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· Further Iteration Required for Capacity Evaluation
In the LRFD Sectional Design Model, x and thus and
are functions of Vu. Thus, the shear design force must be known
in order to evaluate Vc, Vs, and the nominal shear strength. As a
result, the procedure for evaluating capacity is iterative and
requires the engineer to guess the capacity, evaluate model
parameters and Vn, and then check that the calculated capacity
is close to the factored load.
· Empirical versus Model-Based Justification
The Standard Specifications justify the relationship for Vc
by experimental test data (23) which indicates that the mea-
sured shear capacity of prestressed and non-prestressed test
beams is conservatively predicted by the sum of Vc (lesser of
Vci and Vcw) and the contribution of the shear reinforcement,
Figure 8. Shear demands on longitudinal reinforcement Vs, as calculated using a 45-degree parallel chord truss
at end of prestressed girder. model.
The LRFD Sectional Design Model shear provisions are
derived from a comprehensive behavioral model (the MCFT);
the member being overly reinforced in shear and failing by therefore, the basis of this model is the MCFT. The calculated
diagonal crushing of the concrete or another means before capacities by the LRFD Sectional Design Model were illus-
yielding of the shear reinforcement. According to the MCFT, trated by experimental test data (24) to provide conservative
and based on the results of shear tests on elements (21, 22), such estimates of shear capacity.
failure mechanisms do not occur until design shear stresses are · Difference in Shear Reinforcement Requirements and
in excess of 0.25 f c. The difference between these limits is Capacity Ratings
shown in Figure 9. The LRFD shear design requirements different consider-
· LRFD Requires an Iterative Shear Design Procedure ably from those of the Standard Specifications. This leads to
The LRFD shear design procedure requires the evaluation significant differences in required amounts of shear rein-
of the longitudinal strain at mid-depth, x, in order to obtain forcement and rated capacities of existing structures. Because
values for and from Table 1 and Table 2. Because x is a the structure of the design provisions is so different, it cannot
function of (see Equations 1-6 and 1-7), the design proce- be readily said when one set of provisions will be more con-
dure is iterative. The angle is first assumed and then x is servative than the other. Further, with use of the Standard
evaluated for the given value of . The value of is obtained Specifications it is easy to perform independent checking of
from Table 1 or Table 2, and then x is checked to confirm designs. However, the opposite is true with use of the LRFD
that is not significantly changed by using the new value of . Specifications.
If it is, then it may be necessary for a different column to be
used for obtaining and .
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO SHEAR BEHAVIOR
AND DESIGN PRACTICES
This section summarizes the resources considered and
used to develop the proposed simplified provisions. This
subsection presents the development of U.S. code provisions
and compression field approaches for shear design and dis-
cusses the factors that influence the primary mechanisms of
shear resistance; lists other code provisions warranting
consideration; and presents an overview of available experi-
mental test data, analysis tools, and design data.
1.2.1 Development of Traditional U.S. Code
Provisions for Shear
The basic model for how shear is carried in structural concrete
is the parallel chord truss model that was first proposed by Ritter
Figure 9. Maximum allowable design shear stress. in 1899 (25). In this model, the load is carried in reinforced con-
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crete in the same manner as load flows in a truss with the load When the 45-degree parallel chord truss model was intro-
zigzagging its way to the support. The load flows down the duced in the United States in the early 1900s, researchers at the
concrete diagonal struts and then is lifted to the compression University of Illinois (26) and the University of Wisconsin (27,
chord by transverse tension ties on its way to the support. 28) observed through experimental research that the shear
Equilibrating the flow of forces puts tension in the bottom chord capacity of beams was greater than that predicted by this truss
and compression in the top chord of the truss. Although the model by nearly a constant amount (see Figure 11). Thus, the
model is traditionally shown as one truss with stirrups at a longi- idea of a concrete contribution to shear resistance was intro-
tudinal spacing of "d," such as given in Figure 10a, it was cor- duced. This contribution was originally taken as equal to a
rectly understood by Ritter that there was a continuous band of shear stress of between 2 and 3 percent of f c multiplied by the
diagonal compression carried up and over cracks by a band of shear area (b × d). However, over time that contribution
stirrups, Figure 10b. For a 45-degree truss, the capacity provided became linked to the diagonal cracking strength because this
by the shear reinforcement is equal to the capacity of an individ- provided a better fit with test data. The most commonly used
ual stirrup multiplied by the number of stirrups over the length, relationship in U.S. design practice for the diagonal cracking
"d " which is approximately equal to "d/s." See Equation 10. load, and thus the concrete contribution to shear resistance in
reinforced concrete members, is given by Equation 11:
Av fy d
Vs =
s (Eq. 10) Vc = 2 fcbv d where f c is in psi units (Eq. 11)
Figure 10. Parallel chord truss model.
Figure 11. Shear strength of RC beams with shear reinforcement.
