. "Index." Eat for Life: The Food and Nutrition Board's Guide to Reducing Your Risk of Chronic Disease. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1992.
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Index
A
Adolescents, see Teenagers
Aflatoxin, 3, 130
Age
and body mass index, 72
and caloric intake, 80
and gallstones, 83
and heart disease, 99
and weight for height, 73
Alcohol consumption
blood alcohol levels, 124
calories from, 36, 37, 121
and cancer, 14, 114, 115, 125-126
and cigarette smoking, 125
classification of drinkers, 123-124
deaths from, 58
dietary guidelines, 6, 13-14, 19, 21, 23
and heart disease, 14, 126
and high blood pressure, 14, 65, 126
and liver disease, 14, 77, 114, 124-125
and nervous system diseases, 14, 126-127
and nutritional deficiencies, 14
and obesity, 126
physiological effects of, 124
during pregnancy, 14, 127
and stroke, 126
Alcoholism, 14, 77, 114, 125
Alginates, 40
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 116
American Academy of Pediatrics, 116
American Cancer Society, 20-21
American Dental Association, 16, 116
American Diabetes Association, 17, 20-21
American Dietetic Association, 15, 22, 161
American Heart Association, 17, 20-21
American Institute of Nutrition, 15
American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 15
Amino acids
B vitamins and, 49
essential, 29, 47
sources, 12-13, 47
supplements, 15
Anemia (iron deficiency), 58, 116-117
Aneurysms, 63
Angina pectoris, 62
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Antioxidants, 48, 52
Artificial sweeteners, 21, 122, 129
Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C
Aspartame, 129
Atherosclerosis
cholesterol and, 61, 89
deaths, 58, 59
diabetes and, 69
fat intake and, 11, 60
mechanisms, 60-61
and peripheral artery disease, 63
prevention, 12, 61
reversal, 61
saturated fatty acids and, 92-93
and stroke, 60, 61, 64
vitamin C and, 111-112
in young adults, 99
Avocado, 41, 135, 136
B
B vitamins, see specific vitamins
Bacon, 142
Baking soda, 52, 119
Bananas, 137
Beans
caloric intake trends, 55
carbohydrates in, 40
fiber in, 41
minerals in, 51-52
protein in, 29, 47
recommendations, 138
vitamins in, 48-49
Beef fat, 45
Beer, 6, 13, 122
Beta-carotene, 110, 111
BHA and BHT, 130
Bile, 76
Bile duct cancer, 84
Biotin, 30, 50, 159
Blacks
coronary heart disease, 63
high blood pressure, 66, 67
stroke, 12, 64
Bladder cancer, 68, 111, 127-128, 129
Blindness, 69
Blood
clotting, 47, 48
pressure, 65-66
see also High blood pressure
Body fat distribution
and blood pressure, 83
and diabetes, 70, 73
genetic factor in, 82
and heart disease, 73
and stroke, 71-72
waist-to-hip ratio, 73-74, 83
Body mass index, 71-72
Bone
composition, 75
formation and growth, 48, 51, 52
mass, 15, 51, 115
Bran, 30, 40, 41, 106, 107
Bread, 91
carbohydrates in, 137
fiber in, 30, 41
minerals in, 51
protein in, 29
recommendations, 6, 7, 12, 101, 133, 137
vitamins in, 49, 50
Breakfast, 54-55, 153
Breakfast cereals, 48, 49
Breast cancer, 2, 11, 24, 68, 84, 96, 97, 113, 125
Breast milk, 98-99
Breastfeeding, 15
Brewer's yeast, 51
Broccoli, 48
Butter
cholesterol in, 55
fats in, 27, 28, 41, 42, 45, 134, 143
margarine substituted for, 132-133
and serum cholesterol, 92
vitamins in, 48, 110
C
Cabbage, 48
Cafeteria food, 154
Caffeine, 112, 127, 128
Cakes and cookies, 28, 41, 149
Calcium
and chronic disease, 115-116
dietary guidelines, 6, 15, 21, 23
and osteoporosis, 15, 23, 115
plaque formation in blood stream, 60
protein intake and, 11, 103
recommended intake, 115, 159
role in the body, 30, 50, 51, 115
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sources, 15, 23, 51, 115, 138
supplements, 15, 21, 115
vitamin D and, 21, 47, 48
Caloric intake
activity level and, 35-36, 54
age and, 80
from carbohydrates, 54-55
and dietary supplement use, 15
and expenditures, 35-36, 79-81
from fat, 10, 54-55
from meat and poultry, by cut, 141
and obesity, 2
from saturated fatty acids, 10, 25-26
and weight, 22, 37, 80-81
Cancer
alcohol consumption and, 113, 125-126
caloric intake and, 97
coffee and tea and, 127-128
deaths, 58, 59, 67
diagnosis, 68
diet-related types, 68
fats and, 2, 4, 11, 87, 96-97, 128
fiber and, 106
mechanisms in, 67-68, 125-126
preventive foods and nutrients, 12, 97, 110-111
protein and, 102
rates, 67
recommendations for risk reduction, 17, 20-21, 25
risk of, 27, 69
saturated fatty acids and, 4, 97
vitamin A and, 110-111
vitamin E and, 113
weight and, 84, 97
see also specific kinds of cancer
Canola oil, 43, 94, 133, 142, 143
Carbohydrates
caloric content, 36, 37
consumption trends, 54-55
defined, 29-30
dental caries and, 77, 103-104
fattening foods, 101, 133
and heart disease, 101
metabolism, 38, 48, 49, 51
and noninsulin-dependent diabetes, 104
role in the body, 34
sources, 38
structure, 39
types,
see Complex carbohydrates;
Fiber;
Sugars
Carotenoids, 48, 110, 137
Carrageenan, 40
Carrots, 12
Cavities, see Dental Caries
Cellulose, 30, 40-41
Cereals
carbohydrates in, 29, 40, 137
fiber in, 30, 41
food additives in, 129, 130
malted, 40
minerals in, 51-52
protein in, 47
recommended intakes, 6, 11, 12, 132, 133
vitamins in, 48-49
whole-grain, 30, 133
see also Grains and grain products
Cerebral hemorrhage, 64;
see also Stroke
Cerebral thrombosis, 64;
see also Stroke
Cervical cancer, 84, 111
Cheeses, 52, 92, 104, 132, 135, 138
Chest pain, 62
Chewing tobacco, 113-114
Children
calcium intake, 115
eating habits, 99
fat intake, 11, 81, 98-99
fluoride supplements, 16, 117
iron intake, 19
Chloride, 31, 51
Chocolate, 28, 41
Cholesterol (dietary)
children's intake, 99
consumption trends, 55
guidelines, 6, 10, 11, 18, 20, 22
responsiveness to, 93
and serum cholesterol, 10, 93
sources, 10, 28, 45, 46, 55, 141, 142, 149
Cholesterol (serum)
cholesterol intake and, 10, 93
coffee drinking and, 128
defined, 28
desirable levels, 46
diagnosis, 24
fiber intake and, 105-106
and heart disease, 25-27, 60, 87-91
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high, prevalence of, 60
protein intake and, 102
role in the body, 28, 45, 76, 84
saturated fatty acids and, 10, 25-26, 95, 102
structure, 46
studies monitoring health effects, 89
total, 28, 46
types, 46
vitamin C and, 112
weight and production of, 84
see also HDL cholesterol;
LDL cholesterol
Chromium, 30, 51
Cigarette smoking, 63, 81-82, 96, 125, 128
Cirrhosis of the liver, 58, 59, 76-77, 124-125
Citrus fruits, 12, 48, 57, 137
Cobalamin, see Vitamin B12
Cobalt, 30
Cocktails, 6, 13
Cocoa butter, 92, 143
Coconut, 41, 44, 136
Coconut oil, 10, 142, 143, 146
Coffee and tea, 127-128
Colon cancer, 2, 11, 12, 68, 84, 96, 106, 128
Colorectal cancer, 68, 97
Complex carbohydrates
defined, 29-30
and dental caries, 103-104
dietary guidelines, 12, 19, 21, 22
food supply, 55
high-fat, 137
protective effects of, 103-104
role in the body, 41
serving recommendations, 6, 11, 12, 22, 134
sources, 22, 132, 135, 138
structure, 39
types, 39
see also Fiber;
Starches
Congestive heart failure, 77
Connective tissue growth, 48
Cookbooks, 162
Cooking, 21
broiling, 148
frying, 133, 147
microwaving, 148
salt addition during, 14
sauteing, 148
sodium equivalent, 14
steaming, 147
stir-frying, 147-148
substitutions, 149-152
vitamin destruction during, 48
Copper, 30, 48, 50, 51, 159
Corn oil, 143
Corn syrups, 40, 144
Coronary heard disease, 2, 13, 24-25, 27, 62, 73, 85
Cottage cheese, 138-139
Cottonseed oil, 143
Couch potatoes, energy needs, 36
Council on Scientific Affairs, dietary recommendation to U.S. public , 18-19
Crackers, 135, 145-146
Cream cheese, 150
D
Dairy products
cholesterol in, 10, 28, 46
fats in, 10, 28, 41, 102, 135, 138
low-fat/nonfat, 11, 132, 138-139
minerals in, 51-52, 115, 138
protein in, 47, 102
shopping for, 138-139
substitutes for, 150
see also specific products
Dark-green vegetables, 15, 48, 49, 51, 110
Deficiency diseases, 1-2, 55, 57-58
Dementia, 126
Dental caries, 2, 16, 58, 59, 77, 116
Desserts, 130, 135, 136
Dextrose, 144
Diabetes mellitus
body fat distribution and, 70, 73
complications of, 69, 104
deaths, 58, 59
insulin-dependent, 69-70
mechanisms in, 69
recommendations for risk reduction, 20-21
treatment, 69-70
types, 69-70
weight and, 83
see also Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Diet, changes over time, 53-56
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Dietary guidelines
alcoholic beverages, 6, 13-14, 19, 21
calcium, 6, 15
cholesterol, 6, 10, 11, 18, 20, 22
complex carbohydrates, 6, 12, 19, 21, 22
conflicts in, 23
development of, 3-5
exercise, 6, 13, 18, 20
fat, 6, 10-11, 18, 20, 22
fiber, 19, 21, 22-23
fluoride, 6, 16
of other expert groups, 16-23
see also specific groups
polyunsaturated fatty acids, 18, 20
protein, 6, 12-13, 23
risk-reducing, for specific diseases, 20-21, 24-27
salt (sodium chloride), 6, 14, 19, 21
saturated fatty acids, 6, 10-11, 18, 20, 22
sugars (simple), 18, 20
vitamin/mineral supplements, 6, 15-16
see also specific foods
Dietary terms/definitions
carbohydrates, 29-30
cholesterol, 28
fats, 27-28
fatty acids, 28
minerals, 30-31
protein, 28-29
vitamins, 30
Dieting, 5-7, 84-85
Dietitians, 161
Disaccharides, 39;
see also Sugars
Drinking water, fluoride in, 16, 19, 51, 116
E
Eating out, 4-5, 55, 152-154
Eating patterns
changes in, 55, 154-155
dieting, 5-7
guidelines, see Dietary guidelines
Education/information
materials, 161-162
programs, 3, 4
Eggs
cholesterol in, 10, 28, 46, 55, 149
consumption trends, 55
limiting intakes, 11
minerals in, 51, 52
role in cooking, 149
substitutes for, 132, 149-150
vitamins in, 48, 49, 110
Eicosapentaenoic acid, 44, 45
Electrolytes, 31, 50
Endometrial cancer, 13, 68, 84, 97
Energy,
see Caloric intake;
Food energy
Enzymes, 46, 47
Esophageal cancer, 2, 68, 111, 113-114, 125
Ethanol,
see Alcohol consumption;
Alcoholism
Ethnic cuisine, 5, 91-92, 153
Exercise
bicycle riding, 36
and blood pressure, 96
caloric intake and, 35, 54
guidelines, 6, 13, 17, 18, 20, 22
and weight, 13, 37, 81
F
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 90-91
Family history of disease, and prevention, 24
Fast-food, 4-5, 154
Fat-soluble vitamins, 30, 47-50, 159;
see also specific vitamins
Fats (dietary)
caloric intake from, 10, 36, 37, 54-55
and cancer, 2, 4, 11, 87, 96-97, 128
and children's health, 98-99
consumption trends, 53, 54-55
defined, 27-28
dietary guidelines, 6, 10-11, 18, 20, 22
energy conversion from, 37
and gallstones, 98
and heart disease, 2, 4, 11, 87, 88
hidden, in foods, 134-135
and high blood pressure, 95-96
metabolism of, 51
role in the body, 34, 37, 41
solubility, 41-42
sources, 27-28, 41, 141
substitution of leaner foods for, 11
structure, 41
see also Fatty acids;
Triglycerides
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Fatty acids
defined, 28
essential, 11, 43-44
and heart disease, 60, 91-94
niacin and, 49
structure, 42-43
see also Monounsaturated fatty acids;
Polyunsaturated fatty acids;
Saturated fatty acids;
and specific fatty acids
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 127
Fiber (dietary)
and cancer, 106
guidelines, 19, 21, 22-23
and heart disease, 105-106
and mineral deficiency, 107
protective effects of, 30, 103, 105, 106, 107
role in the body, 41
and serum cholesterol, 105-106
sources, 12, 22, 40-41, 105, 107, 138
supplements, 21, 107
types of, 105
Fish
cholesterol in, 10
consumption trends, 55
cooking, 148
minerals in, 51, 52
protein in, 140, 142
recommended intake, 19
substitution for meats, 11, 19, 140, 142
vitamins in, 48, 49
Fish oils, 44
Fluoride, 30
and dental caries, 116
dietary guidelines, 6, 16, 19
role in the body, 51
sources, 51, 116
supplements, 16, 117
Folacin, 30, 49, 114, 159
Food additives, 19, 40, 128-130
Food energy
availability of, 54
best sources, 29, 40
from carbohydrates, 49
dieting and efficiency of conversion, 85
from fats, 41, 49
measure of, 35;
see also Caloric intake
nutrients aiding conversion of, 48, 49, 51, 52
from protein, 49
requirements, 35, 36
role in the body, 35
storage as fat, 81
Food industry, recommended changes for, 4-5
Food labels
fat types, 146
on frozen foods, 146-147
health claims, 136, 139, 144
ingredient lists, 144, 146
nutrition information, 144-145, 146
serving size, 145-146
vitamin/mineral information, 110, 146
Food processing, 4, 40;
see also Cooking
Food shopping
dairy products, 138-139
frozen food, 146-147
fruits and vegetables, 136-137
grain products, 137
legumes, 138
meats and poultry, 139-140, 141
packaged foods, 144-146
packaged meats, 142-144
seafood, 140, 142
vegetable oils, 142
Food supply, changes in, 53-55
Foods
contaminants in, 122, 130
guidelines for choosing, 132-133, 162
menu planning, 33-34, 133-136
preparation, see Cooking
see also Food processing;
Food shopping;
and specific foods
Fried foods, 11, 133
Frozen foods, shopping for, 142-146
Fructose, 29, 39, 40, 103, 144
Fruits and vegetables
energy conversion from, 39
nutrients in, 28, 30, 31, 40, 41, 48, 49, 51, 52, 105, 118, 133
preparation, 130, 147-148
serving recommendations, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 22, 134, 135
shopping for, 136-137
G
Galactose, 40
Gallbladder cancer, 84
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Gallbladder disease, 13
Gallstones
age and, 83
fat intake and, 98
fiber intake and, 106
obesity and, 76, 83, 98
prevalence, 58, 59
weight and, 83-84
Gangrene, 63, 69
Genetic factors in chronic disease, 25, 65, 82
Genetic material, production aids, 49
Glucose, 29, 39, 69, 83
Goiter, 1, 58
Grains and grain products
aflatoxin contamination, 3
consumption trends, 55
nutrients in, 40, 48, 49, 51, 52, 105
recommendations, 22
shopping for, 137-138
see also Cereals
Green peppers, 48
Green vegetables, 12, 48, 49, 51
Growth, 48
Guidelines, see Dietary guidelines
Guar gum, 40, 106, 107
Gums, 40
H
Hardening of the arteries, see Atherosclerosis
HDL cholesterol, 28, 46, 61, 90, 91, 94
Heart attack, 4
alcoholic beverages and, 126
cause, 10, 62
cholesterol and, 88, 90, 93
deaths from, 63
diabetes and, 69
fiber and, 106
protein and, 102
risk reduction, 93, 106, 126
saturated fatty acids and, 88, 95
Heart disease
alcohol consumption and, 14, 126
carbohydrates and, 101
coffee and tea and, 128
deaths, 58, 59
fats and, 2, 4, 60, 87, 88
fatty acids and, 60, 91-94
fiber and, 105-106
geographic differences in incidence, 88-89
potassium and, 118
protective foods and nutrients, 13, 23, 126
protein and, 102
recommendations for risk reduction, 17, 20-21
salt intake and, 25
saturated fatty acids and, 4, 25-26, 94-95
serum cholesterol and, 25-27, 87-91
and stroke, 60
weight and, 82
see also Atherosclerosis
Height/weight tables, 17, 71, 73, 74
Hemachromatosis, 76
Hemicellulose, 40, 41
High blood pressure
alcohol consumption and, 14, 65, 126
body fat distribution and, 83
diagnosis/detection, 24, 66-67
effects on body systems, 65
fats and, 95-96
fiber intake and, 106
kidney disease and, 65
obesity and, 65
potassium and, 118
prevalence, 14, 58-59, 66-67
salt and, 2, 25, 65, 118
and stroke, 64
symptoms, 65-66
weight and, 13, 65, 82-83
High blood sugar, 40
High-density lipoproteins, 28;
see also HDL cholesterol
High-fructose corn syrups, 40, 144
Honey, 39, 144
Hot dogs, 142, 144
Hypertension, see High blood pressure
I
Ice cream, 36, 37, 38, 132
Ice milk, 36, 37, 38
Infants and toddlers
dietary recommendations, 15, 25, 98
Insulin, 51
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Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources, 20-21
Iodine, 1, 30, 51, 58, 159
Ions, 50, 52
Iron, 30, 50, 51
absorption, 50, 51
deficiency, 58, 116-117
dietary recommendations, 11, 19
U.S. RDAs, 159
role in the body, 51, 116-117
sources, 51, 116
Italian food, 91-92, 153
K
Kidney disease, 65, 69
L
Labels, see Food labels
Lactose, 29, 39, 40
Lard, 27, 28, 41, 132-133, 143, 146
Laryngeal cancer, 111, 125
Lauric acid, 42, 92
LDL cholesterol
coffee drinking and, 128
defined, 28, 46
dietary cholesterol and, 93
in familial hypercholesterolemia, 90-91
fiber intake and, 106
and heart attack, 90
role in the body, 61, 90
saturated fatty acid intake and, 92, 94
typical values, 90
vegetable oils and, 94, 133, 146
Lecithin, 15
Legumes, 6, 11, 12, 19, 22, 105, 132, 137-138;
see also specific legumes
Lentils, 138
Lettuce, 136
Lignin, 40, 41
Linoleic acid, 42, 43-44
Linolenic acid, 42, 43, 96
Lipids,
see Cholesterol;
Fats;
Fatty acids
Lipoproteins, 46, 90;
see also High-density lipoproteins;
Low-density
lipoproteins
Liver (food), 46, 48, 49, 51, 68, 110
Liver cancer, 125, 130
Liver disease
alcohol consumption and, 14, 114, 125-126
deaths, 58, 59
see also Cirrhosis of the liver
Locust bean gum, 40
Low-density lipoproteins, 28;
see also LDL cholesterol
Lunch meats, 142
Lung cancer, 12, 68, 110-111, 113
M
Macrominerals, 50;
see also Calcium;
Phosphorus
Magnesium, 51, 159
Maltose, 39-40, 144
Manganese, 30, 51
Maple syrup, 39, 144
Margarine, 27, 41, 44, 132-133, 139, 143
Meats and poultry
caloric content, 37, 141
cholesterol, 28, 46, 140, 141
consumption trends, 53-55, 92
cured, 129
fats in, 10, 28, 41, 102, 141
grades, 140
lean, 4, 11, 53, 132, 139-140, 150-151
minerals in, 31, 51, 52
packaged, 142-144
portion sizes, 11, 13, 135, 140
preservatives, 129
protein in, 47, 102
recommended intakes, 19, 134, 135
saturated fatty acids, 141
shopping for, 139-140, 142-144
substitutes for, 132, 151-152
vitamins in, 48, 49
Melons, 48
Men
caloric intake and expenditure, 35-36, 80
coronary heart disease, 63
Menu planning, 33-34, 133-136
Milk and milk products
aflatoxin in, 3
calories, 36, 37, 38
carbohydrates, 38, 40
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fat in, 37, 38, 45, 132, 135
fortification, 58
ice milk, 36, 37, 38
infant formula, 98-99
low-fat/nonfat, 15, 139, 147
minerals in, 15, 23, 51, 52, 132
protein in, 132
vitamins in, 48, 49, 110
see also Breast milk;
Dairy products
Minerals
deficiencies, 107, 109
defined, 30-31
role in the body, 30-31, 34, 50-52
sources, 51, 52
toxicity, 114
U.S. RDAs, 159
see also Trace elements;
and specific minerals
Molasses, 39, 144
Molybdenum, 30, 52
Monosaccharides, 39;
see also Sugars
Monosodium glutamate, 119
Monounsaturated fatty acids
caloric intake from, 54-55
and heart disease, 95
and serum cholesterol, 94, 133
sources, 28, 43, 44, 133, 142, 143
structure, 43
Mucilage, 40
Muscle function, 51, 52, 63
Mustard greens, 137
Myocardial infarction, see Heart attack
Myristic acid, 42, 92
N
National Cancer Institute, 17, 20-21
National Center for Nutrition and Dietetics, 161
National Council Against Health Fraud, 15
National Institutes of Health, 20-21
National Research Council, dietary recommendations, 18-21
Native Americans, 76
Nerve function, 51, 52
Nervous system diseases, alcohol consumption and, 14, 126-127
Niacin, 1, 30, 49, 58, 114, 159
Nitrites, 129
Nitrosamines, 129
Nondairy coffee whiteners, 150
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
body fat distribution and, 70, 83
caloric intake and, 2
carbohydrates and, 104
dietary recommendations for preventing, 17
fiber intake and, 106
obesity and, 70
risk factors, 70, 104
weight and, 13, 83
Nutrients
caloric content of, 35-37
deficiencies, 1, 14
see also specific nutrients
Nutrition counseling, 154, 161
Nuts
consumption trends, 55
fats in, 28
fiber in, 41
minerals in, 51, 52
protein in, 47
vitamins in, 48, 49
O
Oat bran, 40, 106
Oatmeal, 137
Obesity
alcohol consumption and, 126
caloric intake and, 2
and cancer, 97
and chronic disease, 17
defined, 70, 82
and gallstones, 76, 83
genetic factor, 82
and high blood pressure, 65
prevalence, 58-59, 75
Oils and fats, 11;
see also Vegetable oils
Oleic acid, 42, 43, 45
Olive oil, 43, 45, 92, 94, 142, 143
Oral cancer, 111, 125
Orange vegetables, 48, 110
Oriental food, 153
Osteoarthritis, 13
Osteomalacia, 112-113
Osteoporosis
and bone fracture, 75, 115
calcium and, 15, 23, 115-116
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and estrogen therapy, 115
prevalence, 58, 59
protein and, 102
recommendations for risk reduction, 20-21
vitamin D and, 112, 113
Ovarian cancer, 68, 84
Overweight, 70, 71, 74-75, 82, 83, 85
P
Packaged foods, shopping for, 142-146
Palm-kernel oil, 10, 143
Palm oil, 10, 44, 143
Palmitic acid, 42, 43, 92
Pancreatic cancer, 68
Pantothenic acid, 30, 49, 159
Pasta, 7, 91, 137
Peanut butter, 29
Peanut oil, 43, 142, 143
Peanuts, 3, 31
Peas, 29, 41, 138
Pectin, 30, 40, 106
Pellagra, 1, 58, 109
Peripheral artery disease, 61, 63
Phenylketonuria, 129
Phosphorus, 48, 50, 52, 102, 159
Pickled foods, 129
Pinto beans, 40
Pizza, 135
Plaque, 10
Polysaccharides, see Complex carbohydrates
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
and blood pressure, 96
caloric intake from, 54-55, 96
dietary guidelines, 18, 20
and heart disease, 95
omega-3, 44, 45, 142
omega-6, 44
and serum cholesterol, 95
sources, 28, 44, 142, 143
structure, 43-44
Polyvinyl chloride, 128
Popcorn, 135
Potassium, 12, 31, 52, 118, 137
Potatoes, 7, 29, 31, 40, 101, 130, 133, 137
Poultry, see Meats and poultry
Pregnancy
and alcohol consumption, 13, 14, 127
and coffee and tea consumption, 128
dietary supplements during, 15
Preservatives, 119, 129, 130
Processed foods, 19, 135
Prostate cancer, 2, 11, 68, 84, 97
Protein
and calcium loss, 103
caloric intake from, 36, 37, 53, 54, 55
and cancer, 102
complementary proteins, 29
complete proteins, 29
defined, 28-29
dietary guidelines, 6, 12-13, 21, 23
energy conversion from, 37
and heart disease, 102
and osteoporosis, 103
role in the body, 34, 46
and saturated fatty acids intakes, 101
and serum cholesterol, 102
sources, 29, 47, 102, 132, 138, 140, 142
structure, 47
supplements, 15, 21
U.S. RDA, 159
Pyridoxine, see Vitamin B6
R
Reproduction, 48
Restaurants, 152-153
Retinoids, 110, 111
Retinol, see Vitamin A
Riboflavin, 30, 49, 113, 159
Rice, 29, 137
Rice bran, 40
Rickets, 58, 109, 112-113
Roughage, see Fiber
S
Saccharine, 129
Safflower oil, 143
Salad bars, 153-154
Salad dressings, 133, 134, 144, 150
Salt (sodium chloride)
added at the table, 133
and cancer, 14
components, 50, 52
dietary guidelines, 6, 14, 19, 21
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and hypertension, 2, 25, 65, 118-119
iodized, 58
in processed foods, 4
sensitivity, 119
substitutes for, 151
Salts, 50, 52
Saturated fatty acids
and blood pressure, 96
caloric intake from, 10, 25-26, 54-55
and cancer, 4, 97
children's intake, 99
dietary guidelines, 5, 10-11, 18, 20, 22
and heart disease, 4, 11, 94-95
and serum cholesterol, 10, 25-26, 92, 94, 102
sources, 10, 23, 28, 101, 130, 132, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 146
structure, 42
types, 42
see also specific saturated fatty acids
Sausage, 142
Scurvy, 57-58
Seafood, 44, 51, 52, 53, 135, 140, 142
Seeds, 48, 52, 55
Selenium, 30, 52, 113
Sesame oil, 143
Shellfish, 28, 46, 51, 52, 142
Shopping, see Food shopping
Shortening, 27-28, 41, 42, 44, 130, 146
Skin, 48, 51
Smoked foods, 129
Snacks/snacking, 55, 135
Sodium
and high blood pressure, 118-119
role in the body, 52
salt equivalent, 14
sources, 31, 52, 119
and stroke, 12
Sodium chloride, see Salt
Soft drinks, 40, 104, 129
Soups, 144, 150-151
Soy sauce, 135
Soybean oil, 143, 146
Soybeans, 102
Spaghetti sauce, 144
Spicy foods, 150
Spinach, 136-137
Squash, 137
Starches, 6, 29, 40, 55;
see also Complex carbohydrates
Steak sauce, 135
Stearic acid, 42, 92
Stomach cancer, 12, 14, 68, 111, 119, 129-130
Strawberries, 48
Streptococcus mutans, 77
Stroke, 64
alcohol consumption and, 126
atherosclerosis and, 60, 61, 64
body fat distribution and, 72
cholesterol and, 10
deaths, 58, 59
diabetes and, 69
potassium and, 118
risk factors and populations, 12, 27
salt intake and, 25
signs and symptoms, 64
types, 64
Sucrose, 29, 39, 40, 103
Sugars (simple)
defined, 29
and dental caries, 103
dietary guidelines, 18, 20
energy conversion from, 39
food supply, 55
replacements listed on food labels, 144
sources, 39-40
structure, 39, 40
Sulfur, 30
Sunflower oil, 143
Supplements, see Vitamin/mineral supplements
Sweet potatoes, 12, 137
T
Tea, 51, 127-128
Teenagers
calcium intake, 15, 19, 115
iron intake, 19
Teeth, 51;
see also Dental Caries
Thiamin, 30, 48, 114, 127, 159
Throat cancer, 125
Tofu, 146
Tomatoes, 48
Tortillas, 51
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Trace elements
role in the body, 34
toxicity, 30
see also specific elements
Triglycerides, 41, 42, 90
U
U.S. Department of Agriculture, dietary recommendations, 18-19, 161 -162
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, dietary recommendations , 18-19
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, dietary recommendations , 18-19
U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances (U.S. RDAs), 146, 159
U.S. Senate, dietary recommendations to U.S. public, 18-19
Unsaturated fatty acids
cis and trans configurations, 44-45
see also Monounsaturated fatty acids;
Polyunsaturated acids
V
Vegetable oils
cholesterol-reducing effects, 93-94
fat content of, 143, 146
hydrogenation, 44, 45
nutrients in, 28, 41, 42, 48, 135, 142
Vegetables, see Fruits and vegetables
Vegetarians, 15, 95, 105
Very-low-density lipoproteins, 46, 90
Viral hepatitis, 76
Vision, 48
Vitamin A, 30
activity, 110
and cancer, 110-111
protective effects of, 110-111
role in the body, 48
sources, 48, 110, 137
toxicity, 50
U.S. RDA, 159
Vitamin B1, see Thiamin
Vitamin B2, see Riboflavin
Vitamin B6, 30, 49, 114, 159
Vitamin B12, 30, 49, 50, 114, 159
Vitamin C, 30
and cancer, 111-112
deficiency, 57-58
protective effects of, 111-112
role in the body, 49
and serum cholesterol, 112
sources, 48, 57, 137
supplements, 112
U.S. RDA, 159
Vitamin D
and calcium absorption, 21, 47, 48, 50, 116
and cholesterol, 45
deficiency, 58, 112-113
manufacture in the body, 50
and osteomalacia, 112-113
and osteoporosis, 112, 113
role in the body, 47, 48, 112
sources, 48, 58
storage in the body, 30
supplements, 116
toxicity, 50
U.S. RDA, 159
Vitamin E, 30, 48, 113, 159
Vitamin K, 30, 47, 48, 50
Vitamin/mineral supplements
calcium, 15, 21
dietary guidelines, 6, 15-16, 21, 23
fluoride, 16
need for, 15, 16, 119-120
Vitamins
and alcoholism, 114, 127
deficiencies, 1, 109, 114, 127
food sources, 49-50
role in the body, 34, 47-50
storage in the body, 49-50
toxicity, 50, 120
types defined, 30
U.S. RDAs, 159
see also specific vitamins
W
Walnut oil, 143
Water-soluble vitamins, 30, 47-50, 159;
see also specific vitamins
Watermelon, 137
Weight
appropriate, determining, 70-71
caloric intake and, 22, 37, 80-81
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cancer and, 13, 84
and death rates, 70
diabetes and, 13, 83, 104
dieting cycle and, 84-85
exercise and, 13, 37, 81
fat intake and, 81
fiber consumption and, 105
gallstones and, 13, 83-84, 98
heart disease and, 13, 82
high blood pressure and, 13, 82-83
recommendations, 17
see also Body mass index;
Height/weight tables;
Obesity;
Overweight
Wheat, 52
bran, 41, 106, 107
germ, 48
Wine, 6, 13, 122
Women
bone loss, 75, 113
calcium intake, 15, 19
caloric intake and expenditure, 35-36, 80
coronary heart disease, 63
gallstones in, 76
high blood pressure, 66
iron intake, 19, 117
vitamin/mineral supplements, 15
Y
Yeast, 130
Yellow vegetables, 12, 48, 110
Yogurt, 36, 37, 38, 52, 132, 139, 146-147, 150
Z
Zinc, 30, 52, 159
