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138 ANIMALS AS SENTINELS Anderson, H^. 1985. Evolution of environmental epidemiologic risk assess- ment. Environ. Health Perspect. 62:389-392. Arthur, R.D., J.D. Cain, and B.F. Barrentine. 1975. The effect of atmospher- ic levels of pesticides on pesticide residues In rabbit adipose tissue and sera. Bull. Environ. Contam. To~col. 14:760-764. Ash, C.P., and D.L. Lee. 1980. Lead, cadmium, cooper and iron in earth- worms from roadside sites. Environ. Pollut. Ser. A 22:59-67. Aulerich, RJ., ant! R.K. Ringer. 1977. Current status of PCB toxicity to mink, and effect on their reproduction. Arch. Environ. Contam. Topical. 6:279-292. Aulerich, RJ., R.K. Ringer, and S. Iwamoto. 1973. Reproductive failure and mortality in mink fed on Great Lakes fish. J. Reprod. Fert. Suppl. 19:365. Bailey, W.S., and A.H. Groth, Jr. 1959. The relationship of hepatitis 'X' of dogs and moldy corn poisoning of swine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 134:51 516. Barker, G.M. 1982. Short-term effects of methiocarb formulations on pasture earthworms (OIigoc1~aeta.Lumbricidae). N.Z. J. Exp. Agric. 10:309-311. Barndt, G., and B. Bohn. 1985. Hiffen zur biologischen und chemischen gutebestimmung van fliessge wassern, W.D. Schroeer, ed. West Berlin: Paedagogisches Zentrum. Berlin. 28 pp. Becker, D.S. T.C. Ginn, M.L. Landolt, and D.B. Powell. 1987. Hepatic le- sions in English sole (~Paroph~ys vetulus) from Commencement Bay, Wash- ington (USA). Mar. Environ. Res. 23:153-173. Bell, W.B. 1952. The production of hyperkeratosis by the administration of a lubricant. Va. J. Sci. 3:71-78. BelIrose, F.C. 1959. Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl popu- lations. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 27:235-288. Bergman, H.L., R^. KimerIe, and A.W. Maki, eds. 1985. Environmental Hazard Assessment of Effluents. Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press. Bishopp, F.C. 1946. Present position of DDT in the control of insects of medical importance. Am. J. Public Health 36:593-606. Blakemore, F., TJ. Bosworth, and H.H. Green. 1948. Industrial fluorosis of farm animals in England, attributable to the manufacture of bricks, the calcining of ironstone, and the enameling process. J. Comp. Path. 58:267- 301. Blandford, T.B., PJ. Seamon, R. Hughes, M. Pattison, and M.P. Wilderspin. 1975. A case of polytetrafluoroethylene poisoning in cockatiels accompa- --D ~ ~ ~--~ -—----D r nied by polymer fume fever in the owner. Vet. Rec. 96:175-178. Thus, L.J., C.D. Gish, A^. Belisle, and R.M. Prouty. 1972. Logarithmic relationship of DDE residues to eggshell thinning. Nature 235:376-377. Bogan, J^., and I. Newton. 1979. The effects of organochlorines on repro-

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140 ANIMALS AS SENTINELS Cage, TJ., J.H. Enderson, C.G. Thelander, and C.M. White, eds. 1988. Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Management and Recovery. Boise, Idaho: The Peregrine Fund. Calambokidis, J., J. Peard, G.H. Steiger, J.C. Cubbage, and R.L. DeLong. 1984. Chemical contaminants in marine mammals from Washington State. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMS 6. 87pp. Calambokidis, J., S. Speich, J. Peard, G.H. Steiger, J.C. Cubbage, D.M. Frye, and LJ. Lowenstine. 1985. Biology of Puget Sound marine mammals and marine birds: Population health and evidence of pollution effects. NOAA Technical Memorandum. Rockville, Md.: National Oceanic and Atmo- spheric Administration. l59pp. Cameron, T. 1988. Feral fish populations as indicators of environmental contamination. Presented at the Workshop of the Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, National Academy of Sciences, May 9-10, 19~. Carson, R. 1962. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Carter, C.D., R.D. Kimbrough, J^. Liddle, R.E. Cline, M.M. Zack, Jr., W.F. Barthel, R.E. Koehler, and P.E. Phillips. 1975. Tetrachlorodibenzodio~n: An accidental poisoning episode in horse arenas. Science 188:738-740. Case,A^., end J.R. Coffman. 1973. Waste oil: Toxic for horses. Vet. Clin. North Am. 3:273-277. Chlebowsk;, R.T., D.W. Nixon, G.L. Blackburn, P. Jochimsen, E.F. Scanlon, W. Insull, Jr., I.M. Buzard, R. Elashoff, R. Butrum, and E.L. Wynder. 1987. A breast cancer Nutrition Adjuvant Study (NAS): Protocol design and initial patient adherence. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 10:21-29. Clark, O.R., Jr. 1979. Lead concentrations: Bats vs. terrestrial small mam- mals collected near a major highway. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13:338-341. Clark, D.R., Jr., F.M. Bagley, and W.W. Johnson. 1988. Northern Alabama colonies of the endangered gray bat myotis-grisescens organochlorine con- tamination and mortality. Biol. Conserv. 43:213-226. CIark, T., K. Clark, S. Paterson, D. MacKay, and R.J. Norstrom. 1988. Wild- life monitoring, modeling, and fugacity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22:120-127. Coon, R^., R^. Jones, L.J. Jenkins, and J. Siegel. 1970. Animal inhalation studies on ammonia, ethylene glycol, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, and ethanol. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 16:646-655. Cothern, C.R. 1989. Some scientif~c judgments in the assessment of the risk of environmental contaminants. Toxicol. Indust. Health 5:479-491. Couch, J^. 1984. Histopathology and enlargement of the pituitary of a telost exposed to the herbicide trifluralin. J. Fish Dis. 7:157-163. Couch, J^.,and J.C. Harshbarger. 1985. Effects of carcinogenic agents on aquatic animals: An environmental and experimental overview. Environ. Carcinog. Rev. 3:63-105.

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142 ANIMALS AS SENTINELS Edwards, Cot., and A.R. Thompson. 1973. Pesticides and the soil fauna. Residue Rev. 45:1-79. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency3. 1972. Water Quality Criteria 1972: Ecological Research Series. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. EPA (U.S. Enviornmental Protection Agency). 1976. Criteria Document: DDT (000, DDE). Office of Water Planning and Standards. NTIS No. PB-25~014. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1983. PCBs In Humans Shows Decrease. EPA Environmental News, press release for Monday, May 9, 1983. Washington, D.C.: Office of Public Affairs, U.S. Env~ron- mental Protection Agency. 6 pp. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1987. The National Dioxin Study Tiers3,4,5 and7. EPA440/4-87-003. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water Regulation and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ernst, M.C. 1987. PCBs in sediment and fish liver. Pp. 46-57 in National Status and Trends Program Progress Report, Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Rockville, Md. Fairbrother, A., and J. Fowles. In press. Subchronic effects of sodium sele- nite and selenomethionine on immune functions of the mallard. Arch. Environ. To~ncol. Chem. Fanelli, R., M.G. Castelli, A. Noseda, G.P. Martelli, and S. Garattini. 1980. Presence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin in wildlife living near Seve- so, Italy: A preliminary stucly. Bull. Environ. Contam. Topical. 24:460-462. Farrington, J.W., E.D. Goldberg, R.W. Risebrough, J.H. MartiIl, en cl V.T. Bowen. 1983. U.S. "Mussel Watch" 1976-1978: An overwew of the trace- metal, DDE, PCB, hydrocarbon, and artificial radionuclide data. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17:490-496. FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1987. Environmental assessment technical assistance handbook. NTIS No. PB87-175345. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service. Firestone, D. 1973. Etiology of chick edema disease. Environ. Health Per- spect. 5:59-66. Fitzpatrick, L.C., B.J. Venables, AJ. Goven, and E.L. Cooper. 1990. Earth- worm immunoassays for evaluating biological effects of exposure to hazard- ous chemicals. Proceedings from EPA Symposium fin Situ Evaluation of Biological Pollutants". Foran, J^., M. Cox, and D. Croxton. 1989. Sport fish consumption adv~so- ries and projected cancer risks in the Great Lakes Basin. Am. J. Public Health 79:322-325. Fox, G^. and D.V. Weseloh. 1987. Colonial waterbirds as big-indicators of

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158 ANIMALS AS SENTINELS Weimeyer, S.N., T.G. Lamont, C.M. Buck, C.R. Sindelar, FJ. Gramlich, J.D. Fraser, and M^. Byrd. 1984. Organochloride pesticide, polychlorobi- phenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs—1969-7 - and their rela- tionships to shell thinning and reproduction. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:529-549. Wiemeyer, S.N., C.M. Bunck, and AJ. Krynitsky. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and mercury in osprey eggs -- 1970- 1979 -- and their relationship to shell thinning and productivity. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:767-787. Williamson, P., and P.R. Evans. 1972. Lead: Levels in roadside invertebrates and small mammals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:280-2~. Wolff, M.S., H^. Anderson, and IJ. Selikoff. 1982. Human tissue burdens of halogenated aromatic chemicals in Michigan. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 247: 2112-2116. Woods, J.S. 1979. Epidemiologic considerations in the design of toxicologic studies: An approach to risk assessment in humans. Fed. Proc. 38:1891- 1896. Young, A.L., and B.M. Shepard. 1982. A review of ongoing epidemiologic research in the USA on the phenol herbicides and chlorinated dioxin con- taminants. Chemosphere 12:749-760. Ziebell, C.D., R.E. Pine, A.D. Mills, and R.K. Cunningham. 1970. Field toxicity studies and juvenile salmon distribution in Port Angeles Harbor, Washington. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 42:229-236.

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Studying animals in the environment may be a realistic and highly beneficial approach to identifying unknown chemical contaminants before they cause human harm. Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards presents an overview of animal-monitoring programs, including detailed case studies of how animal health problems—such as the effects of DDT on wild bird populations—have led researchers to the sources of human health hazards. The authors examine the components and characteristics required for an effective animal-monitoring program, and they evaluate numerous existing programs, including in situ research, where an animal is placed in a natural setting for monitoring purposes.

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