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12
CHAPTER 4
THE TRAVEL BEHAVIOR RESPONSE MODULE
The Portland Tour-Based Model was selected as the basis 1996. The model has several features that distinguish it from
for the Travel Behavior Response Module because of its abil- traditional four-step travel models:
ity to predict both modal and temporal shifts in travel behav-
USER'S GUIDE
ior as well as predict the impact on overall out-of-the-home · Simultaneous modeling of trip generation, time of day,
trip making. The Portland Tour-Based Model is complex, so mode choice, and destination choice. Utilities of lower-
it is implemented in NCHRP Project 25-21 as a set of elas- level choices (e.g., mode and destination choice) are
ticities rather than as the full model. incorporated in the utilities of higher-level choices (e.g.,
time of day and primary activity pattern).
· Application of the model to individual travelers. This
4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PORTLAND approach, known as sample enumeration when applied
TOUR-BASED MODEL
to travel survey data, and more generally as microsim-
ulation, is considered to be at the forefront of the cur-
The Portland Tour-Based Model was originally developed
rent state of the art in travel modeling. Microsimulation
as part of a project to analyze road pricing policy alternatives
allows the incorporation of detailed household and per-
in Portland. An overview of the Portland model in a larger
son characteristics that can significantly affect travel
context is shown in Figure 2; the tour-based model proper
behavior, such as presence of children in the household
consists of the blocks within the large rectangle. (A full
and competition for available cars in the household for
description of the Portland Tour-Based Model is given in
different trip purposes.
Mark Bradley Research and Consulting, A System of Activity-
· Use of a synthetic sample to develop the base population
Based Models for Portland, Oregon, Washington, D.C.:
to which the model is applied. This approach provides
Travel Model Improvement Program, U.S. Dept. of Trans-
the model with a sufficiently large population so that com-
portation, Report No.: DOT-T-99-02, U.S. Environmental
plete trip tables can be produced. Sample enumeration
Protection Agency, 1998. Consult this reference for details
approaches based only on travel surveys generally pro-
on model structure and coefficients.)
duce results at a much larger scale, such as superdistrict-
A more detailed look at the Portland model is given in
to-superdistrict trip movements. The synthetic sampling
Figure 3, which shows information flows between the dif-
approach has been used for over 25 years. One early
ferent submodels. The model system is designed to predict
application was to the development of a database for
the following:
research on discrete-choice models. See Gerald Duguay,
Woo Jung, and Daniel McFadden, "SYNSAM: A Meth-
· A full-day activity pattern (primary activity and, for tour
odology for Synthesizing Household Transportation Sur-
activities, subtour pattern),
vey Data," Berkeley: Urban Travel Demand Forecasting
· Time of day (outbound, inbound) for home-based tours,
Project, Working paper no. 7618, September 1976. Syn-
· Primary mode and destination,
thetic sampling is currently used in the TRANSIMS
· Work-based subtours, and
model and in the current version of the STEP model. An
· Location of intermediate stops.
additional advantage of the synthetic sampling approach
is that it enables disaggregation of benefit and cost esti-
The Portland model is a conceptual descendant of Greig mates by socioeconomic category, which is often a sig-
Harvey's Short-Range Transportation Evaluation Program nificant issue in transportation policy analysis.
(STEP) model, with considerable additional detail. A descrip-
tion of the STEP model and the theory behind the model is
presented in Elizabeth Deakin and Greig Harvey's Trans- 4.2 DERIVATION OF ELASTICITIES
portation Pricing Strategies for California: An Assessment of
Congestion, Emissions, Energy and Equity Impacts: Final The Portland model has several drawbacks in application,
Report, prepared for the California Air Resources Board, chief of which is the length of time required to operate it on
OCR for page 13
13
mp
Input Tij ) with respect to travel time origin i to destination
mp
· Employment by sector by TAZ j by mode m in time period p (denoted by t ij ).
· Sample of households
· Modal LOS measures
For m = m and p = p, there is an own elasticity; otherwise,
the quantity is a (mode or time or mode/time) cross-elasticity.
Household-based tour model The quantities with tildes represent trips and travel times
· Primary activity after some change, and the other quantities represent base
· Secondary tour choice case trips and travel times.
· Time-of-day choice The equation can be converted to a log-log linear model:
· Mode/destination choice
T~ijmp ~ijmp
t
ln mp = mp
mp ln mp Equation 11
Tij
m p t ij
Work-based subtour model
USER'S GUIDE
Therefore, the elasticities can be estimated by observing the
quantities Tijmp, T m p
~ijmp, tij ~ijmp predicted by the Port-
, and t
Intermediate stop location model
(car driver tours only) land model and running a set of regressions against these
results. The approach to generating the necessary data points
was straightforward:
Decompose tours to trips
1. Define a set of i, j zone pairs to be sampled. These zone
pairs were sampled to focus on the areas of interest. For
Output -- OD trip matrices by:
· Mode example, given the case study area, the research team
· Time of day focused on movements from within King County to
· Income group Seattle, from Pierce County to Seattle, and from Sno-
homish County to Seattle. Movements to and from Kit-
sap County were ignored because the research team
Network Model believes that the ferry network may not be adequately
(trip assignment by mode and time period)
represented to treat this movement alongside bus tran-
TAZ = traffic analysis zone. sit as a transit mode.
LOS = level of service.
OD = origin-destination. 2. Pick a particular zone pair with home zone i and desti-
nation zone j. Randomly generate a travel time change
Figure 2. Portland Tour-Based Model flow chart. in the AM peak period for the auto mode, and run the
model only for the population within zone i. Store the
relative change in travel time and the relevant changes
even a high-speed computer. Consequently, it was decided to in travel by mode and time period as a data point.
use the Portland model to develop a set of elasticities for pre- 3. Repeat Step 2 for different values of change to the
dicting small changes in traveler behavior in response to indi- travel time.
vidual traffic-flow improvement projects. The model was 4. Repeat Steps 2 and 3 for different time periods.
executed several times on a range of travel time saving alter- 5. Repeat Steps 24 for different modes.
natives, and the results were used to fit a set of demand/time 6. Repeat Steps 25 for different i, j zone pairs.
elasticities. These elasticities were then incorporated into the 7. Collect the data points and run regressions on the appro-
NCHRP 25-21 methodology. priate variables.
A constant elasticity demand model in the following form
was fitted to the Portland model: The research team believes that the following simplifica-
tions were reasonable:
mp
~ijmp
T t~ijmp m p
Tijmp
= m p
Equation 10
· For small travel time changes, the constant elasticity
mp tij
approximation is probably good enough. It can be
regarded as a first-order approximation to the demand
Where:
function.
mp
mp = the elasticity of demand for travel from origin i to
· Capacity improvements are likely to affect the peak peri-
destination j by mode m in time period p (denoted by ods only. Hence, the main mode shifts are likely to occur
