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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 543
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Effective Slab Width for
Composite Steel Bridge Members
OCR for page R2
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 2005 (Membership as of March 2005)
OFFICERS
Chair: Joseph H. Boardman, Commissioner, New York State DOT
Vice Chair: Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
MICHAEL W. BEHRENS, Executive Director, Texas DOT
LARRY L. BROWN, SR., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT
DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Vice President, Customer Service, Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries, Atlanta, GA
ANNE P. CANBY, President, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, DC
JOHN L. CRAIG, Director, Nebraska Department of Roads
DOUGLAS G. DUNCAN, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
NICHOLAS J. GARBER, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
ANGELA GITTENS, Consultant, Miami, FL
GENEVIEVE GIULIANO, Director, Metrans Transportation Center, and Professor, School of Policy, Planning, and Development,
USC, Los Angeles
BERNARD S. GROSECLOSE, JR., President and CEO, South Carolina State Ports Authority
SUSAN HANSON, Landry University Professor of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
JAMES R. HERTWIG, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
GLORIA J. JEFF, Director, Michigan DOT
ADIB K. KANAFANI, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
HERBERT S. LEVINSON, Principal, Herbert S. Levinson Transportation Consultant, New Haven, CT
SUE MCNEIL, Director and Professor, Urban Transportation Center, University of Illinois, Chicago
MICHAEL MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments
CAROL A. MURRAY, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT
JOHN R. NJORD, Executive Director, Utah DOT
PHILIP A. SHUCET, Commissioner, Virginia DOT
MICHAEL S. TOWNES, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
LINDA S. WATSON, Executive Director, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority
MARION C. BLAKEY, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA (ex officio)
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering (ex officio)
THOMAS H. COLLINS (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard (ex officio)
JENNIFER L. DORN, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
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STACEY L. GERARD, Acting Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads (ex officio)
JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (ex officio)
ROBERT D. JAMISON, Acting Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
EDWARD JOHNSON, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ex officio)
RICK KOWALEWSKI, Deputy Director, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association (ex officio)
MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ERIC C. PETERSON, Deputy Administrator, Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
SUZANNE RUDZINSKI, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ex officio)
JEFFREY W. RUNGE, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
ANNETTE M. SANDBERG, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
WILLIAM G. SCHUBERT, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT (ex officio)
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CARL A. STROCK (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ex officio)
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Transportation Research Board Executive Committee Subcommittee for NCHRP
JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, New York State DOT (Chair) MARY E. PETERS, Federal Highway Administration
JOHN C. HORSLEY, American Association of State Highway ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR., Transportation Research Board
and Transportation Officials MICHAEL S. TOWNES, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
MICHAEL D. MEYER, Georgia Institute of Technology C. MICHAEL WALTON, University of Texas, Austin
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 543
Effective Slab Width for
Composite Steel Bridge Members
S.S. CHEN, A.J. AREF, I.S. AHN, M. CHIEWANICHAKORN
J.A. CARPENTER, A. NOTTIS, AND I. KALPAKIDIS
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering
State University of New York at Buffalo
Buffalo, NY
S UBJECT A REAS
Bridges, Other Structures, and Hydraulics and Hydrology
Research Sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2005
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH NCHRP REPORT 543
PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-58
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISSN 0077-5614
interest and can best be studied by highway departments ISBN 0-309-08834-8
individually or in cooperation with their state universities and
Library of Congress Control Number 2005906168
others. However, the accelerating growth of highway transportation
develops increasingly complex problems of wide interest to © 2005 Transportation Research Board
highway authorities. These problems are best studied through a
coordinated program of cooperative research. Price $37.00
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research
program employing modern scientific techniques. This program is
supported on a continuing basis by funds from participating
member states of the Association and it receives the full cooperation
and support of the Federal Highway Administration, United States NOTICE
Department of Transportation.
The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies
Highway Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the
was requested by the Association to administer the research
approval of the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval
program because of the Board's recognized objectivity and reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national
understanding of modern research practices. The Board is uniquely importance and appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the
suited for this purpose as it maintains an extensive committee National Research Council.
structure from which authorities on any highway transportation
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review
subject may be drawn; it possesses avenues of communications and
this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due
cooperation with federal, state and local governmental agencies, consideration for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and
universities, and industry; its relationship to the National Research conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the
Council is an insurance of objectivity; it maintains a full-time research, and, while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee,
research correlation staff of specialists in highway transportation they are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National
matters to bring the findings of research directly to those who are in Research Council, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
a position to use them. Officials, or the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
The program is developed on the basis of research needs Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee
identified by chief administrators of the highway and transportation according to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research
departments and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific Board Executive Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research
areas of research needs to be included in the program are proposed Council.
to the National Research Council and the Board by the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
Research projects to fulfill these needs are defined by the Board, and
qualified research agencies are selected from those that have
submitted proposals. Administration and surveillance of research
contracts are the responsibilities of the National Research Council
and the Transportation Research Board. Published reports of the
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of are available from:
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program,
however, is intended to complement rather than to substitute for or Transportation Research Board
duplicate other highway research programs. Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
Note: The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the
National Research Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and the individual
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
states participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do
not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear
herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of this report. Printed in the United States of America
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol-
ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology
and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in
1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni-
cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration
and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for
advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs
aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve-
ments of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the
services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate
the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and
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and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 543
ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Manager, NCHRP
DAVID B. BEAL, Senior Program Officer
EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications
HILARY FREER, Editor
ANDREA BRIERE, Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 12-58 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Bridges
EDWARD P. WASSERMAN, Tennessee DOT (Chair)
SCOT BECKER, Wisconsin DOT
NATHAN S. BROWN, Washington State DOT
THOMAS DOMAGALSKI, Illinois DOT
LIAN DUAN, California DOT
DACIO MARIN, III, Texas DOT
JOHN O'FALLON, FHWA Liaison
STEPHEN F. MAHER, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Proj- an English translation of the effective width criteria found in
ect 12-58 by the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental the Japanese code and information about girder spacing prac-
Engineering at the University at Buffalo (UB), State University of tices in Japan, respectively;
New York (SUNY). UB was the contractor for this study, with the · Mr. G. Booth, Dr. J-P. Lebet, and Mr. Joel Raoul, who pro-
Research Foundation of SUNY serving as Fiscal Administrator. vided information about British, Swiss/Eurocode, and French
Dr. Stuart S. Chen, P.E., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering effective width practices, respectively;
at UB, was the Project Director and co-Principal Investigator. The · Dr. H. Gil of the Korea Highway Corporation, who provided
other authors of this report are Dr. Amjad J. Aref, Associate Profes- information about recent effective width studies on a cable-
sor of Civil Engineering at UB and co-Principal Investigator; stayed bridge in Korea;
IlSang Ahn, Research Assistant and Ph.D. Candidate at UB; · Dr. R.Q. Bridge of University of Western Sydney, who pro-
Methee Chiewanichakorn, Research Assistant and Ph.D. Candidate vided information about Australian effective width practices;
at UB; and Aaron Nottis, Jeffrey Carpenter, and Ioannis Kalpakidis, · Mr. I. Savage of Parsons Transportation Group, who provided
Research Assistants and M.S. Candidates at UB. The work was done information about a recent effective width study on a major
under the general supervision of Professors Chen and Aref at UB. box girder crossing;
Others assisting in contributing or pointing to material used in · Dr. David Byers of HNTB and Mr. Michael Abrahams of Par-
this report, all of whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged, sons Brinckerhoff and Palmetto Bridge Constructors for pro-
include the following: viding access to material and geometric property data used in
modeling and analysis of selected cable-stayed bridges for
· Various state bridge engineers and TRB representatives who effective width;
responded to a survey seeking information relevant to the · Technical staff (Scot Weinreber, Duane Kozlowski, Mark Pit-
present study; man, Chris Budd) in the SEESL (Structural Engineering and
· Mr. Arun Shirole of Arora and Associates, Mr. Ayaz Malik of Earthquake Simulation Laboratory), of which A. Reinhorn
the New York State Department of Transportation, and Mr. and M. Constantinou are Co-Directors in the Department of
Peter Stapf of the New York State Thruway Authority, who Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering at UB; and
served as members of the Industry Advisory Panel; · Technical assistance in the laboratory provided by Guarav
· Dr. Y. Kitane, a former Ph.D. Candidate at UB, and Dr. S. Unjoh Shringarpure, William Lane, and Chad Liddell.
of the Public Works Research Institute of Japan, who provided
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This report contains the findings of research performed to develop expressions for
FOREWORD the effective slab width of composite steel bridge members. Recommended specifica-
By David B. Beal tions and commentary and examples illustrating the application of the specifications
Staff Officer were also developed. The material in this report will be of immediate interest to bridge
Transportation Research designers.
Board
The determination of the section properties of composite steel bridge members is
influenced by the effective slab width assumed in their calculation. These section prop-
erties include the stiffness, which is used to determine the distribution of forces in the
structure, and the section modulus, which is used to determine the stresses induced in
the member by these forces. As such, the determination of effective slab width directly
affects the computed moments, shears, torques, and deflections for the composite sec-
tion and also affects the proportions of the steel section and the number of shear con-
nectors required. The effective slab width is particularly important for serviceability
checks, which often can govern the design.
In AASHTO bridge design specifications, the slab width effective for composite
action for all types of bridge superstructures, except for segmental concrete structures,
is specified as the least of (1) 12 times the least thickness of the deck plus one-half the
top flange width, (2) one-fourth the span length of the girder, or (3) the girder spacing.
For girder spacings 8 feet or less, the effective width computed according to this pro-
vision generally includes all of the deck. With the ever-increasing use of wider girder
spacing, the contribution of the additional width of deck is not fully recognized. The
AASHTO Guide Specifications for Segmental Concrete Bridges recognize the entire
deck width to be effective unless shear lag adjustments become necessary. Field mea-
surements of modern composite steel bridges indicate that recognition of more of the
concrete deck often is necessary to better correlate actual with calculated deflections.
The objective of this research was to develop recommended revisions to the
AASHTO specifications for the effective slab width of composite steel bridge mem-
bers. The recommended specifications are applicable to all types of composite steel
bridge superstructures and are suitable for design office use. This research was per-
formed by the State University of New York at Buffalo. The report fully documents the
research leading to the recommendations to increase the effective slab width estimates
for composite steel bridge members. Accompanying CRP-CD-56 contains extensive
supporting information, including the recommended specifications and design exam-
ples. AASHTO is expected to consider these recommendations for adoption in 2006.
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CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY
2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Approach
1.1 Problem Statement and Project Objectives, 2
1.2 Research Tasks, 3
1.3 Research Approach, 4
1.4 Organization of this Report, 5
6 CHAPTER 2 Findings
2.1 Survey and Literature Review Findings, 6
2.2 New Definition for Effective Width, 8
2.3 Finite Element Modeling and Verification, 9
2.4 FEM Parametric Study, 24
2.5 Special Case Bridges, 39
59 CHAPTER 3 Interpretation, Appraisal, and Applications
3.1 Introduction, 59
3.2 Assumptions and Implications, 59
3.3 Design Criteria Development, 60
3.4 Impact Assessment of Candidate Design Criteria, 60
3.5 Proposed Design Criteria, 63
3.6 Implementation Example, 64
3.7 Summary, 64
66 CHAPTER 4 Conclusions and Suggested Research
4.1 Conclusions, 66
4.2 Implementation Plan, 66
4.3 Suggested Research, 66
69 REFERENCES
70 NOTATIONS
A-1 APPENDIXES A through L (provided on the enclosed CD-ROM, CRP-CD-56)
M-i APPENDIX M: Draft Code and Commentary Language
N-1 APPENDIX N (provided on the enclosed CD-ROM, CRP-CD-56)
O-1 APPENDIX O: Design Examples
