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C O M PA N I O N S H I P F O R L E I S U R E A C T I V I T I E S 133
hold members as companions. Joint travel during week- Active leisure episodes are most likely to be pursued
days is more likely to be pursued with only non- independently. When undertaken with other individuals,
household members than joint travel during weekends. the companions are most likely to be household mem-
This is consistent with the findings for the companion bers or friends. Finally, the last two alternatives have
types for out-of-home activity episodes. been combined into a single category for the passive and
In summary, the results from Tables 2 and 3 highlight active leisure episodes. Thus, each model has six alterna-
that joint activitytravel constitutes a significant propor- tives in the universal choice set.
tion of individuals' overall activitytravel patterns. In the
next section, we focus on certain leisure activities (social-
izing, passive leisure, and active leisure) for further Companion-Type Model for
analysis. However, the summary statistics discussed here Socializing Activities
suggest that detailed analysis of all other nonleisure
activity types is also warranted. The MNL model for the companion-type choice for
socializing activities is presented in Table 5. The "house-
hold members only" alternative is chosen as the refer-
Analysis of Out-of-Home Leisure Activities ence category. This alternative and the "household and
nonhousehold family members" alternative are not
This section of the empirical analysis focuses on individ- available for individuals in single-person households. All
uals' companion-type choices for three types of out-of- other alternatives are available for all individuals.
home leisure activities--socializing (visiting friends, Empirical results indicate that short-duration episodes
attending a party), passive leisure (attending movies, are more likely to be undertaken with other non-
sports events), and active leisure (participation in sports household members (often colleagues), whereas long-
or exercising). The choices and the sample shares for duration episodes are undertaken with a mixed
each of these three activity types are presented in Table composition of companions involving household and
4. Socializing activities are joint by definition and are nonhousehold family members and others. Weekday
equally likely to be undertaken with family members, episodes are more likely to be pursued with non-
nonfamily members, and with a mixed composition. Pas- household members.
sive leisure episodes are most likely to be pursued alone As would be expected, younger individuals are more
or with nonhousehold other members (often colleagues). likely to undertake social activities with friends as indi-
TABLE 4 Sample Shares on Companion Type for the Three Types of Leisure Activities
Socializing Passive Leisure Active Leisure
Freq. % Freq. % Freq. %
Solo NA 2,813 26.11 2,233 40.08
Only household members 624 4.95 1,380 12.81 995 17.86
Only nonhousehold family members 2,049 16.25 854 7.93 197 3.54
Only nonhousehold friends 2,580 20.46 1,655 15.36 902 16.19
Only nonhousehold other 2,305 18.28 2,598 24.12 688 12.35
Both household and nonhousehold family members 2,023 16.05
1,472 13.67 557 10
Mixed composition 3,026 24.00
Total 12,607 100.00 10,772 100.00 5,572 100.00
NA = not applicable.
TABLE 5 Model for Companion-Type Choice for Socializing Activities
Nonhousehold Nonhousehold Nonhousehold Household and Other Mixed
Family Friends Other Nonhousehold Family Composition
Beta t-stat Beta t-stat Beta t-stat Beta t-stat Beta t-stat
Constant 1.559 11.847 1.754 12.666 1.457 11.229 1.563 12.087 1.730 14.473
Activity episode duration 0.004 10.508 0.002 6.434 0.001 5.890
Weekday 0.479 8.293 0.739 13.420 1.205 21.818
Age 0.005 2.796
Male 0.146 2.379 0.516 9.002 0.467 8.023 0.140 2.402
White 0.301 4.702
Employed 0.441 8.475
Student 0.553 7.604 0.345 3.738
Married 1.592 12.336 2.296 17.691 1.917 15.008 0.565 4.234 0.576 4.589
No children in household 1.231 18.161 0.877 12.244 0.495 7.586 0.170 2.996
Log likelihood (convergence) 19,263.24
Log likelihood (constants only) 20,949.43
