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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13648.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

TRANSPORTAT ION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2011 www.TRB.org N A T I O N A L C O O P E R A T I V E H I G H W A Y R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M NCHRP REPORT 694 Subscriber Categories Finance • Highways • Operations and Traffic Management Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects Benjamin G. Perez Reno Giordano PARSONS BRINCKERHOFF, INC. New York, NY Heidi Stamm HS PUBLIC AFFAIRS Bainbridge Island, WA Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 694 Project 08-75 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 978-0-309-21361-5 Library of Congress Control Number 2011939451 © 2011 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, and the sponsors of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta- tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu- als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 694 Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Christopher Hedges, Senior Program Officer Danna Powell, Senior Program Assistant Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Hilary Freer, Senior Editor NCHRP PROJECT 08-75 PANEL Field of Transportation Planning—Area of Forecasting Kenneth R. Buckeye, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul, MN (Chair) Daniela Bremmer, Washington State DOT, Olympia, WA Adjo A. Amekudzi, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA Monica Kress, California DOT, Sacramento, CA Daniel Lamers, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington, TX Cailein MacDougall, New York State Thruway Authority, Albany, NY Kofi Wakhisi, Atlanta Regional Commission, Atlanta, GA Patrick T. DeCorla-Souza, FHWA Liaison Jane Lappin, Research and Innovative Technology Administration Liaison Martine A. Micozzi, TRB Liaison C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S

These guidelines are intended for transportation practitioners involved in the planning, design, and operation of congestion-pricing projects. They will help agencies select or develop measures to evaluate these projects, collect the necessary data, track performance, and communicate the results to decision makers, users, and the general public. These guide- lines will be valuable to all agencies who are using or considering congestion pricing to manage their roadway capacity. Highway traffic congestion is one of the biggest challenges facing transportation agencies today. Congestion will likely become even worse as demand for highway facilities increases and capacity remains limited. Increasing peak times, loss of productivity during congested periods, and underutilization of existing capacity during off-peak periods are some of the current system management challenges. There is a growing national momentum within government transportation agencies to explore congestion pricing and evaluate its performance. Some states are considering or implementing congestion pricing projects such as High-Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. In addition, U.S. DOT issued a set of national strategies to reduce congestion that includes pricing concepts. A key element of this strategy is the development of Urban Partnership Agreement (UPA) and Congestion Reduction Demonstration (CRD) programs, which include tolling, transit, telecommuting, technology, and operations components. Congestion-pricing options face considerable political and public pressures. Trans- portation organizations need assistance in developing and tracking measurements for assessing the benefits and impacts of congestion-pricing strategies. Effective performance assessment of pricing projects is essential at the planning, development, deployment, oper- ation, and evaluation stages. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge on how to develop appropriate performance measurements, measure and analyze data, and communicate the results to the public. Under NCHRP Project 08-75 “Guidelines for Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects,” a research team led by Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., developed case studies of 12 congestion-pricing projects. For each case study, the team summarizes the performance measures used to evaluate the results of the project. The results were used to develop guidelines that can be used by agencies to evaluate their congestion-pricing projects, enabling them to select appropriate performance measures for the goals of their own project, collect the right data, evaluate performance, and communicate results. The 12 case studies are included as appendices to the guidelines. F O R E W O R D By Christopher Hedges Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

C O N T E N T S Note: Many of the photographs, figures, and tables in this report have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the Web at www.trb.org) retains the color versions. 1 Summary 3 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Why These Guidelines? 5 1.2 Types of Congestion Pricing 7 1.3 Context for Congestion Pricing Projects and Their Evaluation 12 Chapter 2 Methodology 12 2.1 Compiling the Guidelines 15 2.2 State of the Practice and Beyond 18 Chapter 3 Guidelines for Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects 18 3.1 Initiating Performance Measurement Programs 25 3.2 Performance Measurement for Variably Priced Managed Lanes 40 3.3 Performance Measurement for Toll Facilities with Variable Pricing 51 3.4 Performance Measurement for Cordon and Area Pricing Projects 66 Chapter 4 Integrating Performance Evaluation and Measurement with Public Outreach 66 4.1 Advantages and Drawbacks of Including Performance Measures in the Public Outreach Process and How Existing Facility Character- istics Shape a Future Facility Vision 70 4.2 Market Research—Preparing for the Congestion Pricing Conversation 73 4.3 Constituency Building through Public Education and Outreach 81 Chapter 5 Conclusions 81 5.1 Providing a Framework to Approach Performance Measurement for Congestion Pricing Projects 83 5.2 Outreach and Communication—Day-of-Opening and Beyond 85 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms 87 Key Terms 89 Appendix A Congestion Pricing Case Studies

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 694: Evaluation and Performance Measurement of Congestion Pricing Projects is designed to help transportation agencies select or develop measures to evaluate congestion-pricing projects; collect the necessary data; track performance; and communicate the results to decision makers, users, and the general public.

A companion document to NCHRP Report 694 was published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 174: Performance Measurement and Evaluation of Tolling and Congestion Pricing Projects, which provides an overview of the purpose, scope, and methodology, and a complete compilation of the work products that were used to develop NCHRP Report 694.

The PDF of this report has some information not supplied in the original print version. Be advised that inclusion of this information has affected the layout of Appendix A and may affect printing.

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