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National Summit on
Strategies to Manage
Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP
Organized by the
Planning Committee for a National Summit on
Strategies to Manage Herbicide-Resistant Weeds
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
Division on Earth and Life Studies
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was funded by the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, the Iowa Soybean
Association, the National Cotton Council of America, the United Soybean Board, the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Institute of Food and Agriculture; and the Weed Science Society of America. Any
opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or
agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-26556-0
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-26556-8
Cover: Photos credits from top of the page: waterhemp, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service; wheat, U.S. Department of Agriculture; johnsongrass, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Barry Fitzgerald); sugarbeets,
U.S. Department of Agriculture; farmer and corn, ©iStockphoto.com/Chris Fertnig;
marestail, Ohio State University Extension; alfalfa, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service.
Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500
Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313;
http://www.nap.edu/.
Copyright 2012 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in
scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general
welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to
advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a
parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing
with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of
Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent
members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal
government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is
president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad
community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal
government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the
principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in
providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is
administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are
chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
www.national-academies.org
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PLANNING COMMITTEE FOR
A NATIONAL SUMMIT ON STRATEGIES TO MANAGE HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEEDS
CHARLES J. ARNTZEN (Chair), Arizona State University, Tempe
HAROLD D. COBLE, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
DAVID E. ERVIN, Portland State University, Oregon
JODIE S. HOLT, University of California, Riverside
TERRANCE M. HURLEY, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
RAYMOND A. JUSSAUME, JR., Michigan State University, East Lansing
MICHEAL D. K. OWEN, Iowa State University, Ames
JILL SCHROEDER, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
DAVID R. SHAW, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State
Staff
KARA N. LANEY, Program Officer
RUTHIE S. ARIETI, Research Associate
v
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
NORMAN R. SCOTT (Chair), Cornell University (Emeritus), Ithaca, New York
PEGGY F. BARLETT, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
HAROLD L. BERGMAN, University of Wyoming, Laramie
RICHARD A. DIXON, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma
DANIEL M. DOOLEY, University of California, Oakland
JOAN H. EISEMANN, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
GARY F. HARTNELL, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri
GENE HUGOSON, Global Initiatives for Food Systems Leadership, St. Paul, Minnesota
MOLLY M. JAHN, University of Wisconsin, Madison
ROBBIN S. JOHNSON, Cargill Foundation, Wayzata, Minnesota
A.G. KAWAMURA, Solutions from the Land, Washington, DC
KIRK C. KLASING, University of California, Davis
JULIA L. KORNEGAY, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
VICTOR L. LECHTENBERG, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
PHILIP E. NELSON, Purdue University (Emeritus), West Lafayette, Indiana
KEITH PITTS, Marrone Bio Innovations, Davis, California
CHARLES W. RICE, Kansas State University, Manhattan
HAL SALWASSER, Oregon State University, Corvallis
ROGER A. SEDJO, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC
KATHLEEN SEGERSON, University of Connecticut, Storrs
MERCEDES VÁZQUEZ-AÑÓN, Novus International, Inc., St. Charles, Missouri
Staff
ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Board Director
EVONNE P. Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer
CAMILLA YANDOC ABLES, Program Officer
KARA N. LANEY, Program Officer
PEGGY TSAI, Program Officer
KAREN L. IMHOF, Administrative Coordinator
JANET M. MULLIGAN, Senior Program Associate for Research
RUTHIE S. ARIETI, Research Associate
KATHLEEN REIMER, Senior Program Assistant
vi
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Acknowledgments
This proceedings has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by
the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this
independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the
institution in making the published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that the
proceedings meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to
the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to
protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following for their
review of this proceedings:
Stephen O. Duke, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,
University, Mississippi
David E. Ervin, Portland State University, Oregon
Jerry Green, DuPont Ag Biotechnology/Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Newark,
Delaware
Raymond A. Jussaume, Jr., Michigan State University, East Lansing
Nancy Ragsdale, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service
(retired), Beltsville, Maryland
Siyuan Tan, BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Alan Tasker, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, Riverdale, Maryland
Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive comments
and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of this proceedings before its release. The
review of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and
all review comments were carefully considered.
The National Research Council would like to thank the generous sponsors of this
project.
Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
Iowa Soybean Association
National Cotton Council of America
vii
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viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
United Soybean Board
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute of Food and Agriculture
Weed Science Society of America
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Preface
Preserving the efficacy of herbicides and of herbicide-resistance technology
depends on awareness of the increasing resistance of weeds to herbicides used in
agriculture and coordinated action to address the problem by individuals at the farm level
and beyond. This summit served as a venue to bring the attention of important
stakeholders to the issue and as an opportunity for experts from diverse disciplines to
strategize in a coordinated way to address herbicide-resistant weeds. In convening
stakeholders for this event, participants took a step toward a recommendation from the
2010 National Research Council report, The Impact of Genetically Engineered Crops on Farm
Sustainability in the United States, that federal and state government agencies, private-
sector technology developers, universities, farmer organizations, and other relevant
stakeholders collaborate to document emerging weed-resistance problems and to develop
cost-effective resistance-management programs and practices that preserve effective weed
control. The summit provided the opportunity for stakeholders to explore the scientific
basis of the emergence of herbicide resistance and to consider different perspectives on
both opportunities and barriers to overcoming the problem of herbicide-resistant weeds.
Summaries, presentation materials, and a video recording of the summit can be found at
http://nas-sites.org/hr-weeds-summit/. This document contains a brief synopsis of key
points made by each speaker at the summit. The National Research Council does not
endorse the statements made by summit presenters.
ix
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x PREFACE
Horseweed (Marestail. Conyza canadensis; mature plant), courtesy of
the Weed Science Society of America.
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Contents
WELCOME .................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Charles J. Arntzen
HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS: WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM? .......... 3
Micheal D. K. Owen
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE ............................................................................. 7
Jodie Holt
THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE OF MANAGING HERBICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS
CONTRASTS WITH THE UNITED STATES ............................................................................................... 9
Michael Walsh
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO CONTROL AND COMBAT RESISTANCE .................... 11
David R. Shaw
ADDRESSING THE PRESSING PROBLEM OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE .................................. 15
Harold Coble
PANEL 1: THE IMPEDIMENTS TO USING BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Ben Barstow...............................................................................................................................................17
Chuck Farr...................................................................................................................................................18
David Miller ................................................................................................................................................19
Steve Reeves...............................................................................................................................................19
Dale Shaner.................................................................................................................................................20
xi
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xii CONTENTS
A SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE ON WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............................ 21
George Frisvold
PANEL 2: WHAT APPROACHES ARE MOST LIKELY TO ENCOURAGE THE ADOPTION OF
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES?
Tom Green...................................................................................................................................................27
John Hamer.................................................................................................................................................28
John Soteres................................................................................................................................................30
Paul B. Thompson....................................................................................................................................31
Michael Walsh ...........................................................................................................................................36
THE LAND-GRANT APPROACH .................................................................................................................... 37
Steven Leath
APPENDIXES ................................................................................................................................................................
A SUMMIT AGENDA................................................................................................................................. 39
B PLANNING COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHIES .................................................................................. 41
C SPEAKER BIOGRAPHIES .................................................................................................................. 47
D HERBICIDE CLASSIFICATIONS AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION.................................. 53
