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NATIONAL
NCHRP REPORT 603
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
Transfer, Development, and
Splice Length for
Strand/Reinforcement in
High-Strength Concrete
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TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2008 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*
OFFICERS
CHAIR: Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT, Topeka
VICE CHAIR: Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
MEMBERS
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Transit Authority of River City, Louisville, KY
Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT, Harrisburg
John D. Bowe, President, Americas Region, APL Limited, Oakland, CA
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson
Deborah H. Butler, Executive Vice President, Planning, and CIO, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, VA
William A.V. Clark, Professor, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles
David S. Ekern, Commissioner, Virginia DOT, Richmond
Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Executive Director, Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN
Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Policy, Washington, DC
Will Kempton, Director, California DOT, Sacramento
Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada DOT, Carson City
Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments, Arlington
Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland State Highway Administration, Baltimore
Pete K. Rahn, Director, Missouri DOT, Jefferson City
Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Tracy L. Rosser, Vice President, Corporate Traffic, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Bentonville, AR
Rosa Clausell Rountree, Executive Director, Georgia State Road and Tollway Authority, Atlanta
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, MO
C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas, Austin
Linda S. Watson, CEO, LYNXCentral Florida Regional Transportation Authority, Orlando
Steve Williams, Chairman and CEO, Maverick Transportation, Inc., Little Rock, AR
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Thad Allen (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Washington, DC
Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Paul R. Brubaker, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, Brooklyn, and Foreign Secretary, National Academy of Engineering,
Washington, DC
Sean T. Connaughton, Maritime Administrator, U.S.DOT
LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC
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John H. Hill, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
John C. Horsley, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Carl T. Johnson, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, MS
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC
Nicole R. Nason, National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
James Ray, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
James S. Simpson, Federal Transit Administrator, U.S.DOT
Robert A. Sturgell, Acting Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S.DOT
Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC
*Membership as of May 2008.
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
NCHRP REPORT 603
Transfer, Development, and
Splice Length for
Strand/Reinforcement in
High-Strength Concrete
Julio A. Ramirez
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
West Lafayette, IN
Bruce W. Russell
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
Stillwater, OK
Subject Areas
Bridges, Other Structures, Hydraulics and Hydrology
Research sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2008
www.TRB.org
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NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 603
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Project 12-60
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway ISSN 0077-5614
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISBN: 978-0-309-11747-0
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually Library of Congress Control Number 2008907268
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the © 2008 Transportation Research Board
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
cooperative research.
Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials published or copyrighted material used herein.
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
Transportation.
from CRP.
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was
requested by the Association to administer the research program
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
NOTICE
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
Council.
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of
The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of
report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified
the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board. or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
object of this report.
The needs for highway research are many, and the National
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR NCHRP REPORT 603
Christopher W. Jenks, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Crawford F. Jencks, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs
David B. Beal, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Ellen M. Chafee, Assistant Editor
NCHRP PROJECT 12-60 PANEL
Field of Design--Area of Bridges
R. Scott Christie, Pennsylvania DOT (Chair)
Theresa Ahlborn, Michigan Technological University
Thomas Beitelman, Sound Structures Engineering, Inc., Tallahassee, FL
Vijay Chandra, PB Americas, Inc., Herndon, VA
Allan W. Frank, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet
Gregg A. Freeby, Texas DOT
Bijan Khaleghi, Washington State DOT
David H. Sanders, University of Nevada--Reno
Joey Hartmann, FHWA Liaison
Eric P. Munley, FHWA Liaison
Stephen F. Maher, TRB Liaison
AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under NCHRP Project 12-60 by Purdue Research Foun-
dation through the School of Civil Engineering at Purdue University with subcontracting services being
provided by the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering of Oklahoma State University (OSU).
The Principal Investigator on this project was Julio A. Ramirez of Purdue University. The other author
of this report was Bruce W. Russell of Oklahoma State University. The work was done under the general
supervision of Julio A. Ramirez. The work at OSU was under the supervision of Bruce W. Russell.
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FOREWORD
By David B. Beal
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
This report documents research performed to develop recommended revisions to the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to extend the applicability of the transfer, devel-
opment, and splice length provisions for prestressed and non-prestressed concrete mem-
bers to concrete strengths greater than 10 ksi. The report details the research performed and
includes recommended revisions to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. The
material in this report will be of immediate interest to bridge designers.
The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications contain barriers to the use of high-
strength concrete. These barriers restrict the application of existing and new technology
to bridges. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications state that design concrete
compressive strengths above 10 ksi shall be used only when allowed by specific articles or
when physical tests are made to establish the relationships between the concrete strength
and other properties. When the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications were written,
there was a lack of data to demonstrate that the provisions were applicable to concrete
compressive strengths above 10 ksi. Recent research has started to address design issues
with higher strength concretes. FHWA Showcase Projects encourage the use of high-
performance concretes--including high-strength concrete--in bridge structures. As the
industry moves toward the use of high-strength concrete, the need to revise the AASHTO
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications is more urgent. There is, therefore, a need to expand the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to allow greater use of high-strength concrete.
Two recent NCHRP reports complement the work accomplished in NCHRP Project 12-60
in removing barriers to the use of high-strength concrete. NCHRP Report 579: Application of
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to High-Strength Structural Concrete: Shear Provisions iden-
tifies all barriers in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to the use of high-strength
concrete and provides research findings to remove the barriers related to shear. NCHRP Report
595: Application of the LRFD Bridge Design Specifications to High-Strength Structural Concrete:
Flexure and Compression Provisions addresses flexural and compression issues. Recommenda-
tions from these reports have already been adopted into the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications.
The objective of NCHRP Project 12-60 was to develop recommended revisions to the
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for normal-weight concrete having compres-
sive strengths up to 15 ksi, relating to transfer and development length of prestressing strand
with diameters up to 0.62 in. and development and splice length in tension and compres-
sion of individual bars, bundled bars, and welded wire reinforcement and development
length of standard hooks. This research was performed by Purdue University and Oklahoma
State University. The report fully documents the research leading to the recommended revi-
sions to Section 5 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. AASHTO is expected
to consider these recommendations for adoption in 2008.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
4 Chapter 1 Introduction and Research Approach
4 1.1 Problem Statement and Research Objective
4 1.2 Research Approach
6 Chapter 2 Literature Review
6 2.1 Introduction
7 2.2 Literature Review
18 2.3 Identification of Issues and Needs
21 2.4 Issues Related to Testing Protocols
25 2.5 Summary
26 Chapter 3 Experimental Program and Results
26 3.1 Introduction to the Experimental Program
26 3.2 The Standard Test Method for the Bond of Prestressing Strands
31 3.3 The NASP Bond Test in Concrete
38 3.4 Measured Transfer Lengths versus Varying Concrete Strengths
and Varying NASP Bond Test Values
54 3.5 Development Length Tests
72 3.6 Discussion of Design Recommendations
77 3.7 The Effect of Concrete Strength on Bond Performance--
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
78 3.8 Experimental Program--Mild Steel Anchorage of Uncoated Bars
in Tension
89 3.9 Anchorage of Epoxy-Coated Bars in Tension
99 3.10 Anchorage of Bars Terminated with Standard Hooks in Tension
110 Chapter 4 Design Recommendations
110 4.1 Introduction
110 4.2 Design Recommendations
111 4.3 Details of the Design Recommendations
119 References
122 Appendices
