, 114-115
studies, 1
susceptibility, 115
synergistic effects, 108
terrestrial ecosystems, 87
toxicity, 7
transfers, 122
transport, 60
transport distances, 59
turbulent diffusion, 59
vertical wind shear, 59
wood combustion, 33
(see also air pollution)
aquatic ecosystems, 91
large-scale monitoring,
133-139
natural records, 132-133
(see also air pollution)
polybrominated biphenyls
sediment concentration, 94
polychlorinated biphenyls
dispersal, 107
in fish, 94-95
sediment concentration, 94
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH), 120
health effects, 54
health hazard, 56
particulate emissions, 56
transformations, 96
polynuclear aromatic compounds,
sediment concentration, 94
polyvalent metals, acid rain, 176
potassium
leaching, 173
nutrient elements, 120
power plants
emissions, 3
radionuclides, 117
tall stacks, 146
precipitation
acid rain, 3
ammonia content, 24
hydrochloric acid, 18
lead deposition, 82
metals concentrations, 83
pH, 81
pH in rain, 18
pH values, 140
phosphorus, 161
pollutants, 59
regimes, 100
scavenging, 72
strong acids addition, 172
sulfate deposition, 4
sulfuric acid supply, 153
urban, 18
zinc deposition
(see also acid
precipitation; rain), 82
predatory birds, DOT effects, 103
protein, animal-plant phyla, 144
Quebec, mercury concentrations,
4
radioactive substances
biological residence time,
103
radionuclides
atmosphere, 117
food ingestion, 117
power plants, 117
radium, 103
bone deposits, 124
cancerous shell deposits,
124
radon
atmosphere, 59
railroads
coal consumption, 38, 40
OCR for page 256
256
rain
atmosphere, 77
chemical composition, 16
chemistry patterns, 15
nitric acid content, 19
pollutants, 59
rain drops, 70
pollutants, 77
rainbow trout, copper exposure
effects, 113
rainwater, soil percolation, 120
reactivity, 57
regimes, precipitation, 100
removal, processes
(see deposition)
reservoirs, sedimentary record,
132
residence times
cesium, 128
in organisms, 124
models, 74
respiration
copper toxicity, 107
large-scale exchange, 90
Rhizobium, 176
-
nitrogen fixation, 176
Rocky Mountains
sulfur dioxide emissions, 41
sulfur dioxide emissions
from coal and oil, 41
Rutilus rutilus, 164
ryegrass, coal smoke effects,
115
Saint Lawrence River, sediment
cores, 95
salmonids, 164
salt marshes, 27
salts, leaf surfaces, 115
Salvinia natans, 111
saprophytic organisms, 94
satellites
ERTS photography, 60-61
Saviann River pH values, 137
Scandinavia, 161, 164
acid rain, 167
acidification, 153
ecosystem acidification,
149
environmental quality
erosion, 136
fish kills, 164
forests, 167
groundwater acidification,
121
precipitation pH, 107, 145
sensitive roach, 164
scavenging
precipitation, 72
Scenedesmus
heavy metals concentrations,
114
Scotland
aquatic ecosytems degrada-
tion, 3
chemistry of air and rain,
15
ecosystem acidification, 149
sea level
rise, 2
sea water
trace metals, 132
sea-surface microlayer (see
neuston)
sedimentary microorganisms, 120
sedimentary sinks, 120
sediments
aluminum content, 161
anoxic, 132
DOT concentration, 94
dimethyl mercury, 160
in fish, 94-95
Lake Michigan, 132
lakes, 100, 167
littoral, 161
mercury, 131
methylated mercury contents,
28
Mougeotia, 161
organic, 160
pH decrease, 100
pollutants, 94
saprophytic organisms, 94
seed germination arrested, 17
seed pods reduction, 167
seed production, sulfur dioxide
damage, 105
selenium, 4
amelioration, 113
atmosphere, 29
enhanced concentrations,
113-114
OCR for page 257
257
methylation, 94, 103
organism exposure, 113
plant surface entry, 88
toxic effects, 104
selenium-mercury interaction,
113-114, 124
selenoproteins, 113
Semotilus margarita, 167
sensitive roach
Rutilus rutilus, 164
shale oil, 54
sheep, ammonia in urine, 24
shells
metabolization, 103
Sierra Nevada, California, acid
rain r 154
silica in Swedish lakes, 161
silicon, 101, 162
silver
metals flux, 50
organism exposure, 113
toxicity, 113
trace metals, 28
skatole, microbial activity,
24
skin tumors (see papillomas)
smelters
fumigations, 173
lake contamination, 111
metal, 120, 122
nitrogen oxides linkage,
119-120
particles emission, 57
plant populations, 131
Sudbury, 111
sulfur dioxide emissions,
130
sulfur oxides linkage,
119-120
Sweden, 18
smelting heavy metals, 132
smokestacks air pollution, 20
sodium, trace metals, 28
soil, 129
accumulation, 93-95
acid input response, 101
acidity, 170, 172
acid rain, 170, 173
acidification, 120, 172,
176, 179
adsorbed sulfates, 175
aluminum buffering, 100
amines, 24
ammonia loss, 23, 24
ammonification, 179
arsenicals treated, 30
bacteria, 96
brown forest, 172
calcareous, 100, 170
carbon disulfide removal,
98-99
carbonyl sulfide removal,
98-99
clay minerals, 99
decomposition, 179
denitrification, 179
dimethyl disulfide removal,
98-99
dimethyl sulfide removal,
99
erosion, 122
fertility, 172
forest, bacteria, 179
humic acids, 176
humus layer, 131
hydrogen sulfide emissions,
26
hydrogen sulfide removal,
98, 99
manganese concentrations,
170
mercury, 131
mercury content, 28
metal output, 170
methyl mercaptan removal,
98-99
microbial action, 24
microbial processes, 176
mineral, 176
neutral, 170
nitric oxide production, 23
vitrification, 179
nitrous oxide production,
23
nitrogen fixation reduction,
176
nitrogen heterocycles, 24
noncalcareous, 172
organic nitrogen compounds,
24
particulate dusts, 84
pH decline, 172
OCR for page 258
258
pH levels, 100
pH reduction, 176
pollutants accumulation, 93
pollutants interaction, 108
rainwater percolation, 120
recycling nutrients, 94
sandy, 172
saprophytic organisms, 94
selenate content, 29
selenite content, 29
selenium content, 29
Sudbury, 108
sulfate adsorption, 173
sulfuric acid effects, 18
Sweden, 173
temperature effects, 28
trace metals concentrations,
107
transformations, 95-99
volatile products, 22
volatile products gener_
tion, 32
volatile sulfur, 26
waterlogged, 94
soil acidification
denitrification, 100
soil clays
lead adsorption, 120
soil ecosystem
microorganisms, 22
soil fungi
acid tolerance, 95
mycorrhiza, 170
soil leaching, 3
solar radiation beating
turbulence, 59
solubility
meteorological factors, 72
soluble gases, 72
soot in acid rain, 17
soot particles, 131
Soviet Union ecosystem acidifi-
cation, 149
soybeans, 167
Sphagnum, 149, 180
bogs, 93
spodsol, 172
spring melt, 100
springtails, 94, 179
STATE (see Sulfur Transport
and Transformation in the
Environment)
stomata! pores, aerosol entry,
88
stratosphere
aerosol formation, 41
photochemical reactions,
41
stratospheric ozone layer
depletion, 14
streams
cadmium, 157
DOT toxicity, 115
halogenated hydrocarbon
toxicity, 115
lead, 157
manganese, 157
nickel, 157
zinc, 157
a- stresses
bryophytes, 130
cold extremes, 130
drought, 130
fire, 130
gamma radiation, 130
land oil spills, 130
lichens, 130
sulfur dioxide, 130
temperate forests, 130-131
tropical forests, 130-131
vegetative reproduction, 130
wind exposure, 130
strontium, 103
bone deposits, 124
cancerous shell deposits,
124
mollusks, 103
trace metals, 28
structure, ecological effects,
126
sucker fish
Lake Ontario, 119
lip cancer, 119
Sudbury, Ontario, 173
acid rain, 154
copper, 108
lake contamination, 111
soil, 108
OCR for page 259
259
smelter, 99, 111
sulfate
aerosols, 62, 63
algae, 91
aquatic plants, 91
Greenland glaciers, 136
Sulfate Regional Experiment, 85
sulfates
atmospheric visibility, 14
deposition, 100
sulfides, 65
sulfur
atmosphere, 42, 70, 76
deposition, 100
emissions, ~
impediments, 91
in acid rain, 17
plant surface entry, 88
terrestrial ecosystems, 26
sulfur budget, atmosphere, 42
sulfur compounds
anthropogenic sources, 142
atmospheric residue time, 65
sulfur dioxide
atmospheric hydrocarbons,
130
fuel combustion, 41
fumigation, 19
gaseous pollutants, 56, 105
in atmosphere, 70
man-made sources, 41
Minnesota damage, 105
peas, 110
removal, 98
U.S. sources, 41
sulfur dioxide emission, 147
sulfur dioxide emissions
industry, 41
Mississippi River, 41
Ohio River Valley, 41
Rocky Mountains, 41
sulfur dioxide pollutants, 105
sulfur dioxide pollution,
lichens, 129
sulfur emissions
anthropogenic increase, 142
sulfur oxide emissions, United
States, 43, 44
sulfur oxides
anthropogenic release,
120-121
coal combustion, 119-120
electric utilities, 41, 43
emissions, 41
industrial emissions, 142
pollutants, 144
regional acid rain
problems, 147
Sulfur Transport and Trans-
formation in the Environment,
85
sulfur-soil interaction, 98
sulfuric acid aerosol in
atmosphere, 15, 70
SURE (see Sulfate Regional
Experiment)
surface film
aquatic ecosystems, 101
atmospheric deposition, 101
oil spills, 101
toxic organic molecules, 101
surface soils
pollutants accumulation, 94
surface water
aluminum, 124
thermal stratification, 88
Sweden
alkaline content of lakes,
155
aquatic ecosystems
degradation, 3
calcium content of lakes,
155
chromium, 173
humus layers, 173
hydrogen ions in rivers, 136
lakes, 156, 161
lead loading assessments,
128
magnesium content of lakes,
155
mercury concentrations, 4
mercury concentrations in
fish, 157
metals in lakes, 159
rain, 173
silica content in lakes, 161
silicon concentration in
lakes, 162
smelters, 18
soil, 173
spruce forests, 173
OCR for page 260
260
Switzerland
MELIMEX study, 111
synergisms, 108
atmospheric pollutants, 124
talc, 14
tall stacks, power plants, 146
tar in acid rain, 17
tar sand exploitation, 54
taxonomy, ecosystem, 136
temperate forests stresses,
130-131
teratogens
atmosphere, 121
micropollutants,
terpenes, 65
from terrestrial vegetation,
32
production, 15
terrestrial ecosystems
accumulation, 87
acid rain, 19, 105, 129-130
acidification transfers, 100
atmospheric contaminants, 87
atmospheric deposition,
99-100, 131
atmospheric gases access-
ibility, 87
buffering, 100
calcium losses, 100
gaseous pollutants, 104-106
litter decomposition, 95
nitrogen content, 22
pollutants, 87
pollutants interactions, 108
precipitation pa, 100
resorb and recycle
materials, 93
sulfate output, 100
sulfur, 26
transfers, 99-100
vegetation, 167-181
terrestrial plants, trace
metals, 28
terrestrial reactions, 22
terrestrial soils
aluminum leaching, 99-100
deposits, 99
iron concentrations, 27
terrestrial vegetation
antagonisms, 108
pollutant interaction
effects, 108
synergisms, 108
Texas, sulfur oxides emissions,
41
thallium, metals flux, 50
thermal stratification
gas exchange barrier, 91
metalimnion, 96
surface waters, 88
thermocline, 91
tin
metals flux, 50
toxicity, 113
trace metals, 28
titanium, trace metals, 28
tobacco cultivars,
pollutants interactions, 108
Tokyo, Japan, nuclear fallout, 59
toluene
aromatic hydrocarbon, 66
photooxidation, 67
toxic elements, bioexcluded, 103
toxic heavy metals fallout in
atmosphere, 121
toxic metals
interactions, 111
resistance, 114
toxic organic molecules
surface film, 101
toxic substances
atmosphere, 77
background concentrations,
124
biological residence time,
103
in animals, 104
toxicants
micropollutants, 4
receptor ecosystems, 124
toxicology
education, 8
trace elements
transformations, 35
trace metals, 130
animals, 104
anthropogenic emissions, 52
antimony, 28
arsenic, 28
atmospheric emissions, 50
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261
atmospheric hydrocarbons,
130
beryllium, 28
bryophytes, 128
cement industry, 56
concentrations, 95
deposition, 1, 87-88
emissions, 47
fluxes, 50
fossil fuel combustion, 56
fresh water, 107
gaseous pollutants, 56
in lakes, 93
in plants and animals, 104
marine ecosystems, 132
methylation, 29
microorganisms relationship,
30
mobilization, 50
natural emissions, 52
nitrogen oxides linkage,
119-120
sea water, 132
sulfur oxides linkage,
119-120
Sweden rain, 173
terrestrial plants, 28
toxic concentrations, 107
vaporization, 50
volatilization, 29, 50
water-to-sediment transfer,
94
worldwide emissions, 52
trace organic compounds
carcinogenic, 32
trace pollutants
carcinogenic, 119
dispersal, 119
mutagenic, 119
toxic, 119
transformations, 60-66
transitional ecosystems,
wetlands, 101
transport, 59-60
transport distance-residence time
relationship, 122
trees
deposition, 71
sulfur accumulation, 70
sedimentary record, 132
trichomes, aerosol entry, 88
trimethylamine, microbial
activity, 24
tropical forests stresses,
130-131
troposphere
aerosol formation, 41
clean, 64
gas-to-particle
conversion, 65
nitrogen chemistry, 46
photochemical reactions, 41
trout, embryonic mortality, 164
turbulence
solar radiation heating, 59
wind interaction, 59
wind shear, 59
turbulent diffusion
pollutants, 59
turbulent transfer, 70
deposition, 72
diffusive transport, 70
gases, 70
United Nations
fossil fuel use data, 38
United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment, 19
United States
ammonia concentrations, 150
aquatic ecosystems
degradation, 3
atmospheric transport
studies, 85
Bureau of Mines, 38
coal consumption, 40
coal reserves, 40
Dept. of Agriculture, 8
Dept. of Energy, 8
Dept. of Health and Human
Services, 8
Dept. of the Interior, 8
deposition studies, 85
ecosystem acidification, 149
environmental quality
erosion, 136
fossil fuel combustion, 47
Geological Survey, 8
lead deposition by
precipitation, 82
mercury concentrations in
fish, 157
OCR for page 262
262
National Atmospheric
Deposition Program, 24
nitrogen oxide emissions,
45, 48
nitrogen oxides, 44
nonmethane hydrocarbons, 54
precipitation pH, 81
Southwestern plants-smelters
effects, 131
sulfur dioxide damage, 105
sulfur oxide emissions, 43,
44
zinc deposition by
precipitation, 82
urban areas
air quality, 54
bryophytes, 128
gaseous reactive hydro-
carbons, 54
lichens, 128
vanadium, 173
acidification, 176
forests, 173
in Swedish rain, 173
trace metals, 28
vaporization, trace metals, 50
vegetation, 179
air pollution, 20
fumigation, 122
hydrocarbon photo-
oxidation, 66
isoprene emission, 32
nitrogen oxides, 105
sulfur dioxide damage, 18
sulfur dioxide pollutants,
105
sulfur dioxide pollutants
effects, 109
terpene emission, 32
terrestrial ecosystems,
167-181
volatile products
generation, 32
vegetative reproduction, stresses
130
vehicle exhaust, 47, 119-120
vertebrates
calcium requirements, 101
calcium uptake, 103
lead exclusion, 103
lead uptake, 103
radium uptake, 103
strontium uptake, 103
vertical wind shear pollutants,
59
Vesuvius, 18
viral diseases, copper exposure
effects, 113
viscous boundary layer
atmospheric resistance, 74
diffusion, 70
diffusive transport, 70
volatile dimethyl mercury, 120
volatile organic compounds,
plant reaction, 88
volatile oxides emissions, 53
volatile products
heavy metals, 32
nitrogen, 32
sulfur, 32
volatile sulfides, anaerobic
habitats, 120
volatile sulfur compounds, 26
wallpaper
arsenic content, 29
water
calcium concentration, 100
pollutants interaction, 108
transformations, 95-99
water organisms
arsenic concentrations, 103
biointermediate elements,
103
phosphorous concentrations,
103
water quality criteria, 111
water surface film
aerosols, 88-91
atmospheric contaminants, 88
organic micropollutants, 88
trace metals content, 88-91
water surfaces, volatile
products generation, 32
watersheds, 99
acid rain, 129
lakes, 100
Norway, 147
weathering.
bydrogen-ion saturation, 172
inorganic soil calloids, 172
OCR for page 263
263
iron reduction, 176
leaching, 173
nutrient loss, 174
organic acids, 176
polypbenols, 176
weathering processes
elements mobilization, 51
geocbemical, 147
wetlands
resorb and recycle
materials, 93
transitional ecosystems, 101
white pines
fumigation damage, 105
Pinus strobus, 105
white sucker
Catastomas commersoni, 119
.
Great Lakes, 119
whole watersheds
long-term studies, 136
wind exposure, stresses, 130
wind shear, horizontal spreading
of pollutants, 59
Windscale, England
nuclear processing plant,
117
radionuclides, 117
wood
woodlands
as a fuel, 30
combustion pollution, 33
combustion processes, 132
resorb and recycle
materials, 93
gamma radiation, 130
sulfur dioxide, 130
World Bank
fossil fuel use data, 38
World Health Organization, 20
yttrium
trace metals, 28
zinc, 103, 173
acidification, 176
aquatic food chain, 103
concentrations in fishes, 3
deposition, 82
forests, 173
hydrogen ion solubility
effects, 108-111
in sediments, 161
in Swedish rain, 173
Lake Michigan, 4, 107
lakes, 157
metals flux, 50
mobilization rate, 28
organism exposure, 113
Pimenbales uromelas, 114
,
streams, 157
toxic concentrations, 107
toxic elements, 120
toxicity, 111, 114
trace metals, 28
worldwide emissions flux, 50
· ~
zirconium
trace metals, 28
zooplank ton
cadmium toxicity, 4
filter-feeding, 131
metals concentration, 103
soot particles, 131
toxic metals resistance, 114
zinc toxicity, 4
Zygnema, 161
Zygogonium, 161
OCR for page 264
Representative terms from entire chapter:
acid rain
