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ACRP
AIRPORT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 63
Sponsored by
the Federal
Aviation
Administration
Measurement of Gaseous HAP
Emissions from Idling Aircraft
as a Function of Engine
and Ambient Conditions
OCR for page R2
ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2012 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
CHAIR OFFICERS
James Wilding Chair: Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Vice Chair: Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern
(retired) Corporation, Norfolk, VA
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
VICE CHAIR
Jeff Hamiel MEMBERS
MinneapolisSt. Paul
Metropolitan Airports Commission J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
William A.V. Clark, Professor of Geography and Professor of Statistics, Department of Geography,
MEMBERS University of California, Los Angeles
James Crites
Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North Carolina DOT, Raleigh
DallasFort Worth International Airport James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, TX
Richard de Neufville Paula J. C. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State DOT, Olympia
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Michael W. Hancock, Secretary, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Frankfort
Kevin C. Dolliole Chris T. Hendrickson, Duquesne Light Professor of Engineering, Carnegie-Mellon University,
Unison Consulting Pittsburgh, PA
John K. Duval Adib K. Kanafani, Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley
Austin Commercial, LP Gary P. LaGrange, President and CEO, Port of New Orleans, LA
Kitty Freidheim Michael P. Lewis, Director, Rhode Island DOT, Providence
Freidheim Consulting
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Steve Grossman
Jacksonville Aviation Authority Joan McDonald, Commissioner, New York State DOT, Albany
Kelly Johnson Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport Authority Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Regional General Manager, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mandeville, LA
Catherine M. Lang Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
Federal Aviation Administration Beverly A. Scott, General Manager and CEO, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
Gina Marie Lindsey David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Philadelphia, PA
Los Angeles World Airports Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University,
Carolyn Motz West Lafayette, IN
Airport Design Consultants, Inc.
Thomas K. Sorel, Commissioner, Minnesota DOT, St. Paul
Richard Tucker
Huntsville International Airport
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute
of Transportation Studies; and Acting Director, Energy Efficiency Center, University of California, Davis
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing
Douglas W. Stotlar, President and CEO, Con-Way, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
Paula P. Hochstetler
Airport Consultants Council
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Sabrina Johnson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Richard Marchi Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Airports Council International--North America Anne S. Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Laura McKee LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the
Airlines for America
Interior, Washington, DC
Henry Ogrodzinski
National Association of State Aviation Officials John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads,
Melissa Sabatine Washington, DC
American Association of Airport Executives John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. Officials, Washington, DC
Transportation Research Board Michael P. Huerta, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
David T. Matsuda, Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
SECRETARY Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Christopher W. Jenks Victor M. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
Transportation Research Board Tara O'Toole, Under Secretary for Science and Technology, U.S. Department of Homeland Security,
Washington, DC
Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department
of Homeland Security, Washington, DC
Cynthia L. Quarterman, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration,
U.S.DOT
Peter M. Rogoff, Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
David L. Strickland, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Joseph C. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
Barry R. Wallerstein, Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District,
Diamond Bar, CA
Gregory D. Winfree, Acting Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration,
U.S.DOT
*Membership as of March 2012. *Membership as of March 2012.
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ACRP REPORT 63
Measurement of Gaseous HAP
Emissions from Idling Aircraft
as a Function of Engine
and Ambient Conditions
Scott Herndon
Ezra Wood
Jon Franklin
Richard Miake-Lye
Aerodyne Research, Inc.
Billerica, MA
W. Berk Knighton
Montana State University
Bozeman, MT
Mark Babb
Southwest Airlines
Dallas, TX
Alex Nakahara
Tom Reynolds
Hamsa Balakrishnan
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA
Subscriber Categories
Aviation · Energy · Environment
Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2012
www.TRB.org
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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRPREPORT 63
Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in trans Project 02-03A
portation of people and goods and in regional, national, and inter ISSN 1935-9802
national commerce. They are where the nation's aviation system ISBN 978-0-309-21401-8
connects with other modes of transportation and where federal respon Library of Congress Control Number 2012935705
sibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects
with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most © 2012 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems,
to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to
introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Coopera COPYRIGHT INFORMATION
tive Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
to meet demands placed on it. published or copyrighted material used herein.
The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport
Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The ACRP carries understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement
out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the
agencies and are not being adequately addressed by existing federal material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate
research programs. It is modeled after the successful National Coopera acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of
tive Highway Research Program and Transit Cooperative Research Pro the material, request permission from CRP.
gram. The ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in a
variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, mainte
nance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, NOTICE
and administration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport opera
tors can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport Cooperative Research
Program, conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision Governing Board of the National Research Council.
100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in
the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight The members of the technical panel selected to monitor this project and to review this
report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to
Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved
stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports by the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa
The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the
tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation
Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors.
Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2)
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
the TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; Council, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse
and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because
a contract with the National Academies formally initiating the program. they are considered essential to the object of the report.
The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport
professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials,
equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research orga
nizations. Each of these participants has different interests and respon
sibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort.
Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by iden
tifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and
expected products.
Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel,
appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and
research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport pro
fessionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels pre
pare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
Published reports of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooper AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
ative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP
are available from:
project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board
Business Office
intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service 500 Fifth Street, NW
providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001
reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other
interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work and can be ordered through the Internet at
shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific
and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal
government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel
organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the
National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and
the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine.
Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transporta-
tion Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange,
conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about
7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia,
all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal
agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individu-
als interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 63
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Lawrence D. Goldstein, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Acrp Project 02-03A Panel
Field of Environment
Renee L. Dowlin, Portland (OR) International Airport (Chair)
Robert A. Arnott, Strategic Environmental Analysis, LLC, Greenwood Village, CO
Steven L. Baughcum, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, WA
Willard J. Dodds, GE Aviation, McMinnville, OR
Brenda L. Enos, Massachusetts Port Authority, East Boston, MA
Robert P. Howard, Arnold Air Force Base, TN
Eileen A. Murphy, Rutgers, The State University of NJ
Robert P. Newman, EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Sparks, MD
Saadat Syed, Pratt & Whitney, East Hartford, CT
Darcy C.Z. Zarubiak, Leigh Fisher, Dallas, TX
Mohan Gupta, FAA Liaison
Nancy N. Young, Airlines for America (A4A) Liaison
Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
John Kinsey, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Art Kaucher, John Dayton, Tammy Kenney, Doug Rings, Phil Bursczak, and Elaine Karnes,
Southwest Airlines.
Roger Petersen and Harold Roehrich, United Air Lines Engineering Operations Center.
Matthew Marich, Ray Hoffelt, and Aaron Frame, Chicago Department of Aviation.
Albert Presto and Allen Robinson, Carnegie Mellon University.
David Lewis, Connecticut College.
Matthew DeWitt, University of Dayton Research Institute.
Elena de la Rosa Blanca and Jim Hileman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Prem Lobo, Stephen Achterberg, and Phillip Whitefield, Missouri University of Science and Technology.
Robert Howard, Arnold Engineering Development Center.
Williard Dodds and Russel Arey, GE Aviation.
Steven Baughcum and Douglas Dubois, The Boeing Company.
Luke Ziemba, NASA Langley.
Zhenhong Yu, Michael Timko, Jay Peck, and Chuck Kolb, Aerodyne Research, Inc.
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FOREWORD
By Lawrence D. Goldstein
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
ACRP Report 63 presents the output of a comprehensive emissions test program designed
to measure gaseous Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) from in-production jet engines oper
ating at a range of idle settings and ambient temperatures. The measurement program
addressed two primary concerns: total hydrocarbons and speciated hydrocarbons, includ
ing HAPs, within the exhaust plume in reasonable proximity of the engine nozzle to capture
emissions prior to condensation of volatile gasses; and emissions at a downstream location
where the plume has cooled to near-ambient temperatures. The measurement program
used commercial aircraft equipped with General Electric CFM56 wing-mounted engines,
conducted during three separate campaigns at three different airports to evaluate the effects
of change in environmental conditions as well as varying idle speeds. Although the data is
attributed to and is defined by this particular engine, additional complementary data has
been used to develop an estimation tool using measured data trends as a function of ambi
ent temperature and fuel delivery rates.
Interest in this research emerged as the result of a recognized need, expressed by gov
ernment agency and community groups, for more definitive information about emissions
from aircraft and other airport-related sources. An important component of airport-related
emissions, addressed by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and state-level
environmental programs, is Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). Unlike criteria air pollutants
(particle pollution, ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides,
and lead), information on the emission, transformation, and transport of aviation-related
HAPs has historically been limited. With a limited understanding of aviation HAP emis
sions, airport operators have neither been able to develop accurate inventories nor provide
effective guidance to state and local constituencies. This research was envisioned as one of a
series of studies undertaken or to be undertaken to address the broader question of measur
ing emissions from aircraft and other equipment operating at airports.
The specific need for this research was originally identified in an earlier ACRP study
published in 2008. This earlier study identified gaps in then-current research on airport-
related HAP emissions and recommended additional research to help understand potential
impacts and how to measure them. That study, published as ACRP Report 7: Aircraft and
Airport-Related Hazardous Air Pollutants: Research Needs and Analysis, concluded that an
important source of airport-related HAP compounds at most commercial airports is idling
jet engines and that understanding the scale and character of this emission source was,
therefore, a high priority to the airport community. ACRP Report 7 recommended a tar
geted research effort to document the contribution of idling jet engines to HAP emissions,
which resulted in this report.
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The results of this research can be used to improve the assessment of HAP emissions at
airports based on specific operating parameters and changes in ambient conditions, recog
nizing that the engine emission data presented is limited to one class of engines. Despite that
limitation, the analysis demonstrates that emissions vary as a function of ambient tempera
tures and idle speeds, and that these variations are significant and measurable. In the future,
additional engine emissions performance testing to encompass different engine types would
further improve air quality emissions assessment capability. The data provided in this study
can still be used to improve emissions estimates that would otherwise not reflect changes
linked to variation in ambient temperature and engine thrust characteristics experienced
during passenger loading and unloading, and taxiing. In addition, the study outcome can
motivate better data usage and suggest improved operations that would actually reduce
emissions based on actual performance.
The research described in this report involved extensive interaction among technical
experts in engine operations and engine emissions performance as well as experienced air
port operators. The results contribute to the important objective of understanding and,
eventually, managing airport-related emissions as a function of changes in capacity and
service demand.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
1 Findings
2 Implications for Airport Operators
3 Section I Introduction
4 I.1 Aircraft Engine Emissions at Airports
5 I.2 Anatomy of the High-Bypass-Ratio Turbofan Engine
6 I.3 Application of the Current Emission Model to Idle Phase Emissions
7 Section II Project Plan and Approach
7 II.1 Project Stages and Tests
7 II.2 Test Venues, Temperatures, and Engines
9 Section III Key Project Findings
10 III.1 Dependence of VOC on Fuel Flow Near Idle
11 III.2 Test Results for Engine SA012
11 III.3 Ensemble Result for Fuel Flow Dependence
12 III.4 Systematic Error and Fuel Flow Dependence
13 III.5 Fuel Flow Dependence and Variability
14 Section IV Relationship Between Emissions
and Ambient Temperature
14 IV.1 VOC Emissions and Ambient Temperature
14 IV.2 Emissions Index Temperature Dependence
17 Section V Emissions Model Based on Near-Idle Fuel Flow
and Ambient Temperature
17 V.1 Proposed Empirical Model
20 V.2 Example Application of the Model
21 Section VI Additional Findings
21 VI.1 Engine Warm-Up Emissions
21 VI.2 Near-Idle VOC Scaling
23 VI.3 Effect of Fuel Composition on Emissions
25 Section VII Applicability to Airport Practice
26 Section VIII References
27
Acronyms and Abbreviations
28 Appendix A Project Results
71 Appendix B Development of the "Near-Idle" Test Matrix
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77 Appendix C Exhaust Probe Sampling Techniques
85 Appendix D Links Between Emissions and Air Quality
in the Terminal and Fence Line
88 Appendix E Quality Assurance Documentation
for Analytical Methods
