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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 530
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Evaluation of
Indirect Tensile Test
(IDT) Procedures
for Low-Temperature
Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2004 (Membership as of July 2004)
OFFICERS
Chair: Michael S. Townes, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
Vice Chair: Joseph H. Boardman, Commissioner, New York State DOT
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT
SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, DC
E. DEAN CARLSON, Director, Carlson Associates, Topeka, KS
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Director, Metrans Transportation Center and Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development, USC,
Los Angeles
BERNARD S. GROSECLOSE, JR., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
GLORIA J. JEFF, Director, Michigan DOT
ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
RONALD F. KIRBY, Director of Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
HERBERT S. LEVINSON, Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, CT
SUE MCNEIL, Director, Urban Transportation Center and Professor, College of Urban Planning and Public Affairs and Department of
Civil and Material Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT
JOHN E. NJORD, Executive Director, Utah DOT
DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, DC
JOHN H. REBENSDORF, Vice President, Network Planning and Operations, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Omaha, NE
PHILIP A. SHUCET, Commissioner, Virginia DOT
C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
LINDA S. WATSON, Executive Director, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando, FL
MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
SAMUEL G. BONASSO, Acting Administrator, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA (ex officio)
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard (ex officio)
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI, Deputy Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association (ex officio)
BETTY MONRO, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
SUZANNE RUDZINSKI, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ANNETTE M. SANDBERG, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
JEFFREY N. SHANE, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
CARL A. STROCK (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
ROBERT A. VENEZIA, Program Manager of Public Health Applications, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ex officio)
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, Va JOHN C. HORSLEY, American Association of State Highway and
(Chair) Transportation Officials
JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, New York State DOT MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administration
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, University of Southern California, ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
Los Angeles C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas, Austin
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 530
Evaluation of
Indirect Tensile Test
(IDT) Procedures
for Low-Temperature
Performance of Hot Mix Asphalt
D. W. CHRISTENSEN
R. F. BONAQUIST
Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC
Sterling, VA
S UBJECT A REAS
Materials and Construction
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2004
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH NCHRP REPORT 530
PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project D9-29 FY'01
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISSN 0077-5614
interest and can best be studied by highway departments ISBN 0-309-08808-9
individually or in cooperation with their state universities and
Library of Congress Control Number 2004111929
others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation
develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to © 2004 Transportation Research Board
highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a
coordinated program of cooperative research. Price $20.00
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research
program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is
supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating
member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation
and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States NOTICE
Department of Transportation.
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies
Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
was requested by the Association to administer the research
approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval
program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national
understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the
suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee National Research Council.
structure from which authorities on any highway transportation
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review
subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and
this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due
cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and
universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the
Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee,
research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National
matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
a position to use them. Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee
identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research
departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research
areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed Council.
to the National Research Council and the Board by the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and
qualified research agencies are selected from those that have
submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research
contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council
and the Transportation Research Board. Published reports of the
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of are available from:
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program,
however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or Transportation Research Board
duplicate other highway research programs. Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
Note: The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the
National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do
not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear
herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and
the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board's mission is to promote
innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisciplinary setting,
the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy by researchers and
practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical
excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research
results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board's varied activities annually engage more
than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and
private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is
supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of
the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the
development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 530
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Manager, NCHRP
EDWARD T. HARRIGAN, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
ELLEN M. CHAFEE, Assistant Editor
NCHRP PROJECT D9-29 PANEL
Field of Materials and Construction--Area of Bituminous Materials
LARRY L. MICHAEL, Maryland State Highway Administration (Chair)
RONALD COMINSKY, Pennsylvania Asphalt Pavement Associations, Harrisburg, PA
GARY A. FREDRICK, New York State DOT
CINDY LAFLEUR, Callanan Industries, Inc., Albany, NY
DEAN A. MAURER, Pennsylvania DOT
MURARI M. PRADHAN, Utah DOT
JOHN "JACK" WEIGEL, JR., Payne & Dolan, Inc., Waukesha, WI
THOMAS HARMAN, FHWA Liaison Representative
JOHN D'ANGELO, FHWA Liaison Representative
LESLIE ANN MYERS, FHWA Liaison Representative
FREDERICK HEJL, TRB Liaison Representative
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research documented in this report was performed under tensile test device have been summarized and analyzed in this
NCHRP Project 9-29 by Advanced Asphalt Technologies, LLC report. These data were submitted by six different laboratories, both
(AAT). Ramon Bonaquist, Ph.D., P.E., and Chief Operating Offi- public and private, located throughout the United States. AAT sin-
cer for AAT, served as Principal Investigator. Donald W. Chris- cerely thanks the organizations and individuals for their coopera-
tensen, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., and Senior Engineer for Advanced Asphalt tion. Because several of the participating laboratories requested
Technologies, LLC, was responsible for conducting the work doc- anonymity, the parties involved unfortunately cannot be individu-
umented in this report. Substantial data gathered with the indirect ally acknowledged.
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This report presents the findings of a research project to evaluate the use of the indi-
FOREWORD rect tensile creep and strength test procedures in AASHTO Standard Method of Test
By Edward T. Harrigan T322-03 in mixture and structural design methods for hot mix asphalt. The report will
Senior Program Officer be of particular interest to pavement design and materials engineers in state highway
Transportation Research agencies, as well as to materials suppliers and paving contractor personnel who are
Board responsible for the design and evaluation of hot mix asphalt mixtures and pavements.
The prevention of the low-temperature cracking (also called thermal cracking) in
hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements is a critical issue for many transportation agencies
in the United States and Canada. In the Superpave mix design method developed in the
Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), this type of distress is addressed
through the selection of an appropriate performance grade of asphalt binder and the
evaluation of candidate mix designs with the indirect tensile (IDT) creep and strength
procedure developed in SHRP Project A-003A by Roque and his co-workers at the
Pennsylvania State University.
At the conclusion of SHRP, Roque's IDT procedure was first codified as
AASHTO provisional method of test TP9 and then adopted by AASHTO as Standard
Method of Test T322-03, Determining the Creep Compliance and Strength of Hot Mix
Asphalt (HMA) Using the Indirect Tensile Test Device. NCHRP Project 9-19 subse-
quently identified AASHTO T322 as a suitable simple performance test for low-
temperature cracking in HMA mix design, and the same procedure was selected in
NCHRP Project 1-37A as the materials characterization test method for the predic-
tion of low-temperature cracking of flexible pavements in the recently completed
Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide.
During the 1993-1998 Superpave implementation program, the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) developed equipment specifications and procured six IDT
devices as part of a national pooled fund procurement. This equipment was located at
the FHWA's Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center and the five Superpave
Regional Centers. The IDT strength test underwent ruggedness testing by the FHWA,
the Asphalt Institute, and the Superpave Regional Centers as part of NCHRP Project
90-06. In addition, the IDT was used in the design and analysis of HMA used in Wes-
Track, MnROAD, FHWA ALF, and many in-service field projects incorporating
Superpave-designed HMA. Other private- and public-sector organizations have used
the IDT on a continuing basis and have accumulated considerable test data and derived
material properties. Work has also been conducted to examine whether TP9 can be per-
formed with simpler, less expensive equipment than the current IDT device. The states,
however, have been hesitant to proceed with procurement of this test equipment until
such time as the available information was fully analyzed and the test procedure fully
evaluated.
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Under Phase III of NCHRP Project 9-29, "Simple Performance Tester for Super-
pave Mix Design," Advanced Asphalt Technologies LLC was assigned the task of eval-
uating and refining the indirect tensile test (IDT) procedures in AASHTO Standard
Method Test T322. In conducting the research, Advanced Asphalt Technologies
(1) critically reviewed the procedures and equipment for performing the IDT creep and
strength tests; (2) analyzed IDT creep and strength data sets collected by various pub-
lic and private sector laboratories to determine whether there are significant differences
among the data related to the equipment configuration, the details of the test method,
or the method of data reduction and analysis; and (3) critically examined the theoreti-
cal basis of IDT test and data reduction methods recommended for structural and mix
design in Projects 1-37A and 9-19.
Based on the results of this research, the project team suggested several specific
changes to AASHTO T322 to reduce its variability and improve the precision and reli-
ability of its results as both a simple performance test in HMA mix design and a mate-
rials characterization test for structural design. In particular, further standardization of
the IDT creep procedure and equipment is recommended to further improve its preci-
sion. The research also found that the equation developed in the SHRP asphalt research
program to estimate the HMA coefficient of thermal contraction is not accurate and
should be abandoned. A simple, improved procedure for estimating this coefficient was
developed that is relatively accurate compared with measured results. Finally, estimates
of creep compliance and strength obtained from asphalt binder and mixture volumet-
ric data with the Hirsch model were found to provide good agreement with values mea-
sured with AASHTO T322. Such estimates may be useful in situations where time,
money, or both are not available to conduct IDT creep and strength tests, or for field
quality control purposes.
This final report includes a detailed description of the experimental plan, a discus-
sion of the research results, and two supporting appendixes:
· Appendix A: Review of AASHTO T322 and Recent Proposed Changes
· Appendix B: Equipment Configurations for Creep and Strength Testing of Hot
Mix Asphalt Concrete at Low Temperatures
Appendix C: Summary Data for Laboratory Testing Program is available for loan
on request from NCHRP.
The research results have been referred to the TRB Mixtures and Aggregate Expert
Task Group for its review and possible recommendation to the AASHTO Highway
Subcommittee on Materials for adoption of the suggested changes to AASHTO T322
presented in Appendix A.
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CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY
3 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Approach
Problem Statement and Research Objective, 3
Scope of Study, 3
Research Approach, 3
5 CHAPTER 2 Findings
Review of AASHTO T322, 5
Experience with the IDT Test at the Regional Superpave Centers, 7
Refinements in the IDT Test During NCHRP Projects 1-37A and 9-19, 8
Precision and Bias of the IDT Tester, 8
Theory of IDT Testing and Analysis, 11
Comparison of Compliance Values as Determined Using Uniaxial Tension,
Uniaxial Compression, and the IDT Test, 17
25 CHAPTER 3 Interpretation, Appraisal, and Applications
General Recommendations for Low-Temperature Creep and Strength Testing of
Asphalt Concrete, 25
Coefficient of Thermal Contraction, 26
Estimating Creep Compliance and Strength Values, 26
Implementation, 27
AASHTO T322, 27
29 CHAPTER 4 Conclusions and Recommendations
30 REFERENCES
A-1 APPENDIX A Review of AASHTO T322 and Recent Proposed Changes
B-1 APPENDIX B Equipment Configurations for Creep and Strength Testing of
Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete at Low Temperatures
C-1 APPENDIX C Summary Data
