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Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures (2005)

Chapter: Chapter 3 - Literature Review and Evaluation

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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3 - Literature Review and Evaluation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13556.
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Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3 - Literature Review and Evaluation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13556.
×
Page 7
Page 8
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3 - Literature Review and Evaluation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13556.
×
Page 8
Page 9
Suggested Citation:"Chapter 3 - Literature Review and Evaluation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13556.
×
Page 9

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CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW AND EVALUATION GENERAL EVALUATION A surprisingly large number of books, guidance manuals, technical reports, journal articles, and conference or work- shop proceedings have been published on environmentally sensitive slope-protection and erosion-control measures. Many of these references are devoted in full or in part to tech- niques that are applicable to streambank and channel protec- tion. The main limitation of the existing technical literature is not so much its paucity as its abundance. In some cases, regional specificity and lack of ready availability constrain usefulness. Many articles appear in obscure publications of limited distribution and accessibility. Perhaps most impor- tant, the quality of design guidance varies widely. Some tech- niques are documented by anecdotal case studies with very little data and only a few photographs, while other techniques have been subjected to controlled testing in hydraulic labo- ratories. Similarly, detailed analytical design approaches have been developed for some techniques, but others con- tinue to be designed by rules of thumb or individual judg- ment. As noted below in the section describing DOT survey results, qualitative information is often more abundant than quantitative data. Some important examples of the technical literature on environmentally sensitive channel- and bank-protection measures are listed and discussed briefly below. This resource base has been augmented more recently by techni- cal notes and related publications that are now available on the World Wide Web. The review that follows is not intended to be exhaustive, but it is illustrative of key information sources that are for the most part readily available. The review is limited to books, guidance manuals or handbooks, agency technical reports, and websites. Readers should be aware that “gray literature” (reports, websites, technical notes, proceedings papers, brochures and other documents not subjected to independent peer review) is usually of lower quality than peer reviewed journal papers. A complete list of all documents, including technical jour- nal papers, used in preparing the technique guidelines and special topics is included in the comprehensive bibliography. The accompanying CD also includes this list of documents, under References, and has the added feature of providing links to .pdf files containing the full text of many of the documents. 6 SPECIFIC REVIEW Books The Use of Vegetation in Civil Engineering Practice. 1990. Written by N. J. Coppin and I. Richards. Describes the use and engineering function of vegetation in a number of engineering applications, including erosion control and bank protection. The first book to set out in a comprehensive man- ner the ways in which vegetation modifies physical soil prop- erties and the functional role that vegetation plays in slope stabilization, water erosion control, watercourse and shore- line protection, wind erosion control, and control of runoff in small catchments. Published by Butterworths: Sevenoaks, Kent (UK). Water Bioengineering Techniques for Watercourse Bank and Shoreline Protection. 1994. Written by H. M. Schiechtl and R. Stern. A comprehensive compendium of countermea- sures and design guidelines. Includes chapters on water bio- engineering systems (including longitudinal and transverse structures) and on selection, care, and maintenance of vege- tation along waterways. Published by Blackwell Science, London. Biotechnical and Soil Bioengineering Slope Stabilization. 1996. Written by D. H. Gray and R. B. Sotir. Descriptions and guidelines of biostabilization measures. Includes a chap- ter on selection and design of biotechnical channel lining sys- tems. Published by John Wiley and Sons, New York. Waterway Bank Protection: A Guide to Erosion Assess- ment and Management. 1999. Written by R. P. C. Morgan, A. J. Collins, and M. J. Hann. This is an encyclopedic look at bank-protection measures and contains a logical selection algorithm. A bibliography (in MS Access or Excel) is included on diskette. Its main short-coming is that the entire work is targeted at conditions found in Great Britain. A copy can usually be obtained via interlibrary loan at a university library. Published by R& D Publication 11, The Stationary Office, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almonds- bury, Bristol, BS32 4UD, U. K. (pp105) Agency Guidance Manuals and Handbooks Streambank Protection Guidelines for Landowners and Local Governments. 1983. Written by M. P. Keown. Envi- ronmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station. Succinct review of the nature and causes of streambank erosion and failure; essential elements of a plan of action; stream-rerouting, channel modification, and bank-protection measures. Available from NTIS, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA. #ADA193023. Stream Habitat Improvement Handbook. 1992. Issued by the USDA Forest Service, Tech Publ. R8-TP 16. Primarily a compendium of in-stream structure designs to correct or improve habitat deficiencies. “Streambank and Shoreline Protection.” 1996. Chapter 16 of the Engineering Field Handbook, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture. The companion chapter to Chapter 18: Soil Bioengineer- ing for Upland Slope Protection. This chapter describes the use of vegetative plantings, soil bioengineering, and structural sys- tems used either alone or in combination with one another for protecting streambanks and shorelines. Guidelines and design considerations are presented for the following treatments: (1) soil bioengineering measures: live staking, live fascines, fiber rolls, branchpacking, vegetated geogrids, and brushmattress, (2) vegetative/structural measures: tree revetments, willow post plantings, log/rootwad revetments, live crib walls, vege- tated riprap (joint planting), and vegetated gabion mattresses. Bridge Scour and Stream Instability Countermeasures. 1997. Written by P. F. Lagasse et al. Issued by the U.S.DOT. HEC-23. Primarily a compendium of hydraulic techniques (namely, river training structures and armoring countermea- sures). Includes a useful matrix of countermeasures that can be adopted to evaluate their functional applications and suit- ability for different river conditions. Guidelines for Stream and Wetland Protection in Ken- tucky. 1997. Issued by the Kentucky Division of Water. Description of a variety of environmentally sensitive mea- sures for repairing streambank erosion and restoring aquatic habitat. A printed copy of this document can be ordered free, courtesy of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Kentucky Division of Water. Contact: Kentucky Division of Water, 14 Reilly Road, Frankfort, KY, 40601. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group. A comprehensive, cooperative effort by 15 federal agencies of the U.S. government to address stream degradation problems and outline possible solutions. The August 2001 revision of the 1998 document is avail- able online at http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/stream_ restoration/ (last accessed May 2, 2005). Streambank Investigation and Stabilization Handbook. 1998. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Cen- ter, Vicksburg, MS. Comprehensive compilation of research and techniques for streambank/erosion control applications related to planning, engineering, contracting, construction, and maintenance. Includes extensive collection of figures, tables, and color photos. Provides technical design guide- lines for a variety of streambank-protection measures. Also available in CD-ROM with browser-like navigation features from Veri-Tech, Inc. at www.veritechinc.com. 7 Integrated Streambank Protection Guidelines. 2003. Issued by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Provides advice for selecting and designing protection tech- niques that protect or restore aquatic and riparian habitats. Advocates integration of natural river processes in the selec- tion and design process. Maintains that bank-protection measures should be selected to address site- and reach-based conditions to avoid habitat impacts. Suggests consideration of methods other than riprap armoring, such as roughening a bank line, directing flow away from an eroding bank, revegetation, floodplain management, maintaining riparian corridors, restoring oxbows/wetlands, relocating at-risk infrastructures, and managing meander belts. Agency Technical Reports Streambank Erosion Control and Demonstration, Interim Report. 1981. Report issued by the U.S. Army Corps of Engi- neers. A massive, 8-volume report detailing the results of numerous streambank-erosion control trials around the coun- try. Contains the results of both conventional and alternative treatments. Dated but rich source of information that repre- sents the state of the art of streambank protection at the time of publication. Bioengineering for Streambank Erosion Control: Report 1, Guidelines. 1997. Written by H. Allen and J. R. Leech. Technical Report EL-97-8. Issued by U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS. Design of Roadside Channels with Flexible Linings. 1998. Written by Y. H. Chen and G. K. Cotton. HEC-15/FHWA- 1P-87-7. Prepared for the Federal Highway Administration. Contains information on Manning coefficient and allowable tractive stress for a variety of lining systems, including riprap, vegetation, and various rolled erosion control products. Determination of Resistance Due to Shrubs and Woody Vegetation. 2000. Written by G. E. Freeman, W. H. Rahmeyer, and R. R. Copeland. Technical report ERDC/CHL TR-00-25 prepared for the Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Results of flume studies conducted to determine hydraulic resistance of flexible plants that deform with turbulent flow. Study considered the effects on channel resistance for the variables of plant type, plant geometry, plant density, plant flexibility, and submerged and partially submerged conditions. Regression equations were developed for determining the Manning roughness coefficient. Websites There are a number of websites that contain useful guide- lines and information about streambank-protection techniques, including techniques that can be classified as environmentally sensitive channel- and streambank-protection measures. Most of the sites have been posted by federal or state agencies. A number of sites that describe case studies or applications of

such measures have been posted by private consultants. Some of the sites that have useful and relevant information are listed and briefly reviewed below. EMRRP Technical Notes. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/emrrp/tnotes.html (last accessed May 2, 2005) A series of short illustrated notes on stream restoration that allows users to access, save, and print documents in Adobe Acrobat (PDF) format. A thumbnail summary at the begin- ning of each note provides information on relative cost, complexity, and benefit of each measure. The following tech- nical notes are particularly relevant and useful: EMRRP-SR-01 Glossary of Stream Feb 2000 Restoration Terms EMRRP-SR-04 Coir Geotextile Roll and Feb 2000 Wetland Plants for Streambank Erosion Control EMRRP-SR-06 Habitat Requirements Feb 2000 for Freshwater Fishes EMRRP-SR-07 Resistance Due to May 2000 Vegetation EMRRP-SR-08 Determining Drag Feb 2000 Coefficients and Area for Vegetation EMRRP-SR-09 Reconnection of Floodplains May 2000 with Incised Channels EMRRP-SR-11 Boulder Clusters Feb 2000 EMRRP-SR-12 Irrigation Systems for Feb 2000 Establishing Vegetation EMRRP-SR-13 Streambank Enhancements May 2000 with Large Woody Debris EMRRP-SR-21 Rootwad Composites for May 2000 Streambank Control and Fish Habitat Improvement EMRRP-SR-23 Brush Mattresses for May 2000 Streambank Erosion Control EMRRP-SR-24 Design Recommendations Apr 2000 for Riparian Corridors and Vegetated Buffer Strips EMRRP-SR-28 Units and Conversions for May 2001 Stream Restoration Projects EMRRP-SR-29 Stability Thresholds for May 2001 Stream Restoration Materials EMRRP-SR-31 Live and Inert Fascine May 2001 Streambank Erosion Control EMRRP-SR-32 Impacts of Stabilization May 2001 Measures EMRRP-SR-33 Plant Material Selection May 2001 and Acquisition 8 Guidelines for Stream and Wetland Protection. Depart- ment of Environmental Protection. Kentucky Division of Water. http://www.water.ky.gov/ (general website accessed November 17, 2004; however, due to technical issues, this manual was lost and they are working on putting it back on the web) Provides an index to a 52-page manual that discusses stream behavior, stream types, restoration of streams, streambank erosion, riparian zones, and wetlands. Individual pages from the guide can be downloaded as PDF Acrobat files. The guide includes 59 photographs to help illustrate the main points of discussion. Seven appendices include overviews of hydro-geomorphic wetland functions, sources for obtaining native plants, a list of consultants, and a com- prehensive stream restoration bibliography. The information provided is applicable across state lines. Stream Restoration Library. Greene County New York Soil and Water Conservation District, Stream Restoration Program. http://www.gcswcd.com/stream/library/ (last accessed November 17, 2004) Site contains downloadable documents such as spread- sheets, typical drawings, construction specifications and other tools for stream restoration managers. The stream restoration construction specifications have been used on dis- trict projects ranging in cost from $10K to $700K. The fol- lowing documents with stream restoration and vegetative specifications can be downloaded from the site: Stream Restoration Specifications (typical drawings have not yet been added): • SR-01: Rock vanes • SR-02: W-weirs • SR-03: Cross vanes • SR-04: Root-wads • SR-05: (Reserved) • SR-06: (Reserved) • SR-07: Stream channel excavation • SR-08: Rock riprap Vegetation Specifications (addresses implementation of vegetative components of stream restoration): • VS-01: Live fascines • VS-02: Sod mats • VS-03: Live stakes/posts • VS-04: Live materials/transplants • VS-05: Seeding and mulching Environmental Management Program. Texas Trans- portation Institute. Texas A&M University System. College Station, TX.

http://tti.tamu.edu/enviro_mgmt/projects (last accessed November 17, 2004) Describes several environmentally oriented research proj- ects, including one entitled, “Regional Applications for Biotechnical Methods of Streambank Protection in Texas,” which involved identifying bioengineering and biotechnical streambank stabilization technologies appropriate to the cli- matic and resource regions of Texas. Soil Bioengineering Home. Washington State DOT. Engineering and Environmental Programs. Roadside and Site Development. Olympia, WA. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/eesc/design/roadside/sb.htm (last accessed November 17, 2004) Not oriented to streambank protection per se, but website has many useful features, including case histories of soil bio- engineering projects with photos, several hundred references for soil bioengineering and vegetative stabilization, links to on-line publications and restoration websites, and design information including typical drawings, specification exam- ples, and cost examples. 9 NebGuide. Cooperative Extension, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/soil/g1307.htm (last accessed November 17, 2004) The NebGuide describes bioengineering techniques for hillslope-, streambank-, and lakeshore erosion control. Tips for a successful bioengineering installation and demonstra- tion project are described. The Cross Vane, W-Weir and J-Hook Structures. D.L. Rosgen. Wildland Hydrology Inc., Pagosa Springs, CO. http://www.wildlandhydrology.com/assets/cross-vane.pdf (last accessed November 17, 2004) The descriptions, design specifications, placement loca- tions, spacing and various applications of Cross-Vane, W-Weir and J-Hook Vane structures are presented. Empiri- cal relations for minimum rock size based on bankfull shear stress are presented. Drawings for each structure are pro- vided that display appropriate use of footers (foundation rocks), cross-section shape, profile shape, appropriate chan- nel locations, angles, slopes, spacings, and elevations.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 544: Environmentally Sensitive Channel- and Bank-Protection Measures examines environmentally sensitive channel- and bank-protection measures and includes recommended design guidelines for their application and a selection system for helping to determine the most appropriate channel- and bank-protection measure. The selection system is presented as an interactive software program entitled “Greenbank,” which can be found on the accompanying CD-ROM (CRP-CD-58). The selection system software (CRP-CD-58) is available for download in an ZIP format

Download the NCHRP CRP-CD-58 in ZIP format.

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