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Determining Core Capabilities in
Chemical and Biological Defense
Science and Technology
Committee on Determining Core Capabilities in
Chemical and Biological Defense Research and Development
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
Board on Life Sciences
Division on Earth and Life Studies
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn
from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy
of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with
regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by Contract No. HQ0034-10-D-0003, TO #5 between
the National Academy of Sciences and US Department of Defense. Any opinions,
findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those
of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or
agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-26535-5
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26535-5
Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies
Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or
(202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu/.
Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating
society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research,
dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the
general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress
in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern-
ment on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the
National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding
engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its mem-
bers, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advis-
ing the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors
engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education
and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles
M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of
Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions
in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The
Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences
by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon
its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education.
Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of
Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology
with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the
Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in pro-
viding services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering
communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the
Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and
vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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COMMITTEE ON DETERMINING CORE
CAPABILITIES IN CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL
DEFENSE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
MIRIAM E. JOHN (Chair), Private Consultant; Vice President,
Emeritus, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
JILL M. HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
ANNA JOHNSON-WINEGAR, retired, Office of the Secretary of
Defense
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA
C. RICK LYONS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
JON MOGFORD, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
RANDALL S. MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Arlington, VA
DONALD PROSNITZ, Private Consultant, Livermore, CA
TOM SLEZAK, E.O. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA
HENRY H. WILLIS, RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA
PATRICK SCANNON, (Consultant) XOMA, Berkeley, CA
GEORGE M. WHITESIDES, (Consultant) Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA
National Research Council Staff
Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
Board on Life Sciences
FRAN SHARPLES, Director
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
v
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BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
PABLO DEBENEDETTI (Co-Chair), Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
C. DALE POULTER (Co-Chair), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
ZHENAN BAO, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
ROBERT BERGMAN, University of California, Berkeley, CA
HENRY BRYNDZA, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company,
Wilmington, DE
EMILY CARTER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
DAVID CHRISTIANSON, University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA
MARY JANE HAGENSON, Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, LLC,
The Woodlands, TX
CAROL J. HENRY, The George Washington University,
Washington, DC
JILL HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
MICHAEL C. KERBY, ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston, TX
CHARLES E. KOLB, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA
JOSEF MICHL, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
SANDER G. MILLS, Merck, Sharp, & Dohme Corporation, Whitehouse
Station, NJ
DAVID MORSE, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY
ROBERT E. ROBERTS, Institute for Defense Analyses, Alexandria, VA
DARLENE J. S. SOLOMON, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA
JEAN TOM, Bristol-Myers Squibb, West Windsor, NJ
DAVID WALT, Tufts University, Medford, MA
National Research Council Staff
DOROTHY ZOLANDZ, Director
TINA MASCIANGOLI, Senior Program Officer
DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Program Officer
KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer
AMANDA CLINE, Administrative Assistant
SHEENA SIDDIQUI, Senior Program Associate
RACHEL YANCEY, Senior Program Assistant
vi
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BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES
KEITH R. YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San
Francisco, CA
BONNIE L. BASSLER, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
VICKI L. CHANDLER, Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation,
Palo Alto, CA
SEAN EDDY, HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA
SARAH C.R. ELGIN, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
MARK FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation, Chicago, IL
DAVID R. FRANZ, Former Commander, USAMRIID, Frederick, MD
LOUIS J. GROSS, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
RICHARD A. JOHNSON, Arnold & Porter, LLC, Washington, DC
CATO T. LAURENCIN, University of Connecticut Health Center,
Farmington, CT
ALAN I. LESHNER, American Association for the Advancement of
Science, Washington, DC
BERNARD LO, University of California, San Francisco, CA
KAREN E. NELSON, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD
ROBERT M. NEREM, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY
ALISON G. POWER, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
MARGARET RILEY, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
BRUCE W. STILLMAN, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring
Harbor, NY
CYNTHIA WOLBERGER, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD
MARY WOOLLEY, Research!America, Alexandria, VA
National Research Council Staff
FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director
JO L. HUSBANDS, Scholar/Senior Project Director
JAY B. LABOV, Senior Scientist/Program Director for Biology
Education
KATHERINE W. BOWMAN, Senior Program Officer
INDIA HOOK-BARNARD, Senior Program Officer
MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer
KEEGAN SAWYER, Program Officer
BETHLEHEM M. BANJAW, Financial Associate
ORIN E. LUKE, Senior Program Assistant
CARL G. ANDERSON, Program Associate
SAYYEDA AYESHA AHMED, Senior Program Assistant
vii
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for
their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with pro-
cedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose
of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments
that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as
possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for
objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review
comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integ-
rity of the deliberative process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this
report:
R. Stephen Berry, University of Chicago
W. Peter Cherry, Independent Consultant
Joseph M. DeSimone, University of North Carolina
Gerald L. Epstein, US Department of Homeland Security
Thomas G. Ksiazek, University of Texas Medical Branch
Stephen S. Morse, Columbia University
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many con-
structive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse
the conclusions or recommendations, nor did they see the final draft of
the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by
ix
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xACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Ed Przybylowicz, Retired, Eastman Kodak Company, and Robert Frosch,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Appointed by the National
Research Council, they were responsible for making certain that an inde-
pendent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with
institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully
considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely
with the authoring committee and the institution.
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Contents
Summary 1
1Introduction13
Statement of Task and Purpose of Study, 13
Organization of the Report, 15
The Committee Process, 15
The Threat Is Amorphous, 16
Proposed Approach, 22
Findings and Recommendations, 23
2 Framework and Structure25
Organizational Concerns, 25
The Committee's Approach, 30
Findings and Recommendations, 33
3Core Science and Technology Capabilities for the
Chemical and Biological Defense Program35
Enabling CBRN Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, 39
Chemical and Biological Agent Detection, 44
Individual and Collective Protection, 48
Medical Countermeasures, 50
Hazard Assessment, Management, and Decontamination, 55
Cross-Cutting Science and Technology, 58
Summary of CBDP Core Capabilities, 67
Findings and Recommendations, 68
xi
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xiiCONTENTS
4 Proposed Approach73
Capabilities-Based Strategic Planning for Chemical and
Biological Defense, 73
Findings and Recommendations, 80
5 Management of Science and Technology at CBDP83
Maintaining a Connection to the End User, 84
Technology Transition within CBDP, 85
Laboratory Management, 90
Laboratory Management within CBDP, 95
Findings and Recommendations, 101
Appendixes
A Schedule of Data-Gathering105
B Additional Thoughts on the Nature of the Chemical Threat111
Hard Intelligence Difficult to Obtain, 111
The Use Cases Have Changed, 112
Characteristics of Chemical Weapons, 114
General Concerns, 115
C Frameworks of the CBDP Enterprise Elements119
D Relationship Comparison of CBDP Enterprise
Frameworks to the Committee's S&T Capability Categories123
E Committee Member Biographies127
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Acronyms
AFRL US Air Force Research Laboratory
ARIEM US Army Research Institute of Environmental
Medicine
ASARDA Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research,
Development, and Acquisition
ASD(NCB) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear,
Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs
AT&L Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics
BARDA Biomedical Advanced Research and Development
Authority
BSL Biological Safety Level
BW Biological Weapon
CB Chemical and Biological
CBD Chemical and Biological Defense
CBDP Chemical and Biological Defense Program
CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
CBW Chemical and Biological Weapons
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
COCOM US Combatant Command
CONOPS Concept of Operations
CRO Contract Research Organizations
CRP Critical Reagents Program
CTR Cooperative Threat Reduction
xiii
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xivACRONYMS
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
DASD(CBD) Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Chemical
and Biological Defense
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DoD US Department of Defense
DOE US Department of Energy
DPG US Army Dugway Proving Ground
DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency
ECBC Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
EFP Explosively Formed Projectile
FDA US Food and Drug Administration
FFRDC Federally Funded Research and Development Center
FSU Former Soviet Union
GEIS Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and
Response System
GPHIN Global Public Health Intelligence Network
GLP Good Laboratory Practices
GMP Good Manufacturing Practices
HHS Department of Health and Human Services
IC Intelligence Community
IED Improvised Explosive Device
IND Investigational New Drug
IR&D Internal Research and Development
ISR Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance
JCAD Joint Chemical Agent Detector
JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff
JPEO-CBD Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and
Biological Defense
JPL Joint Priority List
JPM Joint Program Manager
JPO Joint Program Office
JRO-CBRND Joint Requirements Office for Chemical, Biological,
Radiological, and Nuclear Defense
JSIG Joint Service Integration Group
JSMG Joint Service Materiel Group
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ACRONYMS xv
JSTO-CBD Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical
and Biological Defense
LANL Los Alamos National Laboratory
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
MCMI Medical Countermeasures Initiative
MDD Material Development Decision
MRMC US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command
NAS National Academy of Sciences
NBACC National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures
Center
NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
NCI National Cancer Institute
NIH National Institutes of Health
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NRC National Research Council
NSRDEC US Army Natick Soldier Research, Development,
and Engineering Center
NSWC Naval Surface Warfare Center
NTA Non-Traditional Agent
OASD(NCB/CB) Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for
Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense
Programs/Chemical and Biological Defense
OGA Other Government Agency
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense
PET Positron Emission Tomography
PI Principal Investigator
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
POM Program Objective Memorandum
R&D Research and Development
R-D-AResearch-Development-Acquisition
RDT&E Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation
RNA Ribonucleic Acid
RSDL Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion
S&T Science and Technology
SNL Sandia National Laboratory
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xviACRONYMS
T&E Test and Evaluation
TMT Transformational Medical Technologies
TMTI Transformational Medical Technologies Initiative
US United States
USAMRICD US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical
Defense
USAMRIID US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases
USD Under Secretary of Defense
USDA US Department of Agriculture
USG United States Government
USSOCOM US Special Operations Command
UTMB University of Texas Medical Branch
WDTC West Desert Test Center
WRAIR Walter Reed Army Institute of Research
