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Page 81
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2004. Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13768.
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Page 81
Page 82
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2004. Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13768.
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Page 82

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81 REFERENCES 1. ITE Technical Committee 5B-13, “Guidelines for Driveway Design and Location,” Journal of Traffic Engineering, 43(6), Institute of Transportation Engineers, 1973. 2. Transportation Engineering, Inc., “Collision Analysis for District Wide Median Evaluation and Public Involvement,” Florida Department of Transportation, 1995. 3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, DC, 2001. 4. Gluck, J., Levinson, H. S., and V. Stover, Impacts of Access Management Techniques, NCHRP Report 420, National Coop- erative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1999. 5. F. J., and H. S. Levinson, Access Management Guidelines for Activity Centers, NCHRP Report 348, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1992. 6. “Driveway and Street Intersection Spacing,” Transportation Research Circular 456, Transportation Research Board, 1996. 7. Harwood, D. W., Pietrucha, M. T., M. D. Wooldridge, R. E. Brydia, and K. Fitzpatrick, Median Intersection Design, NCHRP Report 375, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1995. 8. Florida Department of Transportation, Median Handbook, Tal- lahassee, FL, 1997. 9. McDonald, J. W., “Relation Between Number of Accidents and Traffic Volume at Divided-Highway Intersections,” Bulletin 74, Highway Research Board, 1953. 10. Priest, R. V., “Statistical Relationships Between Traffic Volume, Median Width, and Accident Frequency on Divided Highway Grade Intersections.” Highway Research News, No. 13, High- way Research Board, June 1964. 11. Cribbins, P. D., J. W. Horn, F. V. Beeson, and R. D. Taylor, “Median Openings on Divided Highways: Their Effect on Acci- dent Rates and Level of Service,” Highway Research Record 188, Highway Research Board, 1967. 12. Cribbins, P. D., J. M. Arey, and J. K. Donaldson, “Effects of Selected Roadway and Operational Characteristics on Acci- dents on Multilane Highways,” Highway Research Record 188, Highway Research Board, 1967. 13. Van Maren, P. A., Correlation of Design and Control Charac- teristics with Accidents at Rural Multilane Highway Intersec- tions in Indiana, Report No. FHWA/IN-77/20, Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Decem- ber 1977 (revised July 1980). 14. Castronovo, S., P. W. Dorothy, M. C. Scheuer, and T. L. Maleck, et al., “The Operational and Safety Aspects of the Michigan Design for Divided Highways,” Volume I, Michigan State University College of Engineering, 1995. 15. Bonneson, J. A., and P. T. McCoy, Capacity and Operational Effects of Midblock Left-Turn Lanes, NCHRP Report 395, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transpor- tation Research Board, 1997. 16. Bowman, B., and R. 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Machemehl, “Accident and Opera- tional Guidelines for Continuous Two-Way Left-Turn Medi- ans,” Transportation Research Record 737, Transportation Research Board, 1979. 22. Harwood, D. W., Multilane Design Alternatives for Improv- ing Suburban Highways, NCHRP Report 282, National Coop- erative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1986. 23. Harwood, D. W., Effective Utilization of Street Width on Urban Arterials, NCHRP Report 330, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 1990. 24. Bonneson, J. A., and P. T. McCoy, “Effect of Median Treat- ment on Urban Arterial Safety: An Accident Prediction Model,” Transportation Research Record 1581, Transportation Research Board, 1997. 25. Bretherton, W. M., Jr., “Are Raised Medians Safer Than Two- Way Left-Turn Lanes?” ITE Journal, 64(12), 1994. 26. Glennon, J. C., J. J. Valenta, B. A. Torson, J. A. Azzeh, and C. J. Wilton, Evaluation of Techniques for the Control of Direct Access to Arterial Highways, Report No. FHWA-RD-76-85, Federal Highway Administration, August 1975. 27. Glennon, J. C., J. J. Valenta, B. A. Torson, J. A. Azzeh, and C. J. Wilton, Technical Guidelines for the Control of Direct Access to Arterial Highways, Volume I: General Framework for Im- plementing Access Control Techniques, Report No. FHWA-RD- 76-86, Federal Highway Administration, August 1975. 28. Glennon, J. C., J. J. Valenta, B. A. Torson, J. A. Azzeh, and C. J. Wilton, Volume II, Detailed Description of Access Con- trol Techniques, Report No FHWA-RD-76-87, Federal High- way Administration, August 1975. 29. Margiotta, R., and A. Chatterjee, “Accidents on Suburban Highways—Tennessee’s Experience,” Journal of Transpor- tation Engineering, 121(3), 1995. 30. Kach, B., “The Comparative Accident Experience of Direc- tional and BiDirectional Signalized Intersections,” Michigan Department of Transportation, April 1992. 31. Levinson, H. S., F. J. Koepke, D. Geiner, D. Allyn, and C. Dalumbo, “Indirect Left Turns: The Michigan Experience,” presented at the Fourth Access Management Conference, Port- land, OR, August 2000.

32. Maki, R. E., “Directional Crossovers: Michigan’s Preferred Left-Turn Strategy,” presented at the 75th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 1996. 33. “Access Management Location and Design,” training material for the National Highway Institute Federal Highway Administration, 1998, (can be found on the Access Management CD Library, Ver- sion 1.0, Federal Highway Administration, January 2000). 34. Parker, M. R., M. A. Flak, K. H. Tsuchiyama, S. C. Wadenstorer, and F. Hutcherson, Geometric Treatments for Reducing Pass- ing Accidents at Rural Intersections on Two-Lane Rural High- ways: Vol. I, Final Report, Report No. FHWA/RD-83/074, Federal Highway Administration, 1983. 35. McCoy, P. T., and M. S. Malone, “Safety Effects of Left-Turn Lanes on Urban Four-Lane Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1239, Transportation Research Board, 1989. 36. Foody, T. J., and W. C. Richardson, “Evaluation of Left Turn Lanes as a Traffic Control Device,” Ohio Department of Trans- portation, 1973. 37. Hauer, E., “The Safety of Older Persons at Intersections,” in Transportation in an Aging Society: Improving Mobility and Safety for Older Persons, Volume 2, Special Report 218, Trans- portation Research Board, 1988. 38. ITE Technical Committee, “Effectiveness of Median Storage and Acceleration Lanes for Left-Turning Vehicles,” ITE Jour- nal, 55(3), 1985. 39. Agent, K. R., “Warrants for Left-Turn Lanes,” Transportation Quarterly, Volume 37, Number 1, Eno Foundation for Trans- portation, Inc., January 1983. 40. California Department of Public Works, “Evaluation of Minor Improvements: Flashing Beacons, Safety Lighting, Left-Turn Channelization,” Traffic Department, 1967. 41. Lacy, J. D., “Traffic Operations Program to Increase Capacity and Safety,” Traffic Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3, July 1972. 42. Dale, C. W., Cost-Effectiveness of Safety Improvement Projects, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, May 1973. 43. Maze, T. H., J. L. Henderson, and S. Sankar, “Impacts on Safety of Left-Turn Treatment at High-Speed Signalized Inter- sections,” Iowa Highway Research Board Project HR-347, Iowa State University, January 1994. 44. Vogt, A., Crash Models for Rural Intersections: Four-Lane by Two-Lane Stop-Controlled and Two-Lane by Two-Lane Signal- ized, Report No. FHWA-RD-99-128, Federal Highway Admin- istration, October 1999. 45. Harwood, D. W., F. M. Council, E. Hauer, W. E. Hughes, and A. Vogt, Prediction of the Expected Safety Performance of Rural Two-Lane Highways, Report No. FHWA-RD-99-207, Federal Highway Administration, December 2000. 46. Bauer, K. M., and D. W. Harwood, Statistical Models of At- Grade Intersection Accidents, Report No. FHWA-RD-96-125, Federal Highway Administration, 1996. 47. McCoy, P. T., W. J. Hoppe, and D. V. Dvorak, “Benefit-Cost Evaluation of Left-Turn Lanes on Uncontrolled Approaches of Rural Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1026, Transportation Research Board, 1985. 48. Poch, M., and F. L. Mannering, “Negative Binomial Analysis of Intersection Accident Frequencies,” presented at the 75th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 1996. 49. Special Report 209: Highway Capacity Manual, 3rd ed., (includ- ing 1997 update of selected chapters), Transportation Research Board. 82 50. David, N. A., and J. R. Norman, Motor Vehicle Accidents in Relation to Geometric and Traffic Features of Highway Inter- sections: Vol II—Research Report, Report No. FHWA-RD-76- 129, Federal Highway Administration, 1976. 51. McCoy, P. T., U. R. Navarro, and W. E. Witt, “Guidelines for Offsetting Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Four-Lane Divided Roadways,” Transportation Research Record 1356, Transpor- tation Research Board, 1992. 52. Joshua, S. C., and A. A. Saka, “Mitigation of Sight Distance Problem for Unprotected Left-Turning Traffic at Intersections,” Transportation Research Record 1356, Transportation Research Board, 1992. 53. Harwood, D. W., K. M. Bauer, I. B. Potts, D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, E. R. K. Rabbani, E. Hauer, and L. Elefteriadou, Safety Effectiveness of Intersection Left- and Right-Turn Lanes, Report No. FHWA-RD-02-089, Federal Highway Administra- tion, July 2002. 54. Harwood, D. W., and W. D. Glauz, “Operational Impacts of Median Width on Larger Vehicles,” Synthesis of Highway Prac- tice 281, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board, 2000. 55. Aylsworth-Bonzelet, L., and V. Sisiopiku, “The Operation and Design of Loons at Narrow Median Cross-Overs,” Technical Report to the Great Lake Center for Truck and Transit Research, 1998. 56. Sisiopiku, V., and L. Aylsworth-Bonzelet, “Application of Loons at Directional Crossovers,” presented at the 82nd annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 2003. 57. Harwood, D. W., J. M. Mason, R. E. Brydia, M. T. Pietrucha, and G. L. Gittings, Intersection Sight Distance, NCHRP Report 383, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Trans- portation Research Board, 1996. 58. Hummer, J. E., “Unconventional Left-Turn Alternatives for Urban and Suburban Arterials—Part One,” ITE Journal, 68(9), 1998. 59. Hummer, J. E., “Unconventional Left-Turn Alternatives for Urban and Suburban Arterials—Part Two,” ITE Journal, 68(11), 1998. 60. Hummer, J. E., and J. D. Reid. “Unconventional Left-Turn Alternatives for Urban and Suburban Arterials: An Update,” Transportation Research Circular: Urban Street Symposium, Dallas, Texas, 2000. 61. Xu, L., “Right Turns Followed by U-Turns vs. Direct Left Turns: A Comparison of Safety Issues,” ITE Journal, 71(11), 2001. 62. “Model Land Development and Subdivision Regulations that Support Access Management for Florida Cities and Counties,” Center for Urban Transportation Research and Florida Depart- ment of Transportation, 1994. 63. Lall, B. K., D. Huntington, and A. Eghtedari, “Access Manage- ment and Traffic Safety,” Proceedings from the 1996 National Conference on Access Management, Vail, CO, 1996. 64. Brown, H. C., and A. P. Tarko. “Effects of Access Control on Safety on Urban Arterial Streets,” Transportation Research Record 1665, Transportation Research Board, 1999. 65. Levinson, H. S., “Access Spacing and Accidents—A Concep- tual Analysis,” presented at the Urban Street Symposium, Dal- las, Texas, June 1999. 66. Levinson, H. S., “Street Spacing and Scale,” presented at the Urban Street Symposium, Dallas, TX, June 1999. 67. Harmelink, M., “Volume Warrants for Left-Turn Storage Lanes at Unsignalized Grade Intersections,” Highway Research Record 211, Highway Research Board, 1967.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 524: Safety of U-Turns at Unsignalized Median Openings includes recommended guidelines for locating and designing unsignalized median openings, and a methodology for comparing the relative safety performance of different designs.

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