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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Development of a Recommended Practice for Use of Controlled Low-Strength Material in Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13900.
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Page 91
Page 92
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2008. Development of a Recommended Practice for Use of Controlled Low-Strength Material in Highway Construction. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13900.
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Page 92

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91 Abelleira, A., N. S. Berke, and D. G. Pickering (1998). “Corrosion Ac- tivity of Steel in Cementitious Controlled Low-Strength Materials vs. That in Soil” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low- Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 124–136. Adaska, W. S., and W. C. Krell (1992). “Bibliography on Controlled Low Strength Materials.” Concrete International, Vol. 14, No. 10, pp. 42–43. Adaska, W. S. (1997). “Controlled Low Strength Materials.” Concrete International, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 41–43. American Concrete Institute Committee 229 (1999). “ACI 229R-99 Report: Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM).” ACI Com- mittee 229 Report, 15 p. American Nuclear Society (1986). ANS 16.1, Measurement of the Leachability of Solidified Low-Level Radioactive Wastes by a Short- Term Test Procedure. Bernard, R. D., and R. S. Tansley (1981). “Laboratory Testing Program for Development of a Lean Mix Backfill Specification.” PB83- 122952, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Wash- ington, DC, 31 p. Bhat, S. T., and C. W. Lovell (1996). “Use of Coal Combustion Residues and Foundry Sands in Flowable Fill.” Joint Highway Research Proj- ect, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 222 p. Bowles, J. E. (1984). Physical and Geotechnical Properties of Soils, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill, 578 p. Brewer, W. E. (1991). Controlled Low Strength Material–Controlled Density Fill (CLSM-CDF) Research-Corrosion Testing. The Cincin- nati Gas & Electric Company, Cincinnati, OH. Brewer, W. E. (1992). “The Design and Construction of Small Span Bridges and Culvert Using Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM).” FHWA/OH-93/014, Ohio Department of Transporta- tion, Columbus, OH, 129 p. Broomfield, J. P. (1997). Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. E & FN Spon., London and New York, p. 5–6. Burns, F. (1990). Flowable Fly Ash Backfill for Buried Pipelines. M.S. Thesis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 128 p. Buss, W. E. (1989). “Iowa Flowable Mortar Saves Bridges and Culverts.” Transportation Research Record 1234, TRB, National Research Coun- cil, Washington, DC, pp. 30–34. Cady, P., and E. Gannon (1992). “Condition Evaluation of Concrete Bridges Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion” in Report No. SHRP- S/FR-92-110 Vol. 8: Procedure Manual. Cao, L. B., B. Wortley, and V. Sirivivatnanon (1994). “Corrosion Be- haviours of Steel Embedded in Fly Ash Blended Cements” in Dura- bility of Concrete, Third International Conference, ACI, Nice, France. Clem, D. A., W. H. Hook, and J. Goldbaum (1995). “Flowable Fill Makes Bridge Replacement Economical.” Aberdeen’s Concrete Journal. Crouch, L. K., R. Gamble, J. F. Brogdon, and C. J. Tucker (1998). “Use of High-Fines Limestone Screenings as Aggregate for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM)” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 45–59. Dolen, T. P., and A. A. Benavidez (1998). “Properties of Low-Strength Concrete for Meeks Cabin Dam Modification Project, Wyoming” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 213–230. Du, L., K. J. Folliard, and D. Trejo (2002). “Effects of Constituent Ma- terials and Quantities on Water Demand and Compressive Strength of Controlled Low Strength Material.” ASCE Journal of Civil Engi- neering Materials, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 485–495. Du, L., K. J. Folliard, and D. Trejo (2004). “A New Unbonded Capping Practice for Evaluating the Compressive Strength of Controlled Low-Strength Material Cylinders.” Cement, Concrete & Aggregates, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1–8. Edgar, T. V. (1989). “In-Service Corrosion of Galvanized Culvert Pipe” in Effects of Soil Characteristics on Corrosion, V. Chaker and J. D. Palmer (Eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 133–143. Federal Highway Administration (1997). “User Guidelines for Waste and By-Product Materials in Pavement Construction,” Report No. FHWA-RD-97-148. Folliard, K. J., D. Trejo, L. Du, and S. A. Sabol (1999). Controlled Low- Strength Material for Backfill, Utility Bedding, Void Fill, and Bridge Approaches, NCHRP 24-12 Phase I Interim Report, Delaware Trans- portation Institute, University of Delaware, Newark. Folliard, K. J., D. Trejo, L. Du, and S. A. Sabol (2001). Controlled Low- Strength Material for Backfill, Utility Bedding, Void Fill, and Bridge Approaches in NCHRP 24-12 (01) Interim Report, The University of Texas at Austin. Fox, T. A. (1989). “Use of Coarse Aggregate in Controlled Low Strength Materials.” Transportation Research Record 1234, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 35–38. References

92 Gandham, S., R. K. Seals, and P. T. Foxworthy (1996). “Phosphogypsum as a Component of Flowable Fill.” Transportation Research Record 1546, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 79–87. Gardner, M. R. (1998). “Developing CLSM to Meet Industry and Con- struction Needs” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low- Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 194–199. Gray, D. D., T. P. Reddy, D. C. Black, and P. F. Ziemkiemcz (1998). “Filling Abandoned Mines With Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash Grout” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 180–193. Green, B. H., K. Staheli, D. Bennett, and D. Walley (1998). “Fly-Ash-Based CLSM Used for Critical Microtunneling Applications” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American So- ciety for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 151–164. Gress, D. (1996). “The Effect of Freeze-Thaw and Frost Heaving on Flowable Fill.” UNH Civil Engineering #1096-1 for New Hampshire Department of Transportation, University of New Hampshire, 56 p. Hook, W., and D. A. Clem (1998). “Innovative Uses of CLSM in Col- orado” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 137–150. Hoopes, R. J. (1998). “Engineering Properties of Air-Modified CLSM” in The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 87–101. Janardhanam, R., F. Burns, and R. D. Peindl (1992). “Mix Design for Flowable Fly-Ash Backfill Material.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 252–263. Karim, A. K., R. Salgado, and C. W. Lovell (1996). “Compaction of Fly and Bottom Ash Mixtures.” 51st Purdue Industrial Waste Confer- ence Proceedings. Katz, A., K. Kovler, and I. Schamban (2002). “Early-Age Shrinkage and Cracking of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (CLSM).” Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems, RILEM Proceedings, PRO 23, pp. 373–381. Kennedy, D. O., and C. L. Linne (1987). “Environmental and Econom- ical Aspects of Sand Reclamation System.” EPRI, Vol. 2, Palo Alto, California, pp. 217–228. Kozhushner, G., R. Brander, and B. Ng. (2001). “Use of Pipe Recovery Data and the Hydroscope “NDT” Inspection Tool For Condition Assessment of Buried Water Mains” in AWWA Infrastructure Con- ference. American Water Works Association. Krell, W. C. (1989). “Flowable Fly Ash.” Transportation Research Record 1234, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 8–12. Landwermeyer, J. S., and E. K. Rice (1997). “Comparing Quick Set and Regular CLSM.” Concrete International, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 34–39. Larsen, R. L. (1988). “Use of Controlled Low Strength Materials in Iowa.” Concrete International, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 22–23. Larsen, R. L. (1993). “Sound Uses of CLSM’s in the Environment.” Concrete International, Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 26–29. McLaren, R. J., and N. J. Balsamo (1986). Fly Ash Design Manual for Road and Site Applications: Volume 2, Slurried Placement. Electric Power Research Institute. Mullarky, J. I. (1998). “Long Term Strength Gain of CLSM” in The De- sign and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM STP 1331, A. K. Howard and J. L. Hitch (Eds.). Ameri- can Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), West Conshohocken, PA, pp. 102–107. 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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 597: Development of a Recommended Practice for Use of Controlled Low-Strength Material in Highway Construction explores the use of controlled low-strength material (CLSM) in highway construction applications, in particular, as backfill, utility bedding, and void fill and in bridge approaches. The report also examines a recommended practice for the use of CLSM that was developed through a series of full-scale field experiments.

This report presents the full text of the contractor’s final report of the project and three of the five appendices, which present the test methods (Appendix B), specifications (Appendix C), and practice (Appendix D) recommended for implementation. The corrosion study (Appendix A) and implementation plan (Appendix E) are available online as NCHRP Web-Only Document 116.

There is a summary document, Paths to Practice, available.

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