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International Perspectives on Road Pricing (2005)

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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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Suggested Citation:"Report Contents." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. International Perspectives on Road Pricing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13667.
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters per- taining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to asso- ciate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board’s mission is to promote innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisci- plinary setting, the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and pol- icy by researchers and practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage more than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, fed- eral agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

Contents PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................ix BACKGROUND AND TERMINOLOGY .............................................................................................................1 COMMITTEE FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .........................................................................................3 SETTING THE STAGE Welcoming Remarks and Charge to the Conference .................................................................................9 Bob Oldakowski, Lowell Clary, Sherri Alston, Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Martine Micozzi, and Steve Heminger Road Pricing in Context: The Efficient Allocation of a Limited Resource ..............................................11 Then and Now: The Evolution of Transport Pricing and Where We Are Today, 11 Martin Wachs One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? An Overview of Road Pricing Applications and Research Outside the United States, 12 Anthony May KEYNOTE ADDRESSES Central London’s Congestion Charging Scheme: Has It Achieved Its Objectives? ...................................17 Derek Turner Out on a Limb: Pricing Futures...............................................................................................................18 Kenneth Small SPECIAL TOPICS Ah, the Politics of Pricing........................................................................................................................21 How Politics Affects Even Good Projects, 21 Eric Schreffler The Bridges of Lee County, Florida, 22 John Albion What Do Politicians Really Need to Know? 22 Jan A. Martinsen A Closer Look: Pricing Across the States ................................................................................................24 Toll Road Applications: Perspectives from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, 24 Mark Muriello Plans for Variable Pricing by Florida’s Turnpike Enterprise, 25 Jim Ely

Mileage-Based Applications: Minneapolis, Minnesota, 26 Jeff Buxbaum New Lane Applications: California State Route 91, 26 Ellen Burton Calculating Costs and Measuring Benefits of Pricing Schemes................................................................28 Costs and Benefits of Pricing Schemes for the Netherlands, 28 Erna Schol Why Reform Transport Pricing? An Overview of European Transport Infrastructure Charging Policy and Research, 29 Christopher Nash An Exploration of Motor Vehicle Congestion Charges in New York, 29 Jeffrey Zupan and Alexis Perrotta Relevance of Pricing to External Cost Calculation: Recent Results, 30 Andrea Ricci Role of Pricing Revenue in Financing Projects and Services ....................................................................32 Lord of the Rings, Trondheim, Norway, 32 Erik Amdal Bus Rapid Transit/High-Occupancy Toll Networks, 33 Robert Poole Tolling the A-86 Tunnel in Versailles, France, 33 Dario D’Annunzio Pricing Goes Global ................................................................................................................................34 Variable Road Pricing in France, 34 David LeCoffre Testing the Real-World Acceptance and Effectiveness of Urban Pricing, 34 Marcel Rommerts Evaluation of Singapore’s Electronic Road Pricing System, 35 Gopinath Menon E-407 Project in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 36 Imad Nassereddine “CarTrek”: Integrating Technology with Pricing Schemes ......................................................................37 Technology and Pricing: Cause or Effect? 37 Harold Worrall Electronic Toll Collection in Japan: A Wide Variety of Tolling Applications, 38 Kuniaki Nakamura and Nihon Doro Kodan Evaluation of Active Pricing Schemes: Expectations, Revelations, and Illuminations ..............................39 Lessons Learned from Paying for Parking, 39 Donald Shoup A Look Back: California State Route 91, 40 Edward Sullivan Urban Tolls in Oslo, Norway: Experiences and Conditions for Implementation, 40 Kristian Wærsted A Closer Look at the Real World............................................................................................................42 Managing the Streets of London, 42 Derek Turner Failed Schemes in Pricing, 43 Stephen Ison Impacts of Pricing on Interurban Freight Transportation........................................................................44 Toll Truckways: Using Pricing to Finance New Goods-Movement Infrastructure, 44 Robert Poole

Overview of Studies on Heavy Vehicle Charges, 44 Tony Wilson Effects of Pricing on Trucks in the United States, 45 Darrin Roth Tolling Heavy Goods Vehicles on Germany’s Autobahnen, 46 Andreas Kossak Winners, Losers, or a Zero-Sum Game? The Distributional Impacts of Pricing Schemes ........................48 Welfare and Distributional Effects of Alternative Road Pricing Policies for Metropolitan Washington, D.C., 48 Peter Nelson Road Pricing and Equity in Norway, 49 Farideh Ramjerdi Impacts of Pricing on Income Classes, 49 Douglass Lee Urban Freight Transportation .................................................................................................................51 Moving the Goods in Los Angeles, 51 Mark Griffin Trucks’ Value of Time: Implications for Congestion and Weight Limits, 52 David Levinson Road Pricing and Urban Freight in Europe: Practices and Developments from the BestUFS Project, 52 Martin Ruesch The Price Is “Right”: Perspectives on Finding It .....................................................................................54 Innovative Financing’s Role in Pricing Projects, 54 Genevieve Giuliano Experiences with Active Projects: Interstate 10, 55 Ed Regan Interstate 680 and Other California Projects, 55 Jim Bourgart Price Demand Elasticities and Usage of Houston’s HOT Lanes, 56 Mark Burris Factoring Pricing into the Planning Process.............................................................................................57 Public Acceptance of Pricing Schemes for the Netherlands, 57 Yvonne Need Pricing Traffic, Pacing Growth, 58 Robert Dunphy Responses to Findings: The Future of Pricing .........................................................................................59 Steve Heminger, Emil Frankel, Marcel Rommerts, Anne Canby, and Dan Beal RESOURCE PAPERS Then and Now: The Evolution of Congestion Pricing in Transportation and Where We Stand Today.......................................................................................................................63 Martin Wachs One Step Forward, Two Steps Back? An Overview of Road Pricing Applications and Research Outside the United States ....................................................................................................................73 Anthony D. May and A. Sumalee COMMITTEE MEMBER BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION..................................................................................92 PARTICIPANTS ...........................................................................................................................................96

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TRB Conference Proceedings 34: International Perspectives on Road Pricing is the proceedings of the International Symposium on Road Pricing held on November 19-22, 2003, in Key Biscayne, Florida. The event was a collaborative effort of TRB, the Florida Department of Transportation, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the federal Highway Administration. The report includes two commissioned resource papers that examine the evolution of congestion pricing and the state of the practice in road pricing outside the United States. The proceedings also explore pricing successes and the challenges that have accompanied specific projects’ implementation, as well as the potential evolution of road pricing in the future.

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