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Chip Seal Best Practices (2005)

Chapter: Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A - Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Chip Seal Best Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13814.
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74 APPENDIX A Chip Seal Synthesis Questionnaire The following pages contain the questionnaire that was dis- tributed to state department of transportation (DOT) mainte- nance directors, similar positions in 10 foreign countries, points of contact at the county and municipal level, as well U.S. DOTs U.S. Local Agencies Canadian Province DOTs Canadian Local Agencies International Agencies Other Responses Alaska (2) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (6) Lubbock, TX Austin, TX Missoula, MT Des Moines, IA Alberta British Columbia Manitoba Ottawa, ON Halifax, NS New Zealand Transit (3) Faehrner Asphalt (WI contractor) Connecticut Florida (NP) Georgia Hawaii (NP) Salt Lake City, UT Tulsa, OK Saskatchewan New Brunswick Ontario Quebec Australia: Victoria Northern Territory Koch Materials (Midwest MN) Idaho (3) Indiana Illinois (NP) Iowa Kansas Contra Costa County, CA Washington County, OR Newfoundland Nova Scotia Australia: Tasmania Mainroads (Western Australia) Kentucky Louisiana Maine (NP) Maryland San Diego County, CA Price Edward Island Yukon Territories (2) South Africa United Kingdom Michigan Minnesota (2) Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (NP) New Jersey (NP) New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Oklahoma Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Texas (3) Vermont (NP) Virginia Washington Wyoming NP = No chip seal program. TABLE A1 SUMMARY OF CHIP SEAL SYNTHESIS SURVEY RESPONSES as a number of chip seal contractors that expressed an inter- est in the project. Table A1 is a list of the respondents from which the results of this report are drawn.

75 NCHRP SYNTHESIS 35-02 CHIP SEAL BEST PRACTICES PURPOSE OF THE SYNTHESIS Chip seal is one of the most frequently used preventive main- tenance treatments on flexible pavements. For purposes of this study and questionnaire, the term “chip seal” is defined as a single or double course of aggregate placed on an asphalt binder that has been applied to the surface of an existing pavement. Much of the practice is based on local anecdotal experience rather than sound engineering principles, and while the design and installation of chip seals involve a sig- nificant degree of “art,” a strong body of knowledge on the subject has been developed and is scattered throughout the literature of transportation organizations, government agen- cies, and academia. Technical information is available on good practice for materials, design, construction techniques, and effectiveness of chip seals, and will be summarized in a synthesis. The project’s scope will be limited to single- and double-course preventive maintenance chip seal surface treatments. This questionnaire will take approximately 45 minutes to complete. The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect spe- cific information on chip seal practices from sources ranging from the municipal to the international level. Additionally, those respondents that believe that they have a chip seal proj- ect that would make a good case study to illustrate a particu- larly successful chip seal best practice are invited to indicate their willingness to contribute detailed information about the project, and they will be contacted individually by the researcher to obtain the case study information. The results of this synthesis will be shared and distributed through AASHTO, FHWA, TRB, and others, with the goal of assisting in the development and implementation of pave- ment preservation programs. I want to thank you in advance for your support for this project. We do not often get the opportunity to do substantive research in the field of highway maintenance and as this field is so vital to the health of a nation’s transportation system, this project’s results will fur- nish a means to disseminate the experience of maintenance engineers from around the world in a very straightforward fashion. When you have completed this survey, please return it by January 12, 2004 by any convenient means to Douglas D. Gransberg, PE University of Oklahoma 830 Van Vleet Oval, Room 162 Norman, OK 73019-6141 Fax: 405-325-7558 E-mail: dgransberg@ou.edu

76 RESPONDENT INFORMATION Agency/organization name: State: Country: □ USA □ Other country, please specify: Mailing address: Point of contact name: ; Point of contact phone: ; Point of contact fax: ; Point of contact e-mail address: ; Type of agency/organization: □ Federal agency □ State/provincial agency □ County agency □ Municipal agency □ Other public agency, please specify: □ Private organization If private, what type? □ Engineering/design/planning firm □ Construction company □ Material supplier □ Professional or trade organization □ Other private organization, please specify: Chip seal involvement: □ Primary business activity or program □ Major portion of routine business activity or program □ Minor portion of routine business activity or program □ Occasional chip seal projects Do you have a potential case study project that you would be willing to share specific detailed information about to illustrate an important “Best Practice” or “Lesson Learned” by your organization? □ Yes □ No If the answer to the above question is Yes? What is the name of the project? What is the “Best Practice” or “Lesson Learned”? Please answer the following questions to the best of your knowledge. If providing an exact answer will require more time than you can allow, please furnish your best estimate. If you are a non-U.S. respondent, when asked to furnish cost data, please indicate the national currency that you are using in your response. If you have questions on the proper interpretation of the questionnaire, please e-mail the researcher at dgransberg@ou.edu. We greatly appreciate your time and support for this syn- thesis project. Questions for Respondents A. General 1. At this time, what proportion of your highway lane miles have chip seals or surface treatments as the wearing course? Total centerline □ miles/□ km □ miles/□ km with chip seal Rural—local Rural—collector Rural—arterial Rural—interstate Urban—local Urban—collector Urban—arterial Urban—interstate

77 2. Do you follow a specific preventive maintenance cycle for chip seals? □ Yes □ No 3. If the answer to Question 2 is Yes, what is the cycle length? Roughly every years. 4. What is the typical life span (age or traffic applications) of a chip seal in your agency? Approximately years or approximately ESALs on major roads Approximately years or approximately ESALs on minor roads 5. What percentage of your chip seal work is done with in-house crews? Approximately % 6. How much chip seal work does your agency do each year? Approximately US$/year or other national currency /year which includes approximately lane miles/year or lane kilometers/year 7. How do you rate your organization’s experience with the performance of in-house chip seals? (Check one box only.) □ Excellent; we have very little difficulty with in-house chip seal performance. □ Good; we have minor difficulties with in-house chip seal performance. □ Fair; we have routine, manageable difficulties with in-house chip seal performance. □ Poor; we have serious difficulties with in-house chip seal performance. □ Unacceptable; we use in-house chip seals when it is the only alternative. □ Not applicable; we do not use in-house chip seals. 8. How do you rate your organization’s experience with the performance of contract chip seals? (Check one box only.) □ Excellent; we have very little difficulty with contract chip seal performance. □ Good; we have minor difficulties with contract chip seal performance. □ Fair; we have routine, manageable difficulties with contract chip seal performance. □ Poor; we have serious difficulties with contract chip seal performance. □ Unacceptable; we use contract chip seals when it is the only alternative. □ Not applicable; we do not use contract chip seals. 9. What are the primary problems associated with in-house chip seal work? (Check all that apply and indicate the single problem that is most common.) Check only one □ Early loss of aggregate □ most common □ Loss of aggregate due to cool evenings □ most common □ Premature flushing/bleeding □ most common □ Loss of aggregate over patches □ most common □ Flushing/bleeding over patches □ most common □ Flushing/bleeding at intersections and turning areas □ most common □ Other, please specify: □ most common 10. What are the primary problems associated with contract chip seal work? (Check all that apply and indicate the single prob- lem that is most common.) Check only one □ Early loss of aggregate □ most common □ Loss of aggregate due to cool evenings □ most common □ Premature flushing/bleeding □ most common □ Flushing/bleeding over patches □ most common □ Flushing/bleeding at intersections and turning areas □ most common □ Other, please specify: □ most common 11. Which approach seems to yield a better final chip seal product? □ Agency constructed □ Contractor constructed □ No difference

78 B. Design 12. Does your organization design chip seal projects? □ Yes □ No If No, please skip down to Section C, Contracting Procedures. 13. How do you characterize existing pavement conditions during the design of chip seal applications? □ Penetrometer □ Level of oxidation (hunger factor) □ Qualitative factors □ Other method, please specify: □ Don’t characterize existing conditions 14. What is the major reason for your organization’s decision to apply a chip seal to a given pavement? (Check one box only.) □ Distress (cracking) □ Improve skid resistance □ Prevent water infiltration □ Provide a wearing surface □ Oxidation □ Raveling □ Eliminate surface rutting □ Improve night vision □ Improve contrast between stripes and road surface □ Other, please specify: 15. What is the “trigger point” in your chip seal decision-making process? □ Pavement condition rating or index □ Level/amount of cracking □ Skid number □ Amount of oxidation □ Age of the surface □ No trigger point □ Other reason, please specify: 16. What is the design procedure you use? □ Kearby Method □ McLeod Method □ Modified Kearby Method □ Penetrometer per U.K. Road Note 39 □ Asphalt Institute Method (MS-19) □ Modified Marshall Hammer per New Zealand TNZ P17 Method □ Sand patch testing □ Empirical method based on past experience □ No formal design method □ Individual organizational method Please briefly describe your process or attach a copy of your design method to this questionnaire when you submit it. □ No design. Chip seal is treated as a commodity and the chip seal contractor or the agency in-house staff determines the appropriate design 17. What design criteria are used? (Check all that apply.) □ Pavement condition □ Absorption factor/oxidation □ Traffic volume □ Turning movements □ Percent trucks □ Texture factor □ Weather (cold/hot/rain/humidity) □ Precoat condition (green/dry) □ Source of asphalt □ Residual factor □ Number and width of lanes □ Other, please specify: 18. Who performs the design? □ Agency in-house design section. □ Agency in-house construction group. □ Agency in-house maintenance group. □ Design consultant under design contract. □ Chip seal contractor under the construction contract. □ Other, please specify:

79 19. For how long has the current design procedure been used? years. 20. How do you determine the binder rates? □ Compute using design procedure □ Based on past experience □ Chip seal contractor sets the rates □ Agency in-house staff set the rates □ Other, please specify: 21. How do you determine the aggregate rates? □ Compute using design procedure □ Based on past experience □ Chip seal contractor sets the rates □ Agency in-house staff set the rates □ Other, please specify: 22. How would you describe the level of distress (cracks) on roads that generally receive a chip seal? □ Severe □ Moderate □ Slight □ None 23. How do you characterize the pavement’s structural cross section on roads that generally receive a chip seal? □ Excellent □ Good □ Fair □ Poor □ Very Poor C. Contracting Procedures 24. Do you feel that an adequate number of experienced chip seal contractors bid on your jobs? □ Yes □ No 25. How many chip seal contractors typically bid on your jobs? □ 1–3 □ 4–6 □ 7–9 □ Over 10 26. Do you have a prequalified list of contractors that are allowed to bid on your chip seal projects? □ Yes □ No 27. Do you require warranties in your chip seal projects? □ Yes □ No If so, what is the length of the warranty? weeks/months/years 28. What is your typical chip seal construction season? From the month of to the month of 29. Do you require different binder–aggregate combinations for chip seals in different types of highways? □ Yes □ No 30. If the answer to Question 29 is Yes, what is the factor that differentiates between the different requirements? □ Number of lanes □ Average daily traffic □ Proximity to urban areas □ Proximity to specialized aggregate sources like lightweight aggregates □ Other, please specify: 31. What types of contracts do you use for chip seal projects? (Check all that apply.) □ Unit price–low bid □ Lump sum/firm fixed price □ Cost plus □ Indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity □ Design–build 32. What is the range for the length of a typical chip seal project? lane miles or lane kilometers 33. What is the maximum traffic volume on roads on which your agency constructs chip seals? □ ADT < 500 □ ADT < 1,000 □ ADT < 2,000 □ ADT < 5,000 □ ADT < 20,000 □ ADT > 20,000

80 D. Materials 34. What uniformly graded aggregates gradation(s) do you use for your chip seal jobs? (Check all that apply.) □ 5⁄8 in. or □ 16.0 mm □ 1⁄2 in. or □ 12.5 mm □ 3⁄8 in. or □ 10 mm □ Other, please specify: Which gradation is most commonly used? 35. What well-graded aggregates gradation(s) do you use for your chip seal jobs? (Check all that apply.) □ 5⁄8 in. minus or □ 16.0 mm minus □ 1⁄2 in. minus or □ 12.5 mm minus □ 3⁄8 in. minus or □ 10 mm minus □ Other, please specify: Which gradation is most commonly used? 36. Are any special gradations used? □ Yes □ No If Yes, please specify the special gradations: 37. Do you use more than one gradation of aggregate if doing a two course surface treatment? □ Yes □ No If Yes, please specify the special gradations: 38. Do you use precoated aggregates on Asphalt cement chip seals? □ Yes □ No If Yes, what do you use for precoating material? Emulsion chip seals? □ Yes □ No If Yes, what do you use for precoating material? 39. Have you ever used synthetic aggregates for your chip seals? □ Yes □ No If Yes, do you use □ Lightweight aggregate? □ Crushed slag aggregate? □ Other, please specify: If you regularly use synthetic aggregates, please indicate those situations where you typically specify these aggregates: 40. What is the typical cost for your aggregates? Natural stone or gravel chip seal aggregate: $/ton or currency/ton Lightweight chip seal aggregate: $/ton or currency/ton Crushed slag chip seal aggregate: $/ton or currency/ton Other, please specify: $/ton or currency/ton 41. What types of natural aggregate are typically used on your chip seal projects? □ Limestone % of program □ Quartzite % of program □ Granite % of program □ Trap rock (igneous) % of program □ Sandstone % of program □ Natural gravels % of program □ Other, please specify: % of program 42. What binder types do you normally use in the organization? Please indicate the percent usage on an annual basis and aver- age unit price for each type. □ AC 2.5 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC 5 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC 5-latex % of program $/gal or currency/liter

81 □ AC 10 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC 10-latex % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC 15P % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC15-5TR % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC20 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ AC 40 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-1 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-1H % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-1P % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-2 % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-2H % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ CRS-2P % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ HFRS % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ HFRS-2P % of program $/gal or currency/liter □ Other % of program $/gal or currency/liter 43. How do you select the binder type for chip seal jobs? □ Local climate □ Traffic level of road to be sealed □ Season in which seal will be applied □ Past experience □ Design procedure determines it □ Other, please specify: 44. Do you use modifiers with your asphalt or emulsions? □ Yes □ No If Yes, what modifiers are allowed for use? (Check all that apply.) □ Polymers □ Latex □ Rubber crumb □ Anti-stripping agents □ Additives □ Other, please specify: 45. Has your agency constructed any geotextile-reinforced chip seals? □ Yes □ No If Yes, have the geotextile-reinforced chip seals been successful? □ Yes □ No E. Equipment 46. Do you require computerized controls on your distributors? □ Yes □ No 47. Do you require computerized gate controls on your chip spreaders? □ Yes □ No 48. What roller types are considered appropriate for use on chip seals using emulsion binders? □ Static steel □ Vibratory steel □ Pneumatic-tired □ Combination pneumatic/steel □ Combination vibratory/pneumatic □ Other, please specify: 49. What roller types are considered appropriate for use on chip seals using asphalt binders? □ Static steel □ Vibratory steel □ Pneumatic-tired □ Combination pneumatic/steel □ Combination vibratory/pneumatic □ Other, please specify: 50. Do you require any specific makes and models (proprietary specifications) for the chip seal equipment? □ Yes □ No If Yes, for which of the following equipment? (Check all that apply.) □ Binder distributors □ Aggregate spreaders

82 □ Rollers/rolling equipment □ Sweeping equipment □ Traffic control equipment/devices □ Other, please specify: F. Construction 51. Prior to chip sealing, what road preparation methods are typically performed for the existing surface? □ Chip seal placed on freshly paved asphalt surface □ Crack sealing □ Fog coat □ Cold mix patch and level □ Geotextile to retard reflective cracking □ Other, please specify: 52. What are your specifications for ambient air temperature to do chip seal work? degrees □ No specification 53. What are your specifications for pavement temperature to do chip seal work? degrees □ No specification 54. How soon after the binder spray operation is aggregate spread? minutes Is this different for asphalt concrete and emulsion? □ Yes □ No 55. What is the typical time span between aggregate spread and initial rolling? 56. What is the typical number of pneumatic-tired rollers required? □ One □ Two □ Three □ Four □ Other, please specify: 57. What is the typical number of steel-wheeled rollers required? □ One □ Two □ Three □ Four □ Other, please specify: 58. Which of the following controls are in place for your roller operations? □ Number of passes □ Rolling patterns □ Speed limits □ Roller weight □ Other, please specify: 59. What is the typical time span between final rolling and initial brooming? 60. What is the typical number of broom passes? □ One □ Two □ Three □ Other, please specify: 61. What traffic control measures are typically required? □ Reduced speed □ Interim pavement markings and devices □ Pilot vehicles □ Flaggers □ Other, please specify: 62. What is the typical maximum reduced speed allowed? mph/km/h 63. What is the typical time span between final rolling and opening to reduced speed traffic? minutes/hours 64. What is the typical time span between final rolling and opening to full speed traffic? minutes/hours 65. Do you require a scrub seal or fog seal to be applied on a fresh chip seal? □ Yes □ No If Yes, please indicate how long after the seal. □ Next day □ hours □ Other, please specify:

83 G. Quality Control 66. Who performs the final inspection? □ Your agency □ Private consultant □ Contractor How many people perform the inspection? □ Individual □ Team 67. Which of the following tests are performed on your aggregate? □ Percent fracture □ Flakiness index □ Decant test □ Anti-strip test (compatibility with binder) □ Tests for the presence of clay □ Percent sodium sulfate loss (resistance to freeze–thaw) □ Other, please specify: 68. Do you perform any field tests to monitor the quality of the binder? □ Yes □ No If Yes, what are they? 69. Do you require calibration of binder spray equipment? □ Yes □ No If Yes, how often? 70. Do you require calibration of aggregate spreading equipment? □ Yes □ No If Yes, how often? 71. What tolerances are allowed for binder spray and aggregate spread rates? Binder spray ± gal/sy or L/sm Aggregate spread ± lb/sy or kg/sm 72. Beyond calibration of chip spreader and binder distributors, do you perform any other field tests to check material appli- cation rates? □ Yes □ No 73. If Yes, what is it called? Please attach a copy of the test to this questionnaire if possible. 74. Are any special quality control tests employed by your agency? □ Yes □ No If Yes, please specify: H. Performance 75. What common distresses are observed in your chip seals? To the right, please indicate the top three distresses in order of occurrence. □ Potholes □ Raveling □ Bleeding 1. __________ □ Corrugation □ Crack reflection 2. __________ □ Streaking □ Transverse joints 3. __________ □ Longitudinal joints □ Other, please specify: 76. Which factor is most important in minimizing defects? (Check one box only.) □ Construction procedure □ Design method □ Better binder □ Better aggregates □ Quality control □ Double seal □ Other, please specify: 77. What is the most common public-user complaint about a chip seal? (Check one box only.) □ Loose stone □ Road noise □ Vehicle ride □ Appearance □ Other, please specify:

84 78. How would you describe the pavement ride on roads that generally receive a chip seal? □ Excellent □ Good □ Fair □ Poor □ Very Poor 79. Of your organization’s chip seal failures, which of the following was a likely cause? To the right, please indicate the top three distresses in order of importance. □ Weather 1. __________ □ Insufficient rolling □ Improper binder application rate 2. __________ □ Improper aggregate rate □ Aggregate spread early 3. __________ □ Aggregate spread late □ Dirty or dusty aggregate □ Aggregate gradation □ Improper binder viscosity □ Improper binder temperature □ Other, please specify: 80. Which factors are most critical in determining the life of your chip seals? □ Original quality □ Traffic □ Underlying structure □ Maintenance spending □ Friction loss □ Cold climate considerations (freeze–thaw cycles, snowplowing, etc.) 81. Which methods do you use to maintain your chip seals? (Check all that apply.) □ Crack sealing □ Seal patch □ Sanding or chat □ Lime slurry □ Fog seal □ Local strengthening □ Other, please specify: If there is anything that you would like to add that was not covered in this questionnaire that you feel would benefit this study, please write your comments below: THANK YOU FOR SUPPORTING THIS IMPORTANT EFFORT Please respond by January 12, 2004

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 342: Chip Seal Best Practices examines ways to assist in the development and implementation of pavement preservation programs by identifying the benefits of using chip seal as part of a preventive maintenance program and by highlighting advanced chip seal programs in use around the world. The report includes approximately 40 best practices in the areas of chip seal design methods, contract administration, equipment practices, construction practices, and performance measures. According to the report, the increased use of chip seals for maintenance can be a successful, cost-effective way of using preventive maintenance to preserve both low-volume and higher-volume pavements.

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