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TRANSIT
TCRP REPORT 105
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Sponsored by
the Federal
Transit Administration
Strategies to Increase Coordination
of Transportation Services for the
Transportation Disadvantaged
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TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2004 (Membership as of July 2004)
SELECTION COMMITTEE
(as of June 2004) OFFICERS
CHAIR Chair: Michael S. Townes, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
SHARON GREENE Vice Chair: Joseph H. Boardman, Commissioner, New York State DOT
Sharon Greene & Associates Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS MEMBERS
KAREN ANTION
Karen Antion Consulting MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT
LINDA J. BOHLINGER SARAH C. CAMPBELL, President, TransManagement, Inc., Washington, DC
HNTB Corp. E. DEAN CARLSON, Director, Carlson Associates, Topeka, KS
ROBERT I. BROWNSTEIN JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas, Inc. DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
PETER A. CANNITO GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Director, Metrans Transportation Center and Professor, School of Policy,
Metropolitan Transit Authority--Metro-North Planning, and Development, USC, Los Angeles
Railroad
GREGORY COOK BERNARD S. GROSECLOSE, JR., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority
Ann Arbor Transportation Authority SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Prof. of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
JENNIFER L. DORN JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
FTA GLORIA J. JEFF, Director, Michigan DOT
NATHANIEL P. FORD, SR. ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
Metropolitan Atlanta RTA RONALD F. KIRBY, Director of Transportation Planning, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
RONALD L. FREELAND HERBERT S. LEVINSON, Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, CT
Parsons Transportation Group SUE MCNEIL, Director, Urban Transportation Center and Professor, College of Urban Planning and
FRED M. GILLIAM Public Affairs and Department of Civil and Material Engineering, University of Illinois, Chicago
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute
KIM R. GREEN
GFI GENFARE of Technology
JILL A. HOUGH CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT
North Dakota State University JOHN E. NJORD, Executive Director, Utah DOT
ROBERT H. IRWIN DAVID PLAVIN, President, Airports Council International, Washington, DC
British Columbia Transit JOHN H. REBENSDORF, Vice Pres., Network Planning and Operations, Union Pacific Railroad Co.,
JEANNE W. KRIEG Omaha, NE
Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority PHILIP A. SHUCET, Commissioner, Virginia DOT
CELIA G. KUPERSMITH C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and
LINDA S. WATSON, Executive Director, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority,
Transportation District
PAUL J. LARROUSSE Orlando, FL
National Transit Institute
DAVID A. LEE EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Connecticut Transit MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT
CLARENCE W. MARSELLA SAMUEL G. BONASSO, Acting Administrator, Research and Special Programs Administration, U.S.DOT
Denver Regional Transportation District REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
FAYE L. M. MOORE
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University and Foreign Secretary, National Academy
Authority of Engineering
MICHAEL H. MULHERN THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
STEPHANIE L. PINSON EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads
Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. JOHN C. HORSLEY, Exec. Dir., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ROBERT H. PRINCE, JR. RICK KOWALEWSKI, Deputy Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT
DMJM+Harris WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association
JEFFREY M. ROSENBERG BETTY MONRO, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT
Amalgamated Transit Union
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT
BEVERLY A. SCOTT
Sacramento Regional Transit District SUZANNE RUDZINSKI, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. EPA
PAUL P. SKOUTELAS JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
Port Authority of Allegheny County ANNETTE M. SANDBERG, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
KATHRYN D. WATERS WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
Dallas Area Rapid Transit JEFFREY N. SHANE, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT
CARL A. STROCK (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS of Engineers
WILLIAM W. MILLAR
ROBERT A. VENEZIA, Program Manager of Public Health Applications, National Aeronautics and Space
APTA
MARY E. PETERS Administration
FHWA
JOHN C. HORSLEY TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
AASHTO Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for TCRP
ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR.
TRB MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA (Chair)
JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, New York State DOT
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
LOUIS F. SANDERS GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
APTA
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, American Public Transportation Association
SECRETARY ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
ROBERT J. REILLY C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas, Austin
TRB LINDA S. WATSON, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando, FL
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
TCRP REPORT 105
Strategies to Increase Coordination
of Transportation Services for the
Transportation Disadvantaged
TRANSYSTEMS CORPORATION
Boston, MA
CENTER FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
Tampa, FL
INSTITUTE FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
Raleigh, NC
AND
PLANNERS COLLABORATIVE
Boston, MA
S UBJECT A REAS
Planning and Administration · Public Transit
Research Sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in Cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2004
www.TRB.org
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 105
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, Project H-30A FY'02
environmental, and energy objectives place demands on public ISSN 1073-4872
transit systems. Current systems, some of which are old and in need ISBN 0-309-088135
of upgrading, must expand service area, increase service frequency, Library of Congress Control Number 2004113994
and improve efficiency to serve these demands. Research is
© 2004 Transportation Research Board
necessary to solve operating problems, to adapt appropriate new
technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into Price $31.00
the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative Research Program
(TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the transit
industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet
demands placed on it.
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special
Report 213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions,
published in 1987 and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass
Transportation Administration--now the Federal Transit Admin-
istration (FTA). A report by the American Public Transportation NOTICE
Association (APTA), Transportation 2000, also recognized the need The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative
for local, problem-solving research. TCRP, modeled after the Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
longstanding and successful National Cooperative Highway approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such
Research Program, undertakes research and other technical activities approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the project concerned is
in response to the needs of transit service providers. The scope of appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National
TCRP includes a variety of transit research fields including plan- Research Council.
ning, service configuration, equipment, facilities, operations, human The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and
resources, maintenance, policy, and administrative practices. to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The
Proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency
authorized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation that performed the research, and while they have been accepted as appropriate
Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum by the technical panel, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation
agreement outlining TCRP operating procedures was executed by Research Board, the National Research Council, the Transit Development
the three cooperating organizations: FTA, The National Academies, Corporation, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S. Department of
acting through the Transportation Research Board (TRB); and Transportation.
the Transit Development Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel
educational and research organization established by APTA. according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation
TDC is responsible for forming the independent governing board, Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National
designated as the TCRP Oversight and Project Selection (TOPS) Research Council.
Committee.
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically
but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the
responsibility of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research Special Notice
program by identifying the highest priority projects. As part of the
The Transportation Research Board of The National Academies, the National
evaluation, the TOPS Committee defines funding levels and
Research Council, the Transit Development Corporation, and the Federal Transit
expected products. Administration (sponsor of the Transit Cooperative Research Program) do not
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein
appointed by the Transportation Research Board. The panels prepare solely because they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the
project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and project reporting.
provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the
project. The process for developing research problem statements and
selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing
cooperative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activ-
ities, TCRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail Published reports of the
to reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on
disseminating TCRP results to the intended end users of the TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
research: transit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB are available from:
provides a series of research reports, syntheses of transit practice,
and other supporting material developed by TCRP research. APTA Transportation Research Board
Business Office
will arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, and other
500 Fifth Street, NW
activities to ensure that results are implemented by urban and rural
Washington, DC 20001
transit industry practitioners.
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can and can be ordered through the Internet at
cooperatively address common operational problems. The TCRP http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
results support and complement other ongoing transit research and
training programs. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of
Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative,
to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the
Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad-
emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences
and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and
the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair,
respectively, of the National Research Council.
The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board's mission is to promote
innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisciplinary setting,
the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy by researchers and
practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical
excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research
results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board's varied activities annually engage more
than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and
private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is
supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of
the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the
development of transportation. www.TRB.org
www.national-academies.org
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, TCRP Manager
DIANNE S. SCHWAGER, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
HILARY FREER, Editor
PROJECT PANEL H-24A
Field of Policy and Planning
REGINALD KNOWLTON, WHEELS, Inc., Philadelphia, PA (Chair)
BILL DURANT, Paratransit, Inc., Sacramento, CA
LISA FUNK, Michigan DOT
SHARON LORD GABER, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
MARY KEATING, DuPage County Human Services, Wheaton, IL
JAMES MCLARY, McLary Management & Investment, Alexandria, VA
JAMES F. MCLAUGHLIN, Urbitran, Glendale, CA
JON B. MCNULTY, Regional Transportation Program, Portland, ME
HELEN TIFT MCSWAIN, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Atlanta, GA
JOHN L. SHERMYEN, LogisticCare Solutions LLC, College Park, GA
DOUG BIRNIE, FTA Liaison Representative
DOUG GERLEMAN, FTA Liaison Representative
DIANNE MCSWAIN, U.S. Office of Intergovernmental Affairs, Other Liaison Representative
PETER SHAW, TRB Liaison Representative
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research for this report, or resource guide, was performed Planners Collaborative researched and prepared Chapter 5. Case
under TCRP Project H-30 by TranSystems Corporation, with assis- studies were conducted and summarized by Mr. Chia, Mr. Cook,
tance from the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) Ms. Conklin, Mr. Hamwey, Mr. Lawrie, Rosemary G. Mathias of
of the University of South Florida, the Institute for Transportation TranSystems, and Beverly G. Ward of CUTR. All team members
Research and Education (ITRE) of North Carolina State University, made significant contributions to the selection of case study sites
and Planners Collaborative. TranSystems was the prime contractor and the identification of the coordination strategies that are used as
for the project. examples throughout the report.
Patricia Monahan of TranSystems was the project's principal The team would like to thank the project panel for offering use-
investigator and was responsible for the overall direction of the ful guidance and direction that reflected the breadth of their experi-
research. She wrote the summary, Chapters 1 through 3 and sections ences and viewpoints. Dianne Schwager, TCRP Senior Program
of the remaining chapters and edited the document. Thomas J. Cook Officer, provided much appreciated support and assistance through-
and Judson J. Lawrie of ITRE researched and prepared substantial out the project. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the valuable
sections of Chapters 4, 6, and 7 and developed Appendix C. Joana contributions of the many individuals from transportation and
Conklin of TranSystems also contributed to Chapter 6; and she pre- human services organizations who hosted case studies and partici-
pared Appendices D, E, and F. David Chia and Scott Hamwey of pated in telephone interviews.
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TCRP Report 105: Strategies to Increase Coordination of Transportation Services
FOREWORD for the Transportation Disadvantaged will be of interest to practitioners and policy-
By Dianne S. Schwager makers in agencies and organizations that plan, provide, administer, and fund trans-
Senior Program Officer portation services for persons with disabilities, clients of human services agencies, and
Transportation Research others who can be described as transportation disadvantaged. The research results are
Board presented in a report and on an accompanying CD-ROM.
During the past 20 years, a great deal of effort has been directed to improving coor-
dination of publicly funded transportation services for the transportation disadvan-
taged. These services include transportation for persons with disabilities, clients of
human services agencies, recipients of Medicaid, participants in Headstart programs,
and others with special needs who can be described as transportation disadvantaged.
The United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) and the Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS) have worked together for more than a decade to
foster increased coordination among the transportation services sponsored by each
agency. Several states have followed suit and are pursuing improved coordination of
their transportation services.
Despite the progress that has been made, there are still many more opportunities
throughout the United States to improve the local and regional coordination of trans-
portation services for the transportation disadvantaged. Duplication of services, insuf-
ficient funds, unmet trip demand, numerous regulatory constraints, lack of interagency
coordination, and poor service quality still exist. Service area boundaries often preclude
trips from being made by publicly funded transportation to important destinations, such
as medical facilities, jobs, and training. In addition, rapid growth and suburbanization
in many communities have made it far more costly and difficult to provide accessibil-
ity by publicly funded transportation to many destinations.
Under TCRP Project H-30, "Strategies to Increase Coordination of Transportation
Services for the Transportation Disadvantaged," the research team of TranSystems Cor-
poration, in association with the Institute for Transportation Research and Education, and
Planners Collaborative, conducted the research project. The objective of the research was
to develop strategies for initiating or improving coordination of local and regional pub-
licly funded transportation services for the transportation disadvantaged. The results of
this research may be used throughout the United States by public transportation agencies,
human resources agencies, transportation brokers, planning organizations, and other
organizations and entities seeking methods and concepts that can be used to initiate or
improve the local or regional coordination of publicly funded transportation services.
The study included the following elements:
· Documentation of current funding sources, decision-making processes, and ser-
vice types that can be utilized by entities wishing to improve the coordination of
their transportation services;
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· New case studies highlighting approaches and strategies not investigated to date;
· Collection of updated information about previous case study sites that have been
shown to illustrate the benefits of coordination and/or important elements of suc-
cessful strategies; and
· Analysis of existing and new case study information to identify overall themes,
elements of success, and recommended approaches.
The research report is presented in seven chapters that present (1) an introduction
that includes a "road map" to the final report; (2) a history of transportation coordina-
tion in the United States; (3) a discussion of current coordination trends and challenges;
(4) a review of transportation services and options; (5) the processes used to plan, bud-
get, and promote coordinated transportation services; (6) a review of funding sources;
and (7) information on technology and its application to transportation coordination.
Most chapters are supported by case studies. TCRP Report 105 includes six appendixes
presented on the accompanying CD-ROM (CRP-CD-51). Complete case studies can
be found in Appendix A. Appendix B consists of a questionnaire that can be used to
inventory providers of transportation services for the transportation disadvantaged.
Information about state funding sources is provided in Appendix C. Appendixes D and
E contain information about private foundations and foundation grant resources. An
index of previously published coordination case studies and guidebooks, organized by
topic, is presented in Appendix F.
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CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY
8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction
Study Objectives, 8
Research Methodology, 8
Road Map to the Resource Guide, 10
13 CHAPTER 2 Coordination History
Early Coordination Efforts: Initiatives at the Local Level, 13
Support for Coordination at the Federal Level, 14
State and Regional Coordination Efforts, 15
17 CHAPTER 3 Current Coordination Trends and Challenges
Defining and Classifying Coordination Strategies, 17
Summary of Case Study Findings, 18
31 CHAPTER 4 Transportation Services and Operations
Mobility Needs, 31
Providers, 31
Types of Service, 32
Service Delivery Methods, 33
Models for Coordinated Services, 33
How To Locate Transportation Services for the Transportation Disadvantaged
in Your Area, 35
Examples of Best Practices from Case Studies, 36
Other Service Design Resources, 40
41 CHAPTER 5 Processes Used to Plan, Budget, and Promote
Planning Requirements Associated with Funding Sources, 41
Political Processes, 48
Examples of Best Practices from Case Studies, 52
Advice from Practitioners, 53
Other Coordination Planning Resources, 53
55 CHAPTER 6 Funding Sources
Types of Funding, 55
Identifying Funding Sources, 68
Advice from Practitioners and Other Resources, 70
71 CHAPTER 7 Use of Technology
Case Studies, 71
Advice from Practitioners, 73
Other Technology Resources, 74
75 REFERENCES
76 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
A-1 APPENDIXES
