Improved Models for Risk Assessment of Runway Safety Areas (2011)

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A-1 Introduction As described in the body of this report, one of the subtasks of this project was to carry out a functional hazard analysis (FHA) for aircraft overruns, undershoots, and veer-offs based on information gathered in the literature review. The objec- tive of this subtask was to identify the most relevant factors associated with such events to support the data collection effort for accidents and incidents. Identifying such factors causing or contributing to such events was also part of the modeling process involved in this study. FHAs often are conducted in the form of a brainstorming workshop involving a multi-disciplinary team, for example in- cluding pilots, air traffic controllers, airside operations person- nel, and specialist risk assessors. The objective of the workshop is to explore all relevant operational scenarios and identify haz- ards associated with them. The output of the FHA is a “hazard log,” including all hazards identified and preliminary informa- tion about them that can be provided by the workshop team. Summary of Relevant Factors Identified Table A1 summarizes the factors that are believed to lead to overrun, undershoot, and veer-off accidents and incidents based on FHA studies and literature review. Most of these fac- tors were identified in ACRP Report 3 and other studies, but some were added based on available reports from other sources. A P P E N D I X A Functional Hazard Analysis Results Table A1. Summary of factors causing or contributing to aircraft overrun, undershoot, and veer-off occurrences. Event Category Factor Tail Wind Cross Wind Wind variations (gusts, shear) Visibility Ceiling Weather Temperature Surface contaminants and friction (water, snow, ice, slush, rubber deposits) Landing Distance Available (LDA) Slopes (longitudinal and transverse) Altitude Runway profile Airfield System faults Landing long Unstabilized approach Landing Overrun (LDOR) Pilot Landing fast High threshold crossing height “Pressonits” Incorrect (delay) application of thrust reverse (if available) and spoilers Incorrect (delay) application of brakes Delayed nose-wheel lowering ‘Over-consideration’ for comfort Incorrect interpretation of reported operation conditions Landing on the wrong runway Landing Distance Required (LDR) Weight Aircraft System faults (e.g. brake systems failure) (continued on next page)

A-2 Event Category Factor Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) Surface contaminants and friction (water, snow, ice, rubber deposits) in case of aborted takeoff Slopes (longitudinal and transverse) in case of aborted takeoff Airfield Altitude Delay to abort takeoff when required Incorrect (delay) application of thrust reverse (if available) and spoilers, in case takeoff is aborted Incorrect (delay) application of brakes, in case takeoff is aborted Incorrect interpretation of reported operation conditions Pilot Selection of wrong runway System or component malfunction require to abort takeoffAircraft Accelerate-Stop Distance Required (ASDR) Visibility Ceiling Wind variations (gusts, shear) Temperature Weather Crosswind System faults Availability of navigational aids Airfield Altitude Landing Undershoot (LDUS) Pilot Approach too low Attempt to land too close to arrival end of the runway Misinterpretation of approach procedures Visual illusion resulting incorrect pilot response System faults Stall speed Aircraft Approach speed Crosswind Wind gusts Weather Heavy rain Runway contamination (water, snow, ice, rubber) Bird strike Runway undulation Airfield Construction work Abort takeoff above V1 Incorrect performance calculation Incorrect CG Pilot/Crew Incorrect runway distance available Engine power loss Blown tire Undercarriage collapse Takeoff Veer-Off (TOVO) Aircraft Loss of directional control Cross wind Wind gusts Tailwind Turbulence Weather Windshear Runway contamination (water, snow, ice, slush, rubber)Airfield Snow banks Hard landing with landing gear failure Unstabilized approach Go around not conducted Touchdown long Pilot Touchdown hard/bounce Spontaneous collapse of undercarriage Asymmetric forces due to thrust reverse problem Asymmetric forces due to braking problem Landing Veer-Off (LDVO) Aircraft Steering control system malfunction Tail Wind Wind variations (gusts, shear) Cross wind Weather Temperature Takeoff Overrun (TOOR) Table A1. (Continued).