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OCR for page 45
A-1
APPENDIX A
Functional Hazard Analysis Results
Introduction nel, and specialist risk assessors. The objective of the workshop
is to explore all relevant operational scenarios and identify haz-
As described in the body of this report, one of the subtasks ards associated with them. The output of the FHA is a "hazard
of this project was to carry out a functional hazard analysis log," including all hazards identified and preliminary informa-
(FHA) for aircraft overruns, undershoots, and veer-offs based tion about them that can be provided by the workshop team.
on information gathered in the literature review. The objec-
tive of this subtask was to identify the most relevant factors
Summary of Relevant
associated with such events to support the data collection effort
Factors Identified
for accidents and incidents. Identifying such factors causing
or contributing to such events was also part of the modeling Table A1 summarizes the factors that are believed to lead
process involved in this study. to overrun, undershoot, and veer-off accidents and incidents
FHAs often are conducted in the form of a brainstorming based on FHA studies and literature review. Most of these fac-
workshop involving a multi-disciplinary team, for example in- tors were identified in ACRP Report 3 and other studies, but
cluding pilots, air traffic controllers, airside operations person- some were added based on available reports from other sources.
Table A1. Summary of factors causing or contributing to aircraft overrun,
undershoot, and veer-off occurrences.
Event Category Factor
Landing Overrun Weather Tail Wind
(LDOR) Cross Wind
Wind variations (gusts, shear)
Visibility
Ceiling
Temperature
Airfield Surface contaminants and friction (water, snow, ice, slush, rubber deposits)
Landing Distance Available (LDA)
Slopes (longitudinal and transverse)
Altitude
Runway profile
System faults
Pilot Landing long
Unstabilized approach
Landing fast
High threshold crossing height
"Pressonits"
Incorrect (delay) application of thrust reverse (if available) and spoilers
Incorrect (delay) application of brakes
Delayed nose-wheel lowering
`Over-consideration' for comfort
Incorrect interpretation of reported operation conditions
Landing on the wrong runway
Aircraft Landing Distance Required (LDR)
Weight
System faults (e.g. brake systems failure)
(continued on next page)
OCR for page 46
A-2
Table A1. (Continued).
Event Category Factor
Takeoff Overrun Weather Tail Wind
(TOOR) Wind variations (gusts, shear)
Cross wind
Temperature
Airfield Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)
Surface contaminants and friction (water, snow, ice, rubber deposits) in
case of aborted takeoff
Slopes (longitudinal and transverse) in case of aborted takeoff
Altitude
Pilot Delay to abort takeoff when required
Incorrect (delay) application of thrust reverse (if available) and spoilers, in
case takeoff is aborted
Incorrect (delay) application of brakes, in case takeoff is aborted
Incorrect interpretation of reported operation conditions
Selection of wrong runway
Aircraft System or component malfunction require to abort takeoff
Accelerate-Stop Distance Required (ASDR)
Landing Weather Visibility
Undershoot Ceiling
(LDUS) Wind variations (gusts, shear)
Temperature
Crosswind
Airfield System faults
Availability of navigational aids
Altitude
Pilot Approach too low
Attempt to land too close to arrival end of the runway
Misinterpretation of approach procedures
Visual illusion resulting incorrect pilot response
Aircraft System faults
Stall speed
Approach speed
Takeoff Veer-Off Weather Crosswind
(TOVO) Wind gusts
Heavy rain
Airfield Runway contamination (water, snow, ice, rubber)
Bird strike
Runway undulation
Construction work
Pilot/Crew Abort takeoff above V1
Incorrect performance calculation
Incorrect CG
Incorrect runway distance available
Aircraft Engine power loss
Blown tire
Undercarriage collapse
Loss of directional control
Landing Veer-Off Weather Cross wind
(LDVO) Wind gusts
Tailwind
Turbulence
Windshear
Airfield Runway contamination (water, snow, ice, slush, rubber)
Snow banks
Pilot Hard landing with landing gear failure
Unstabilized approach
Go around not conducted
Touchdown long
Touchdown hard/bounce
Aircraft Spontaneous collapse of undercarriage
Asymmetric forces due to thrust reverse problem
Asymmetric forces due to braking problem
Steering control system malfunction
