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CHAPTER 5 TECHNIQUE DESCRIPTIONS AND GUIDELINES HIERARCHICAL LIST OF TECHNIQUES The research team examined and revised the list of techniques over the duration of the project. Although some techniques were combined, guidelines were developed for 44 discrete techniques. A hierarchical system was adopted to classify the uni- verse of techniques. Hydraulic countermeasures are sepa- rated into two major groups, namely, (1) River Training and (2) Bank Armor and Protection. Two more categories were added, namely, (3) Riparian and Stream Opportunities and (4) Slope Stabilization. A hierarchical list and classification of environmentally sensitive channel- and bank-protection techniques is shown in Table 1. The list places each tech- nique in one of the preceding major groups and further clas- sifies or identifies each technique by categories and subcat- egories. This classification system was developed largely to assist in the selection of appropriate treatments. The three-level rating system was developed to account for the amount, quality, and reliability of available information: Level IâWell-established, well-documented (good per- formance and monitoring data available), reliable design criteria based on lab/field studies. Level IIâIntermediate, greater uncertainty (used fre- quently but do not have the level of detail, quality of infor- mation, and reliability that characterize Level I); little or inadequate monitoring. Level IIIâEmerging, promising technique. Does not have the track record and level of information characterizing Level I or II. TECHNIQUE GUIDELINES Technique design guidelines and specifications are pre- sented in a web browser-based interactive format on the accompanying CD. The software is liberally illustrated with color photographs of real projects. Clicking on a photograph will expand it so that details can be seen. The CD is user friendly, with expandable and collapsible menus, hotlinks between technique pages and special topics where relevant, and links to many references in .pdf format. All technique guidelines can be found on the attached CD. Each technique guideline includes the following items: 12 1. Category 2. Design Status 3. Also Known As 4. Description 5. Purpose 6. Planning a. Useful for Erosion Processes: b. Spatial Application: c. Hydrologic/Geomorphic Setting: d. Conditions Where Practice Applies: e. Complexity: f. Design Guidelines/Typical Drawings: 7. Environmental Considerations/Benefits 8. Hydraulic Loading 9. Combination Opportunities 10. Advantages 11. Limitations 12. Materials and Equipment 13. Construction/Installation 14. Cost 15. Maintenance/Monitoring 16. Common Reasons/Circumstances for Failure 17. Case Studies and Examples 18. Research Opportunities 19. References SPECIAL TOPICS The following subjects of relevance to environmentally sensitive streambank and channel protection are briefly dis- cussed in special topic documents composed by the research team and included on the accompanying CD: 1. Bankfull Discharge 2. Bio-Adaptive Plant Response 3. Checklist/Guidelines for Effective Design 4. Combining Techniques 5. Designing Stone Structures 6. Ecological Aspects of Bridge Design 7. Geotextiles and Root Penetration 8. Harvesting/Handling of Woody Cuttings 9. Management of Conveyance 10. Optimal Compaction and Other Strategies 11. Physical Aquatic Habitat 12. Proper Functioning Condition
13. Resistive (Continuous) vs. Redirective (Discontinuous) 14. Revetments to Resist Wave Wash 15. Self-Launching Stone/Well Graded Stone 13 16. Sources, Species, and Durability of Large Wood 17. The Key to Stability is the Key 18. The Role of Geotextiles and Natural Fabrics Category Technique Level River Training Spur dikes I Vanes Bendway weirs I Large woody debris structures II Transverse Structures Stone weirs II Longitudinal stone toe I Longitudinal stone toe with spurs I Coconut fiber rolls II Vegetated gabion basket I Live cribwalls II Vegetated mechanically stabilized earth I Live siltation II Longitudinal Structures Live brushlayering I Vegetated floodways II Channel Planform Measures Meander restoration II Bank Armor and Protection Vegetation alone II Live staking I Willow posts and poles II Live fascines I Turf reinforcement mats II Erosion control blankets II Groundcovers Geocellular containment systems II Rootwad revetments II Live brush mattress I Vegetated articulated concrete blocks I Vegetated riprap I Soil and grass covered riprap II Vegetated gabion mattress II Cobble or gravel armors II Revetments Trench fill revetment II Riparian and Stream Opportunities Top-of-Bank Treatments Live gully repair III Vanes with J-hooks I Cross vanes I Boulder clusters II In-Stream Habitat Improvements Newbury rock riffles II Slope Stabilization Diversion dike II Slope drain II Live pole drain III Chimney drain II Trench drain II Drop inlet II Drainage Measures Fascines with subsurface drain II Bank Regrading Slope Flattening In-Situ Reinforcement Stone-fill trenches II I II TABLE 1 Final list of technique guidelines
