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AIRPORT ACRP SYNTHESIS 6 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Impact of Airport Pavement Deicing Products on Aircraft and Airfield Infrastructure A Synthesis of Airport Practice

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ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* CHAIR OFFICERS JAMES WILDING Chair: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka Independent Consultant Vice Chair: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley VICE CHAIR Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board JEFF HAMIEL MEMBERS Minneapolis­St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission J. BARRY BARKER, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY ALLEN D. BIEHLER, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg MEMBERS JOHN D. BOWE, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA LARRY L. BROWN, SR., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson JAMES CRITES DEBORAH H. BUTLER, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Dallas­Ft. Worth International Airport Corporation, Norfolk, VA RICHARD DE NEUFVILLE WILLIAM A.V. CLARK, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles Massachusetts Institute of Technology DAVID S. EKERN, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond KEVIN C. DOLLIOLE NICHOLAS J. GARBER, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, UCG Associates University of Virginia, Charlottesville JOHN K. DUVAL JEFFREY W. HAMIEL, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN Beverly Municipal Airport EDWARD A. (NED) HELME, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC ANGELA GITTENS WILL KEMPTON, Director, California DOT, Sacramento HNTB Corporation SUSAN MARTINOVICH, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City STEVE GROSSMAN MICHAEL D. MEYER, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Oakland International Airport Institute of Technology, Atlanta TOM JENSEN MICHAEL R. MORRIS, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, National Safe Skies Alliance Arlington CATHERINE M. LANG NEIL J. PEDERSEN, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore Federal Aviation Administration PETE K. RAHN, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City GINA MARIE LINDSEY SANDRA ROSENBLOOM, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson Los Angeles World Airports TRACY L. ROSSER, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR CAROLYN MOTZ ROSA CLAUSELL ROUNTREE, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Hagerstown Regional Airport Atlanta RICHARD TUCKER HENRY G. (GERRY) SCHWARTZ, JR., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., Huntsville International Airport St. Louis, MO C. MICHAEL WALTON, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Texas, Austin SABRINA JOHNSON LINDA S. WATSON, CEO, LYNX­Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STEVE WILLIAMS, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR RICHARD MARCHI Airports Council International-- EX OFFICIO MEMBERS North America THAD ALLEN (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC LAURA McKEE JOSEPH H. BOARDMAN, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT Air Transport Association of America REBECCA M. BREWSTER, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, HENRY OGRODZINSKI Smyrna, GA National Association of State Aviation PAUL R. BRUBAKER, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT Officials GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign MELISSA SABATINE Secretary, National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC American Association of Airport J. RICHARD CAPKA, Federal Highway Administrator, U.S.DOT Executives SEAN T. CONNAUGHTON, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT ROBERT E. SKINNER, JR. LEROY GISHI, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department Transportation Research Board of the Interior, Washington, DC EDWARD R. HAMBERGER, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC SECRETARY JOHN H. HILL, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS JOHN C. HORSLEY, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Research Board Transportation Officials, Washington, DC CARL T. JOHNSON, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT J. EDWARD JOHNSON, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS WILLIAM W. MILLAR, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC NICOLE R. NASON, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT JEFFREY N. SHANE, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT JAMES S. SIMPSON, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT ROBERT A. STURGELL, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT ROBERT L. VAN ANTWERP (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC *Membership as of January 2008. *Membership as of January 2008.

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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP SYNTHESIS 6 Impact of Airport Pavement Deicing Products on Aircraft and Airfield Infrastructure A Synthesis of Airport Practice CONSULTANT XIANMING SHI Western Transportation Institute Montana State University Bozeman, Montana S UBJECT A REAS Aviation Research Sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD WASHINGTON, D.C. 2008 www.TRB.org

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AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACRP SYNTHESIS 6 Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in Project 11-03, Topic 10-01 transportation of people and goods and in regional, national, and ISSN 1935-9187 international commerce. They are where the nation's aviation sys- ISBN 978-0-309-09799-4 tem connects with other modes of transportation and where federal Library of Congress Control Number 2007910443 responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and © 2008 Transportation Research Board operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common oper- ating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. COPYRIGHT PERMISSION The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. a study sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will The ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared be used to imply TRB or FAA endorsement of a particular product, method, by airport operating agencies and are not being adequately or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this addressed by existing federal research programs. It is modeled after document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For and Transit Cooperative Research Program. The ACRP undertakes other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. research and other technical activities in a variety of airport subject areas, including design, construction, maintenance, operations, safety, security, policy, planning, human resources, and adminis- NOTICE tration. The ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Airport The ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Cooperative Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Vision 100-Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary Board with the approval of the Governing Board of the National Research participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, Council. Such approval reflects the Governing Board's judgment that the the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the purposes and of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from resources of the National Research Council. airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant indus- The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this try organizations such as the Airports Council International-North project and to review this report were chosen for recognized scholarly America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Execu- competence and with due consideration for the balance of disciplines tives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and (NASAO), and the Air Transport Association (ATA) as vital links while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they to the airport community; (2) the TRB as program manager and sec- are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National retariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program spon- Research Council, or the Federal Aviation Administration of the U.S. sor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Department of Transportation. Academies formally initiating the program. Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical The ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of air- panel according to procedures established and monitored by the port professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government Transportation Research Board Executive Committee and the Governing officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and Board of the National Research Council. research organizations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for the ACRP are solicited period- The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National ically but may be submitted to the TRB by anyone at any time. It is Research Council, and the Federal Aviation Administration (sponsor of the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by the Airport Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because and expected products. they are considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel, reporting. appointed by the TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the Published reports of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, are available from: ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the Transportation Research Board intended end-users of the research: airport operating agencies, service Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW providers, and suppliers. The ACRP produces a series of research Washington, DC 20001 reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties, and industry associations may arrange for work- and can be ordered through the Internet at http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore shops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport-industry practitioners. Printed in the United States of America

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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished schol- ars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Acad- emy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achieve- ments of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academys í p urposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Acad- emy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scien- tific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both the Academies and the Insti- tute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. The Transportation Research Board is one of six major divisions of the National Research Council. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisci- plinary, and multimodal. The Board's varied activities annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation depart- ments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. www.TRB.org www.national-academies.org

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ACRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT 11-03 COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CHAIR CRAWFORD F. JENCKS, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research BURR STEWART Programs Port of Seattle ROBERT E. DAVID, Senior Program Officer EILEEN P. DELANEY, Director of Publications MEMBERS GARY C. CATHEY ACRP SYNTHESIS STAFF California Department of Transportation STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Special Programs KEVIN C. DOLLIOLE JON M. WILLIAMS, Associate Director, IDEA and Synthesis Studies Lambert­St. Louis International Airport GAIL STABA, Senior Program Officer BERTA FERNANDEZ DON TIPPMAN, Editor Landrum & Brown CHERYL Y. KEITH, Senior Program Assistant JULIE KENFIELD Carter & Burgess, Inc. TOPIC PANEL CAROLYN MOTZ MICHAEL ARRIAGA, Boeing Company Hagerstown Regional Airport DANIEL C. BERGMAN, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport TODD CAVENDER, Indianapolis International Airport FAA LIAISON ED DUNCAN, Continental Airlines LORI LEHNARD KEVIN A. GURCHAK, Alleghany County (PA) Airport Authority FRANK N. LISLE, Transportation Research Board ACI­NORTH AMERICA LIAISON DEAN MERICAS, CH2M Hill RICHARD MARCHI PRASAD RANGARAJU, Clemson University JOHN WHEELER, City of Des Moines Department of Aviation TRB LIAISON PAUL L. FRIEDMAN, Federal Aviation Administration (Liaison) CHRISTINE GERENCHER GEORGE LEGARRETA, Federal Aviation Administration (Liaison) TIM A. POHLE, Air Transport Association of America, Inc. (Liaison) JESSICA STEINHILBER, Airports Council International­North America (Liaison) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Mr. Adam Lundstrom, Ms. Michelle Akin, and in this project and all of the Topic Panel members for their valuable Dr. Tongyan Pan at the Western Transportation Institute for their con- input. In addition, I would like to thank all of the professionals who tributions to the research and writing of this report. I would also like to responded to the ACRP survey for this project and/or provided infor- thank the ACRP Project Manager, Ms. Gail Staba, for her leadership mation that made this synthesis possible.

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FOREWORD Airport administrators, engineers, and researchers often face problems for which infor- By Staff mation already exists, either in documented form or as undocumented experience and prac- Transportation tice. This information may be fragmented, scattered, and unevaluated. As a consequence, Research Board full knowledge of what has been learned about a problem may not be brought to bear on its solution. Costly research findings may go unused, valuable experience may be overlooked, and due consideration may not be given to recommended practices for solving or alleviat- ing the problem. There is information on nearly every subject of concern to the airport industry. Much of it derives from research or from the work of practitioners faced with problems in their day- to-day work. To provide a systematic means for assembling and evaluating such useful in- formation and to make it available to the entire airport community, the Airport Cooperative Research Program authorized the Transportation Research Board to undertake a continu- ing project. This project, ACRP Project 11-03, "Synthesis of Information Related to Air- port Practices," searches out and synthesizes useful knowledge from all available sources and prepares concise, documented reports on specific topics. Reports from this endeavor constitute an ACRP report series, Synthesis of Airport Practice. This synthesis series reports on current knowledge and practice, in a compact format, without the detailed directions usually found in handbooks or design manuals. Each report in the series provides a compendium of the best knowledge available on those measures found to be the most successful in resolving specific problems. PREFACE This synthesis reports on how airports chemically treat their airport pavements to miti- gate snow and ice, and the chemicals used; reviews the effects of pavement deicing prod- ucts (PDPs) on aircraft and airfield infrastructure; and describes critical knowledge gaps in the subject. This report is technical in nature. Effects of PDPs on airport components in- clude description of catalytic oxidation of carbon-carbon composite brakes, cadmium cor- rosion, and chemical interaction of aircraft deicing and anti-icing fluids on airfield infra- structure, including concrete and asphalt pavements and metal and composite fixtures such as runway lights. Information used in this study was acquired through a comprehensive search of literature sources. Also, a survey was distributed to airframe and aircraft component manufacturers, airport infrastructure managers, air carriers, military aviation groups, deicing and anti-icing manufacturers, and industry and government organizations. Additional information, in- cluding the types of PDPs used by approximately 100 airports and contact information from the 50 busiest U.S. airports and select foreign airports, was acquired from the 2006 EPA Airport Deicing Questionnaire. Xianming Shi, Western Transportation Institute, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, collected and synthesized the information and wrote the report. The members of the topic panel are acknowledged on the preceding page. This synthesis is an immediately useful document that records the practices that were acceptable within the limitations of the knowledge available at the time of its preparation. As progress in research and practice con- tinues, new knowledge will be added to that now at hand.

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CONTENTS 1 SUMMARY 3 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Purpose of Synthesis, 3 Background, 3 Methodology, 4 Organization of Synthesis, 5 6 CHAPTER TWO USE OF AIRPORT PAVEMENT DEICING PRODUCTS AT AIRPORTS 8 CHAPTER THREE EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT DEICING PRODUCTS ON AIRCRAFT COMPONENTS Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon­Carbon Composite Brakes, 8 Cadmium Corrosion, 17 Interaction With Aircraft Deicing and Anti-Icing Fluids, 22 Concluding Remarks, 23 25 CHAPTER FOUR EFFECTS OF PAVEMENT DEICING PRODUCTS ON AIRFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE Pavement Deicing Products Effects on Airfield Infrastructure: Field Experience, 25 Impact of Pavement Deicing Products on Concrete Pavement, 26 Impact of Pavement Deicing Products on Asphalt Pavement, 29 Impact of Pavement Deicing Products on Other Airfield Infrastructure, 33 Concluding Remarks, 34 35 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS 39 REFERENCES 43 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 44 APPENDIX A BLANK ACRP SURVEY 57 APPENDIX B ACRP SURVEY RESPONDENTS