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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot-Mix Asphalt. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13844.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot-Mix Asphalt. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13844.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot-Mix Asphalt. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13844.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2005. Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot-Mix Asphalt. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13844.
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T R A N S P O R T A T I O N R E S E A R C H B O A R D WASHINGTON, D.C. 2005 www.TRB.org NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM NCHRP REPORT 539 Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration SUBJECT AREAS Materials and Construction Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave- Designed Hot Mix Asphalt BRIAN D. PROWELL JINGNA ZHANG AND E. RAY BROWN National Center for Asphalt Technology Auburn, AL

NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective approach to the solution of many problems facing highway administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a coordinated program of cooperative research. In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was requested by the Association to administer the research program because of the Board’s recognized objectivity and understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in a position to use them. The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. The needs for highway research are many, and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other highway research programs. Note: The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Published reports of the NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from: Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet at: http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore Printed in the United States of America NCHRP REPORT 539 Project 9-35 ISSN 0077-5614 ISBN 0-309-08825-9 Library of Congress Control Number 2005926327 © 2005 Transportation Research Board Price $23.00 NOTICE The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board’s judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research Council. The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. William A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is a division of the National Research Council, which serves the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering. The Board’s mission is to promote innovation and progress in transportation through research. In an objective and interdisciplinary setting, the Board facilitates the sharing of information on transportation practice and policy by researchers and practitioners; stimulates research and offers research management services that promote technical excellence; provides expert advice on transportation policy and programs; and disseminates research results broadly and encourages their implementation. The Board’s varied activities annually engage more than 5,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 539 ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Manager, NCHRP EDWARD T. HARRIGAN, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications ANDRÉA BRIERE, Associate Editor NCHRP PROJECT 9-35 PANEL Field of Design—Area of Pavements LONNIE S. INGRAM, Kansas DOT (Chair) ERVIN L. DUKATZ, JR., Mathy Construction, Onalaska, WI CHARLES R. MAREK, Vulcan Materials Company, Birmingham, AL JULIE E. NODES, Arizona DOT JOHN D’ANGELO, FHWA Liaison Representative FREDERICK HEJL, TRB Liaison Representative AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Proj- ect 9-35 by the National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn Uni- versity. Brian D. Prowell, Assistant Director, National Center for Asphalt Technology, was the principal investigator. The other author of this report was Jingna Zhang, Research Engineer, at the National Center for Asphalt Technology. E. Ray Brown, Director, National Center for Asphalt Technology, provided guidance and review. The authors acknowledge the contributions of the Aggregate Industry Advisory Panel—David Jahn (formerly of Martin Marietta Materials, Inc.), Don Powell of Vulcan Materials Company, and Randy Weingart of Luck Stone Corporation—who provided infor- mation, guidance, and review to portions of the report.

This report presents a critical review of the technical literature available since the conclusion of the Strategic Highway Research Program in 1993 on the impact of the aggregate properties specified by the Superpave mix design method on the performance of hot mix asphalt. The report will be of particular interest to materials engineers in state highway agencies, as well as to materials supplier and paving contractor person- nel responsible for the production of aggregates and hot mix asphalt. The performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) is largely determined by the charac- teristics of its constituents: asphalt binder and aggregate. In developing the Superpave mix design method, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP, 1987–1993) targeted the properties of asphalt binders and HMA and their effects on pavement per- formance. However, in lieu of a formal aggregate research program, a group of acknowledged experts in the areas of aggregate production and behavior and HMA mix design developed—through the use of a modified Delphi process—the set of recom- mended aggregate criteria in the original Superpave mix design method that were sub- sequently specified in AASHTO MP2, Superpave Volumetric Mix Design. In its orig- inal form, this specification presented aggregate gradation control points and restricted zone boundaries as well as requirements for aggregate consensus properties such as coarse aggregate angularity and sand equivalent. Under NCHRP Project 9-35, “Aggregate Properties and Their Relationship to the Performance of Superpave-Designed HMA: A Critical Review,” the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) at Auburn University was tasked with reviewing the technical literature and research in progress dealing with the development, evaluation, and validation of the Superpave aggregate criteria in AASHTO MP2 and other pro- posed criteria, with the goals of (1) identifying those criteria for which experimental results demonstrate positive relationships with HMA performance and (2) estimating the significance of any such relationships. Further, NCAT surveyed current state aggre- gate specifications to identify deviations from the original Superpave aggregate crite- ria and document the reasons for the deviations, if available, and their effect on HMA performance. Finally, the agency reviewed materials and performance data from rel- evant field experiments, including the LTPP SPS-1, 5, and 9 experiments and the WesTrack, FHWA ALF, MnROAD, and NCAT Test Track studies. These results were analyzed with the objective of accepting or rejecting relationships between aggregate criteria and HMA performance identified from the technical literature. NCAT found that experimental support for the consensus aggregate properties specified in the Superpave mix design method is mixed. Coarse aggregate angularity is strongly related to rutting resistance. However, there is little research to support the need for two-fractured-face counts in excess of 95 percent. Extreme levels (>10% of 5:1 ratio) of flat and elongated particles are likely undesirable in HMA, but no clear FOREWORD By Edward T. Harrigan Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

relationship exists for 20 to 40% exceeding a 3:1 ratio. The test for uncompacted voids in fine aggregate is a reasonable measure of fine aggregate angularity (FAA), but the present FAA criteria are likely too restrictive. No relationship can be corroborated between the presence of clay-like particles in aggregate (as measured by the sand equivalent) and HMA performance, but this lack may be related to the inadequacy of the present test method. Similar mixed results were found for the aggregate source properties specified in the Superpave mix design method. No relationship could be established between the Los Angeles abrasion test results and long-term wear of HMA pavement surfaces. The magnesium sulfate soundness and Micro-Deval abrasion loss tests are highly correlated, and there is a demonstrated relationship between Micro- Deval results and pavement particle abrasion. Finally, available experiment results do not demonstrate any difference in rutting resistance between coarse- and fine-graded Superpave mix designs. The project final report presents the detailed results of the critical review and analy- sis in seven chapters and an appendix; this published report contains the complete final report. This report has been referred to the TRB Mixtures and Aggregate Expert Task Group for its review and possible recommendation to the AASHTO Highway Sub- committees on Materials as support for revision of selected specifications and methods.

1 SUMMARY 12 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Approach 1.1 Introduction, 12 1.2 Objective, 13 1.3 Scope, 13 14 CHAPTER 2 State of Practice 2.1 Introduction, 14 2.2 Coarse Aggregate Angularity, 14 2.2.1 Background, 14 2.2.2 Relationship Between Percent Coarse Aggregate Fractured Faces and Performance, 15 2.2.3 Precision of ASTM D5821, 16 2.2.4 Alternative Methods of Measuring Coarse Aggregate Angularity, 16 2.2.5 Summary of Research Related to Coarse Aggregate Angularity, 18 2.3 Flat and Elongated Particles, 19 2.3.1 Background, 19 2.3.2 Relationship Between F&E and Performance, 19 2.3.3 Precision of F&E Tests, 22 2.3.4 Summary of Research Related to F&E, 23 2.4 Methods of Measuring FAA and Their Relationship to Performance, 24 2.4.1 Introduction, 24 2.4.2 Uncompacted Voids Content in Fine Aggregate, 24 2.4.3 Alternative Methods of Measuring FAA, 25 2.4.4 Relationships Between Fine Aggregate Shape, Angularity, and Texture and HMA Performance, 26 2.4.5 Precision of AASHTO T304, 34 2.4.6 Summary of Findings on Fine Aggregate Texture and Angularity, 34 2.5 Imaging Methods for the Assessment of Aggregate Shape, Angularity, and Texture, 35 2.5.1 Introduction, 35 2.5.2 Video Imaging Systems, 35 2.5.3 Image Analysis, 37 2.6 Tests for Aggregate Properties Related to Moisture Damage, 39 2.6.1 Introduction, 39 2.6.2 Sand Equivalent Test, 39 2.6.3 Plasticity Index, 39 2.6.4 Methylene Blue Test, 39 2.6.5 Surface Free Energy Theory, 40 2.6.6 Net Adsorption Test, 40 2.6.7 Other Aggregate Tests Related to Moisture Damage, 41 2.6.8 Summary of Aggregate Tests Related to Moisture Damage, 41 2.7 Tests Related to Aggregate Durability, 42 2.7.1 Aggregate Tests Related to Abrasion Resistance and Breakdown, 42 2.7.2 Aggregate Tests Related to Weathering and Freeze-Thaw Durability, 48 2.7.3 Aggregate Properties Related to Polishing and Frictional Resistance, 49 2.7.4 Summary of Tests Related to Aggregate Durability, 49 2.8 Effect of Aggregate Grading on HMA Properties, 50 2.8.1 Methods for Analyzing Gradations, 50 2.8.2 Effect of the Restricted Zone on HMA Performance, 51 2.9 Effect of Aggregate Fines and Fillers on HMA Performance, 52 2.9.1 Research on Fines and Fillers, 52 2.9.2 Summary of Research Related to Fines and Fillers, 55 2.10 Effect of Crushing Operations on Aggregate Properties, 55 2.10.1 Types of Crushers, 56 2.10.2 Factors Affecting Aggregate Shape, 57 2.10.3 Applications of Crushers, 58 2.10.4 Influence of Shape on Performance, 58 CONTENTS

60 CHAPTER 3 Survey of Current State Agency Specifications 3.1 Introduction, 60 3.2 Superpave Consensus Aggregate Properties, 60 3.2.1 Sand Equivalent Test, 60 3.2.2 Fine Aggregate Angularity, 60 3.2.3 Coarse Aggregate Angularity, 62 3.2.4 Flat and Elongated Particles, 63 3.3 Source Properties, 63 3.3.1 Introduction, 63 3.3.2 LA Abrasion Test, 64 3.3.3 Sulfate Soundness, 64 3.4 Mix Design Properties, 65 3.4.1 Gradation, 65 3.4.2 Aggregate Specific Gravity, 65 3.5 Summary of Agency Specification Survey, 66 67 CHAPTER 4 Review of Performance Data from Field Test Sections and Full-Scale Accelerated Testing 4.1 LTPP, 67 4.2 MnRoad, 67 4.3 WesTrack, 67 4.4 2000 NCAT Test Track, 69 4.4.1 Effect of Gradation, 69 4.4.2 Relationship Between Aggregate Properties and Performance, 70 4.5 Summary of Data from In-Service Pavements and Accelerated Load Facilities, 71 72 CHAPTER 5 Future Research Needs 5.1 Introduction, 72 5.2 The Relationship Between Test Methods to Characterize Aggregate Shape, Texture, and Angularity and Performance of HMA, 72 5.2.1 Laboratory Evaluation, 72 5.2.2 Field Evaluation, 73 5.3 The Relationship Between the Compacted Aggregate Resistance Test and Rutting Performance of HMA, 73 5.3.1 CAR Test Parameters, 73 5.3.2 Laboratory Evaluation, 73 5.3.3 Field Evaluation, 73 74 CHAPTER 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Consensus Aggregate Properties, 74 6.1.1 Coarse Aggregate Angularity, 74 6.1.2 Fine and Elongated Particles, 74 6.1.3 Fine Aggregate Angularity, 74 6.1.4 Sand Equivalent, 75 6.2 Source Properties, 75 6.2.1 LA Abrasion, 75 6.2.2 Sulfate Soundness, 75 6.3 Gradation, 75 6.4 Aggregate Production, 75 6.5 Long-Term Pavement Studies and Accelerated Testing, 76 77 REFERENCES 85 GLOSSARY 86 APPENDIX NCHRP Project 9-35 Aggregate Specification Survey

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 539: Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot-Mix Asphalt examines technical literature available since the conclusion of the Strategic Highway Research Program in 1993 on the impact of the aggregate properties specified by the Superpave mix design method on the performance of hot-mix asphalt. The performance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) is largely determined by the characteristics of its constituents: asphalt binder and aggregate. In developing the Superpave mix design method, the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP, 1987–1993) targeted the properties of asphalt binders and HMA and their effects on pavement performance.

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