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Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 62 APPENDICES Appendix A—Abbreviations Appendix B—Glossary of Terms Appendix C—Categorized Resource Bibliography Appendix D—Training and Exercise Resources

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 63 APPENDIX A—ABBREVIATIONS AAR After Action Report C&O Concept and Objectives CBRNE Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C/E Controller/Evaluator COSIN Control Staff Instructions CPX Command Post Exercise DHS Department of Homeland Security DOJ Department of Justice E&DCP Evaluation and Data Collection Plan ECG Exercise Control Group E day Day an Exercise Begins EER Exercise Evaluation Report EMS Emergency Medical Services EOC Emergency Operations Center EOP Emergency Operations Plan EPM Exercise Program Manager EPT Exercise Planning Team EVALPLAN Evaluation Plan EXPLAN Exercise Plan FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency FHWA Federal Highway Administration FPC Final Planning Conference FSE Full-Scale Exercise FTA Federal Transit Administration FY Fiscal Year

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 64 G&T Preparedness Directorate Office of Grants and Training HazMat Hazardous Materials HSEEP Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program ICP Incident Command Post ICS Incident Command System IPC Initial Planning Conference MCC Master Control Cell MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPC Mid-Term Planning Conference MSEL Master Scenario Events List ODP Office for Domestic Preparedness OJP Office of Justice Programs OSC Office for Security Coordination OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration PPE Personal Protective Equipment SAA State Administrative Agency SAP State Assistance Plan SHSGP State Homeland Security Grant Program SITMAN Situation Manual SMART Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Task Oriented SME Subject Matter Expert SOP Standard Operating Procedure TTX Tabletop Exercise WMD Weapon of Mass Destruction

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 65 APPENDIX B—GLOSSARY OF TERMS Activation. The process by which a facility (e.g., emergency operations center) is brought up to oper- ational status; completion of activation occurs when the facility is prepared to carry out full operational requirements. Activities. Actions carried out to achieve the outputs/results required to measure the accomplish- ment of objectives. They describe what the participant does in terms of deliberate efforts/measures to achieve the objectives. Subactivities appear as smaller, more detailed actions to be carried out as part of the activities. Actor. A staff member who simulates nonparticipating organizations or key nonparticipating individuals. They may come in face-to-face contact with players or perform their functions from a simulation cell (SIMCELL). They may also function semi-independently (e.g., media reporters, next-of-kin, or injured personnel). After Action Report (AAR). A documented report that collects, analyzes, and distributes exercise findings and lessons. The AAR is the basis for development of action plans and input to remedial action programs. It provides feedback for use in planning subsequent exercises. After Action Review. A process designed to provide direct feedback on the accomplishment of selected tasks to evaluate proficiency. An after action review is an analytical review of exercise events that enables exercise participants, through a facilitated professional discussion, to examine actions and results during the exercise. All Hazards. An approach to emergency management that addresses natural disasters and accidental or human-made events, including any natural catastrophe (e.g., hurricane, tornado, storm, high water, wind-driven water, tidal wave, tsunami, earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide, mudslide, snowstorm, or drought); fire; explosion; or other catastrophe, including those involving terrorist use of a weapon of mass destruction in any part of the United States that causes, or may cause, substantial damage or injury to civilian property or persons. Artificiality. Conditions created by the design of an exercise that do not simulate or mirror actual con- ditions. A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) exercise scenario might require some degree of artifi- ciality in respect to the world situation, the circumstances of the incident, the amount of agent released, and the distance traveled by the agent. These artificialities are included to fully energize and challenge the assets of participating organizations. (Technical planners will generally create any artificial effects of WMD agents and the weather used in an exercise.) Assumption. Conditions or factors outside the direct control of exercise planners but so important that they will have to be met or have to hold true if the exercise is to achieve its objectives. If important assumptions are very unlikely to hold true, the exercise must then be redesigned to remove the unlikely assumptions. Brainstorming. A technique of exploring a problem or issue, often in a workshop situation led by a facil- itator, by inviting spontaneous ideas about the topic. These ideas are collected and documented for later discussion and review or analysis. Capability. The ability to perform a task with skill or knowledge or to provide resources to meet a spe- cific requirement. Communications Directory. A two-part exercise document that contains telephone and fax numbers, email addresses, radio frequencies, and other contact information for exercise communications. One part provides all participants with a list of pertinent contact data for players, while the other part provides a limited distribution of controller data. (The communications directory is compiled using participants’ inputs and should be tested prior to exercise execution.)

Compressed Time. A compressed exercise timeframe so that several days are played in a few hours. When time is compressed, players need some mechanism to show them where they are chronologi- cally in exercise play. (See also time jump.) Exercises that do not employ compressed time employ real time. Concept Development Meeting/Conference. A meeting that formally begins the exercise planning process and determines the exercise concept and goals. Exercise concept development is usually based on the stated exercise purpose, experience, operations, and historical precedence. This meeting provides initial planning guidance and helps set the agenda and parameters for the initial planning conference. Concept and Objectives (C&O) Paper. The paper that forms the basis for the planning and develop- ment of an exercise, establishing the who, what, when, where, why, and how. It is based on agreements from the initial planning conference and provides exercise planners with the guidelines for continuing the development of an exercise. Exercise design and management structures, as well as roles and responsibilities of participating organizations for exercise planning and development, are also included. Conditions. Performance-affecting variables of an operational environment or situation in which a team, system, or individual is expected to operate. Consequence Management. An emergency management function, including measures to protect pub- lic health and safety; restore essential government services; and provide emergency relief to govern- ments, businesses, and individuals affected by the consequences of a natural or human-made disaster or a terrorist act. At the federal level, FEMA defines consequence management, including the activities described in the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Constraints. Factors that nurture or cause deficiencies, or problems experienced by participants. Con- straints may be related to resources, to actions, or to the results of actions. Control Cell. Exercise staff personnel who control and manage the flow of the exercise and who may facilitate interfaces with nonparticipating groups—in effect simulating the response and activities of non- participating elements and organizations (see SIMCELL). Control Staff Instructions (COSIN). Instructions containing the guidance that the exercise control staff (including controllers, simulators, and evaluators) need concerning procedures and responsibilities for exercise control, simulation, and support. It is a limited-distribution document for use by exercise con- trollers and evaluators only. The COSIN details the scenario for the duration of the exercise; develops guidelines for control and simulation support of the exercise; explains the exercise concept as it relates to controllers and simulators; establishes the management structure for these activities; establishes and defines the control structure’s communications, logistics, and administration; and provides a calendar of key events and the MSEL. Controller. An individual who ensures that objectives are sufficiently exercised to permit a valid evalu- ation, that the level of activity is sufficient to keep players occupied and challenged, and that the progress of the exercise is in accordance with the scenario. Controllers provide key data to players and may prompt or initiate certain player actions to ensure exercise continuity. Controllers are the only nonplay- ers who will provide information or direction to the players. Controllers are used in exercises. Two types of controller have a particularly important responsibility: ▪ Chief Controller. The individual responsible for the preparation of the COSIN and for coordina- tion and oversight of the exercise control group, lead controllers, and all individual controllers. ▪ Lead Controller. The individual responsible for coordinating controller activities at a specific exer- cise location. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 66

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises Controller and Evaluator (C/E) Handbook. A handbook that identifies the scope and concept of the exercise, including exercise assumptions, artificialities, and simulations, and provides a ready reference to the exercise storyline during the exercise. It also provides the rules and procedures applicable to con- trollers and evaluators based on guidance in the COSIN and EVALPLAN. Additionally, the handbook may contain guidance on C/E message preparation procedures; unique communications capabilities or requirements; and support for safety, security, and logistics. The handbook is optional and may be used as a supplement if a COSIN is published. Controller Handbook. A handbook that provides controllers with the information necessary to conduct the exercise. The controller handbook contains background information, a basic exercise description, the short MSEL (i.e., the MSEL without implementers) and the long MSEL (i.e., the MSEL with imple- menters). The controller handbook can be used in lieu of a COSIN for small-scale exercises. Controller Inject. A message or action introducing events, data, or other information to players from the control staff to provide an environment that facilitates the demonstration of an activity or attainment of exercise objectives. Coordination. Active involvement of staff and response agencies in decision making to integrate available resources and implement response plans. Counterterrorism. The full range of activities directed against terrorism, including preventive, deter- rent, response, and crisis management efforts. Crisis. A circumstance, event, or series of episodes that threatens to fundamentally affect or alter the way an organization conducts business. Crisis Management. A predominantly law enforcement function including measures to identify, acquire, and plan the use of resources needed to anticipate, prevent, and/or resolve a threat or act of terrorism. In a terrorist incident, a crisis management response may include traditional law enforcement missions (such as intelligence, surveillance, tactical operations, negotiations, forensics, and investigations) as well as technical support missions (such as agent identification, search, render-safe procedures [RSPs], transfer and disposal, and limited decontamination). In addition to law enforcement missions, crisis man- agement also includes assurance of public health and safety. Criteria. Principles or standards by which things are judged. Criteria are used to compare various solu- tions against one another and decide among them. Criteria are always linked to the issue under con- sideration (e.g., achievability would be a criterion for deciding on the type of objective). Critique. A meeting of players, facilitators and/or controllers, and evaluators following the conclusion of the exercise activity to discuss and review essential comments on operations and performance noted during exercise play. Descriptive Reporting. A form of evaluation that describes in narrative fashion everything related to the assigned function of the evaluator. Domestic Preparedness. A comprehensive nationwide program to (a) train, equip, exercise, and plan for local, state, and federal actions necessary to reduce vulnerability to terrorist acts throughout the entire threat spectrum, including terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological/nuclear, and explosive WMDs; (b) establish authorities and responsibilities for preparedness activities and response actions and garner the resources to support them; (c) prevent, deter, or respond to terrorism; (d) respond to the consequences of a terrorist attack; and (e) ensure timely and accurate collection and dissemination of terrorism-related intelligence information. Drill. A coordinated, supervised activity usually used to test a single, specific operation or function in a single agency. Drills are commonly used to provide training with new equipment, to develop new poli- 67

cies or procedures, to practice and maintain current skills, and to test skills that constitute one or more components of a plan. Emergency. An incident that threatens human life, health, property, or the environment if not controlled, contained, and/or eliminated immediately. The threat of the condition, incident, or event requires imme- diate response actions to save lives; prevent injuries; protect property, public health, the environment, and public safety; or lessen or avert the threat of a disaster. Emergency Management. The prevention of, preparation for, response to, and recovery from the acute effects of an emergency. Emergency Operations Center (EOC). A facility or location from which the overall direction, control, and decision making of an operational response is coordinated. (At the municipal, county, state, and federal levels, EOCs are often staffed with multiorganizational or multidepartmental representatives.) Evaluation. The process used to measure the demonstrated ability to accomplish specified objectives within a discrete exercise. Exercise evaluation refers to the act of reviewing or observing and recording exercise activity or conduct; applying the behavior or activity against exercise objectives; and noting strengths, weaknesses, deficiencies, or other observations. Evaluation Plan (EVALPLAN). A document that establishes the procedures to be used in determining the viability of plans, policies, procedures, systems, and resources. The EVALPLAN provides evalua- tors with guidance on procedures and responsibilities to prepare for evaluation of the exercise, to accom- plish evaluation tasks during and following the exercise, and to explain the evaluation concept and how it relates to each of the participating organizations and entities. The lead evaluator coordinates the pro- cedures to be used by the evaluation team; the structure of evaluation management; and the proce- dures to be followed internally by the evaluation team to communicate and receive logistical and admin- istrative support, to prepare reports, and to address other details. Evaluator. An unbiased technical or functional expert tasked to document responder performance and the adequacy of facilities and equipment against established crisis and consequence management plans and exercise objectives. An evaluator is assigned to one or more exercise functions or locations to doc- ument and evaluate individual, team, and organizational performance based on the exercise objectives and performance criteria. Evaluators provide both positive and negative feedback concerning player per- formance as it relates to objectives. Evaluators are used in all types of exercise activities. Evaluation aims to improve future efforts through recommendations arising from the exercise; its aim is not to judge. Two types of evaluator are particularly important: ▪ Chief Evaluator. The individual responsible for preparation of the EVALPLAN, management of the overall evaluation or observation process, oversight of the evaluation team, and compilation of eval- uation data for incorporation into an evaluation report. ▪ Lead Evaluator. The individual charged with supervising a group of evaluators at a given exer- cise site. Evaluator Handbook. Material prepared for evaluators to use in performing assigned responsibilities. Events. Realistic problems that occur as a result of the depicted incident. Events motivate player actions. They serve as the foundation for developing controller injects. Exercise. An activity requiring a performance, integration, and coordination of response activities by several individuals and teams, as well as mobilization of personnel and resources. An exercise is car- ried out for the purposes of training and evaluation. Exercise Control Group (ECG). The organizational structure put in place to control the flow of the exer- cise and to ensure that players are provided an environment in which objectives can be achieved. The Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 68

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises ECG is headed by the exercise director and includes members of the control group specifically respon- sible for monitoring the status of the MSEL and injecting event implementers. Exercise Coordinator. An individual responsible for the overall management and coordination of an exercise activity. Exercise Director. The sponsoring agency’s or jurisdiction’s responsible agent for the successful con- duct of the exercise. As the senior exercise official, the exercise director has primary authority and over- all responsibility for the design, development, control, and evaluation of the exercise. The exercise direc- tor provides general policy guidance to exercise planners, controllers, simulators, evaluators, and other interested parties. The exercise director also represents participants to higher authority within the crisis and consequence management community and has final approval authority for all exercise documen- tation. During the exercise, the exercise director supervises the activities of the ECG. Exercise Evaluation Report (EER). A comprehensive report of an exercise. An EER typically sum- marizes the scope, scenario, participants, and active play activities. It analyzes the achievement of each objective and may assess the exercise management process. (See after action report.) Exercise Management. The exercise director and the department, agency, and jurisdiction lead plan- ners identified as the focal group responsible for administering and coordinating the design, develop- ment, conduct, and evaluation of exercise activities. Exercise Organization. The group of people responsible for overall planning and control of the exer- cise, including management of the exercise design, development of the exercise scenario, develop- ment of all exercise documentation, preparation of control and evaluation plans, oversight of the exe- cution of the exercise, and preparation of follow-on reports. The exercise organization includes the exercise director and the support structure established to plan, conduct, control, and evaluate the exercise. Exercise Plan (EXPLAN). A plan providing planners and controllers with the information required to conduct the exercise. The EXPLAN contains information on the exercise concept, objectives, assump- tions, artificialities, rules, and responsibilities. The EXPLAN also addresses security and logistical issues, provides public affairs guidance, and details safety considerations during exercise execution. The EXPLAN is made available to all exercise participants; its purposes are to identify the scope and con- cept of play for all players; provide key exercise assumptions, artificialities, and simulations; document scenario narrative leading to the start of the exercise; provide exercise objectives and associated eval- uation elements; explain procedural aspects of exercise play; describe roles of controllers, simulators, and evaluators from the player’s viewpoint; and establish administrative and support procedures applic- able to player activity during the exercise. Exercise Planning Team. The exercise staff personnel from the sponsoring agency or jurisdiction and trusted agents from other major participants. The team assists the management team in identifying requirements for administrative, communication, and logistical support; collaborates with planners at all levels on their respective administrative, logistical, and support needs; initiates actions to ensure that adequate support plans are developed and implemented; and assists in coordinating, facilitating, and obtaining inputs for the development and publication of exercise documentation. Exercise Planning Timeline. A sequential list of major milestones in the planning and development of exercise documents and conferences. The exercise planning timeline is flexible and changes as the exercise develops. Expected Actions. Anticipated player response actions prompted by exercise events, generally by a control inject. Expected actions help controllers monitor the exercise and determine if it is on track. They assist evaluators in determining if players are responding in accordance with plans. They are usually described in the implementer for a control inject. 69

Extent of Play (EOP). The parameters within which specific organizations will participate in an exer- cise. These parameters may limit play by objective, time, or other criterion and must be considered in exercise planning (e.g., EOC staffs will be prepositioned and will not activate the EOC in real time). Facilitator. A specially trained individual assigned responsibility for guiding participant discussions to ensure that key issues are addressed. The facilitator is responsible for the procedure and process of an event (e.g., a workshop, meeting, or tabletop). The facilitator is usually an external person with no stake in the issue at hand; as such, the facilitator is responsible for how an event proceeds, not for the content. Field Location. A geographic location, area, facility, or collection of field operations supported by a single emergency management organization. Final Planning Conference (FPC). The last formal coordination meeting for the full exercise planning community. It is designed to help finalize the exercise organization and the requirements for staffing, scheduling, documentation, control, evaluation, logistics, and administration. The final EXPLAN is dis- tributed following the FPC. Free Play. The policy of allowing players to respond as realistically as possible within design parame- ters and without jeopardizing personnel or safety or expending unnecessary resources. In a free play exercise, player actions rather than control injects will be the driving force to meet objectives. Full-Scale Exercise (FSE). An exercise enabling the validation of major aspects of plans, policies, pro- cedures, systems, and resources and involving all levels of participating organizations. FSEs greatly expand the scope and visibility of the exercise program. FSEs include the mobilization of personnel and resources and the actual movement of crisis and consequence management workers, equipment, and resources required to demonstrate coordination and response capability. Large FSEs actively involve agencies and participants. Functional Exercise. An exercise designed to test and evaluate individual capabilities, multiple func- tions, or activities within a function or interdependent groups of functions. A functional exercise can take place in an operating center, in the field, or a combination of the two. This format is applicable where the activity can be effectively evaluated in isolation from other activities. In contrast to the full-scale exer- cise, the objective of the functional exercise is to demonstrate the execution of specific plans and pro- cedures and the direct application of established policy, plans, and procedures under emergency con- ditions, within or by a particular function team. The functional exercise simulates the reality of operations in a functional area to the maximum degree possible by presenting complex and realistic problems requiring rapid and effective responses by trained personnel in a highly stressful environment. Through documented evaluation and subsequent corrective action, the capabilities of the functional area are improved and weaknesses are reduced or eliminated. Functional exercises are sometimes called “com- mand post” exercises. Hazard. An actual or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss of equipment or property and the environment; or degradation to an organizational capability. Hot Wash. An informal, immediate debriefing session between players and members of the exercise planning team, in which players discuss their reactions to and observations of the exercise. Hot washes generally incorporate self-evaluation on the part of the players. Implementer. The vehicle that places an MSEL item into exercise play. Implementers that provide input to players may be electronic, voice, hard copy, or face-to-face (e.g., telephone calls, radio transmissions, email, and the actions of actors). Improvement Program. A common database that contains issues or findings from exercises and actual events, identifies recommended solutions for each issue, assigns responsibility for resolution, and pro- vides a reporting system for tracking the progress of the issue through resolution. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 70

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises Incident. An event that affects normal operations, requires attention, and has the potential to precipi- tate an emergency or crisis. Initial Conditions. The existing conditions leading up to the start of an exercise. The initial conditions set the stage for the players and are usually presented in written format to players before exercise activ- ities begin. Initial Impressions Report. A compilation of the initial player and controller impressions and observa- tions of the exercise as briefed at the hot wash. The initial impressions report describes the initial impres- sions of the exercise and is an interim to publication of the final AAR. Initial Planning Conference (IPC). The first step in which participating departments, agencies, juris- dictions, and organizations play an active role in exercise planning. The IPC builds the framework for executing exercise design, development, control, conduct, and evaluation. Specifically, the IPC addresses the exercise purpose and overarching exercise objectives, conditions that affect exercise design (e.g., assumptions and artificialities), exercise design requirements, anticipated levels of par- ticipation, proposed exercise locations, control and evaluation methodologies, considerations for devel- opment of the MSEL, and tasks to participants. The IPC presents the basic scenario, scope, and time- line developed during the startup meeting. It offers a chance to solicit input for each participant’s objectives and to build consensus among participants on exercise expectations. The purpose of this conference is to reach an agreement on the exercise concept and overall objectives, develop working groups, and select working group leaders. Initial Planning Meeting. A meeting that, depending on the size and scope of an exercise, may meet the requirements for either the concept development meeting or the IPC. Interagency Operations. Operations that involve several departments and agencies of the U.S. gov- ernment. These organizations may include the U.S. Departments of Justice, Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, and State; the Environmental Protection Agency; and FEMA. Interagency oper- ations may also include states and other jurisdictions. Issue. A shortcoming or deficiency identified during training or operations that precludes attaining a stated standard and that requires focused problem solving. Key Events List. A list of major events that must occur at specific times in an exercise scenario to ensure that actions required to support exercise objectives occur. MSEL items and controller injects are sequen- tially linked to support each key event. Large-Scale Game. A simulation of a crisis and consequence management operation using rules, data, and procedures designed to depict an actual or assumed situation with the objective of simulating a pro- posed plan of action or strategy to test its validity. Lesson Learned. A problem encountered and corrected; a problem for which no solution was found; a successful action noted for future operations; a technique or procedure that allowed the task to be accomplished to standard despite an identified shortcoming and that may be applicable to other short- comings in similar circumstances; or a changed behavior based on previous experiences that con- tributed to mission accomplishment. Master Control Cell (MCC). The exercise director and chief controller. These people have central con- trol over the exercise flow and the activities of the control and simulation staff at all exercise locations. The MCC is the final adjudicating authority regarding issues of exercise control and any major change to exercise scope. Master Scenario Events List (MSEL). A primary exercise control document that includes a chrono- logical list of exercise events, controller injects, and implementers used to stimulate and guide player 71

action. Each MSEL item with its implementer specifies what, when, by whom, and to whom injects will be used (including scenario time, event synopsis, expected response, and the objective to be demon- strated if appropriate). Mid-Term Planning Conference (MPC). The MPC is an in-progress review of exercise coordination regarding the independent and interrelated planning actions required by the participating departments, agencies, jurisdictions, and organizations. Mission. A task, together with the purpose, that clearly indicates the action to be taken and the reason therefore. Narrative Report. An objective description of the actions observed by an evaluator during the exercise. A narrative report identifies the issues raised during exercise activities and includes recommendations for improvement. Narrative Summary. A short overview of the exercise scenario written in paragraph form, outlining only the major events. Objectives. The stated goals of exercise activities; the desired and achievable conditions that people strive for with respect to the problem being exercised. Exercise objectives are used to identify the exer- cise scope (specify the functions to be demonstrated), the extent of organization/personnel participa- tion, and the breadth and depth of exercise activities to be accomplished or simulated. Exercise objec- tives specifically describe an activity or capability to be measured. Observer. A person who participates in and monitors the exercise. In some exercises, the observer completes a formal overall evaluation of the exercise, just like an evaluator does. In other exercises (e.g., in tabletops), the observer limits his or her evaluation to feedback regarding specific functions, activities, or disciplines. Participant. An all-inclusive term that describes anyone involved in an exercise (e.g., players, eval- uators, controllers, observers, actors, and role players). Performance Measures. The actions that can be objectively observed and measured to determine if a task performer has performed the task to the prescribed standard. Performance Requirements. The response activities required or expected of the organization, teams, or individuals as established by regulatory mandate, industry standard, or company policy. Performance Standard. A criterion by which operational and management functions can be measured to evaluate the degree to which those functions have achieved a minimum level of quality. Player. An individual who actively participates in an exercise by performing a role in response to the situations presented. Player Handbook. A handbook that provides players with the basic information they need to participate in the exercise. It identifies the scope and concept of play; key exercise assumptions, artificialities, and simulations; and the scenario narrative leading to the start of the exercise. The handbook contains the exercise’s unique rules and procedures such as specific player guidance on message preparation, player safety, security, and logistic support. Use of a player handbook is optional; the EXPLAN could be sufficient if read and understood by exercise participants. Point of Review (POR). An account of how the objectives will be demonstrated, what aspects will be physically demonstrated, and what events will be simulated. PORs are series of questions prepared for each objective to aid in collecting the data needed to determine if each objective was successfully demonstrated in an exercise. PORs are qualified and/or quantified parameters that detail the extent to Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 72

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises which objectives have been achieved within a given timeframe and at a specified location. They repre- sent performance standards and should be objectively verifiable by all persons involved in monitoring and evaluation. PORs are tied directly to plans, policies, procedures, and systems. Procedural Flow Synopsis (PROFLOW). A description of the responsibilities and functions of the orga- nizations responding during the exercise. The PROFLOW provides planners and controllers with a sequential list of anticipated actions by these organizations, including the specific response forces and the plans and policies in effect for the exercise scenario. The PROFLOW also describes the phases of the anticipated response for a WMD incident. Quick-Look Report. (See initial impressions report.) Role Player. (See actor, simulator.) Scenario. A sequential account of a hypothetical situation or chain of events that depicts an incident, emergency, or crisis and all the associated consequences used to frame and guide simulation during an exercise. Scenario Narrative. Brief summary that sets the stage for the exercise, providing background information. Scenario Storyline. A part of the scenario that consists of the chronology of actions that must occur to achieve exercise objectives. The storyline is supported by the key events list and the MSEL. Seminar. An informal discussion in a group setting, in which a seminar leader facilitates the group’s focus on a specific topic or issue. Seminars occur in a low-stress environment. Simulation. An artificially produced condition that replicates a real-life situation. In the broad sense, exercises and games are simulations. The term also refers to a method of conducting computer- assisted exercises. Simulation Cell (SIMCELL). The staff with the expertise to respond to player requests for information from nonparticipating departments, agencies, jurisdictions, and organizations and to prepare and inject ad hoc information to maintain the flow and direction of the exercise. In small-scale exercises, the SIMCELL and control cell may be synonymous. Simulator. An individual assigned the responsibility to artificially duplicate (i.e., role play) the response activities of personnel and groups not participating in the exercise. Site Restoration Guide/Site Restoration Plan. A guide that is used when a separate site restora- tion phase is played during an exercise. The plan provides a structure for the site restoration phase of the exercise and describes expected plans and player actions. Situation Manual (SITMAN). The primary exercise document in a tabletop exercise. The SITMAN contains the exercise’s unique rules and procedures, the scope and concept of play, exercise assump- tions, artificialities, the lead-in scenario narrative, and situational updates. Standard. The minimum acceptable proficiency required in the performance of a particular task under a specified set of conditions. A standard is defined by the responsible organization’s plans, policies, pro- tocols, and procedures and consists of a measure and a criterion: (a) Measure. Provides the basis for describing varying levels of task performance. (b) Criterion. Defines acceptable levels of performance. Subject Matter Expert (SME). An individual who has a thorough knowledge of a job or an area of expertise that qualifies the individual to assist in evaluation, consultation, review, and analysis. 73

Tabletop Exercise (TTX). An exercise that simulates an emergency in an informal, stress-free, con- ference-room-type environment. Task. A clearly defined and measurable activity accomplished by individuals and organizations. Terrorism. The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Terrorism can be domestic or international: ▪ Domestic Terrorism. Terrorism that is based and operated entirely within the United States and U.S. territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. gov- ernment or population. ▪ International Terrorism. The unlawful use of force or violence committed by a group or individ- ual who has some connection to a foreign power and whose activities transcend national bound- aries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives. Threat. The known or suspected presence of an actor with the ability, will, and motive to inflict harm. Time Jump. An exercise mechanism by which scenario events may be artificially accelerated to place players in situations that would occur at a future point in time. Time jumps require exercise play to be stopped and then to resume at some future point in time. Time jumps are done to include events that otherwise would not occur in the limited amount of time allowed for an exercise. The control staff or the design of the exercise must provide information to the players regarding activities that may have occurred during the intervening time and provide a revised situation update for exercise resumption. Time jumps are sometimes referred to as time warps. Timeline. A chronology of exercise events or planning milestones. Training. Instruction and applied exercises for the attainment and retention of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Trusted Agent. A member of the exercise planning team or another individual with unique or spe- cialized expertise who is confidentially included in the scenario development to ensure that realistic events are postulated and that appropriate responses are anticipated. Walk-Through. A type of evaluation in which evaluators inspect the physical layout of a facility or area (including equipment, attendant resources, and procedures) to determine conformity with plans, policies, and procedures. Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD). Any device, material, or substance used in a manner, in a quantity or type, or under circumstances evidencing an intention to cause death or serious injury to persons or significant damage to property. Workshop. A meeting that generally involves briefings and the use of facilitated breakout sessions where preestablished topics and issues are discussed and results of these breakout sessions are reported in a plenum. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 74

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 75 APPENDIX C—CATEGORIZED RESOURCE BIBLIOGRAPHY Exercise and Evaluation Developmental Guidance Agrait, R., et al. Review of Models, Simulations, and Games for Domestic Preparedness Training and Exercising, Volume III. Office for Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., 2004. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/trngexercise_vol3.pdf. ASIS Disaster Preparation Guide. ASIS International, Alexandria, Va., 2003. http://www.asisonline.org/ newsroom/crisisResponse/disaster.pdf. Balog, J. N., A. Boyd, and J. E. Caton. The Public Transportation System Security and Emergency Pre- paredness Planning Guide. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, Research and Special Pro- grams Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Cambridge, Mass., January 2003. http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/Publications/security/PlanningGuide.pdf. Bazemore, L. “Assessment of a Staging Drill—Application to Field Exercise Planning.” PowerPoint presentation. Orange County Health Department, Hillsborough, N. Car., 2004. http://www. medicalreservecorps.gov/2004Conference/PDF/Laurie%20Bazemore.pdf. Comprehensive Emergency Management Planning Guide. Washington State Military Department, Emergency Management Division, Camp Murray, Wash., March 2003. http://emd.wa.gov/3-pet/pal/ plan-guide/plan-guide.pdf. Comprehensive Exercise Curriculum—Exercise Control Plan. E136 Exercise Development Course, National Emergency Training Center, Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Man- agement Agency, United States Department of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/CONPLAN1.DOC. Comprehensive Exercise Curriculum—Exercise Evaluation Plan. E136JA Exercise Development Course, National Emergency Training Center, Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Department of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/evalplan.doc. Comprehensive Exercise Curriculum—Exercise Evaluation Plan: Evaluator Checklist. E136JA Exercise Development Course, National Emergency Training Center, Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Department of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/Evaluator%20Checklist.doc. Comprehensive Exercise Curriculum—Exercise Evaluation Plan: Narrative Summary Form. E136JA Exercise Development Course, National Emergency Training Center, Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Department of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/ NARRATIVE%20SUMMARY%20FORM.doc. Comprehensive Exercise Curriculum—Exercise Plan. E136JA.1 Exercise Development Course, National Emergency Training Center, Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Man- agement Agency, United States Department of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/EXERCISE%20%20PLAN1.doc. Cross-Border Exercise Program. Office of Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/info122att.pdf. Defining Emergency Exercises. Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, N.Y., January 2004. http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/nursing/institutes-centers/chphsr/ def-exer.pdf.

Developing a Hazardous Materials Exercise Program: A Handbook for State and Local Officials. National Response Team, Washington, D.C., September 1990. http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/254.html. Dilling, J. “Disaster Management: Emergency Management and Continuity of Operations Planning.” PowerPoint Presentation. Presented at Sustainable Campus Security: The Forward Path Workshop, Atlanta, Ga., March 2003. http://www.orau.org/campussec/presentations/Dilling.pdf. Disaster Exercise Manual: Guide for Exercising Emergency Operations Plans. Emergency Manage- ment Division, Michigan State Police, East Lansing, Mich., January 2004. http://www.michigan.gov/ documents/pub702-Disaster_Exercise_Manual1-14-04_83182_7.pdf. Emergency Management Exercise Reporting System (EMERS) Release 2.03 User’s Guide. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., April 2004. www.fema.gov/doc/onp/emers/ emers_manual.doc. Emergency Management Tabletop Performance Test Inspectors Guide. Office of Emergency Man- agement Oversight (OA-30), United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., January 2001. http://www.ssa.doe.gov/Sp40/guidedocs/0101emtp/0101emtp.html. Evaluation Report for the Oil Spill Response Exercise in Honolulu on September 26, 1996. United States Coast Guard, Honolulu, Hawaii, 1996. http://www.uscg.mil/d14/units/msohono/jets.htm. Exercise Application Guide—Georgia Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (GHSEEP). Georgia Emergency Management Authority, Atlanta, Ga., 2004. http://rome.gema. state.ga.us/webgema/homepage.nsf/0/05abf0ba9e495bd785256ebd006c6e75/$FILE/appguide.pdf. Exercise Player Handbook. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998. http:// training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/EXERCISE%20PLAYER%20HANDBOOK.doc. Exercise Player Orientation Checklist. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/PLAYER%20ORIENTATION.doc. Exercise Policy and Guidance for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program. Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army, United States Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., May 2003. http://emc.ornl.gov/CSEPPweb/PDF/CSEPP_Blue_Book_-_1_May_03.pdf. FitzGerald, D. J., M. D. Sztajnkrycer, and T. J. Crocco. “Chemical Weapon Functional Exercise— Cincinnati: Observations and Lessons Learned from a ‘Typical Medium-Sized’ City’s Response to Sim- ulated Terrorism Utilizing Weapons of Mass Destruction.” Association of Schools of Public Health, Pub- lic Health Reports 2003; 118:205–214. http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/118_3/118205.pdf. Gebbie, K. M. et al. Evaluation of Public Health Emergency Exercises. National Association of County and City Health Officials, Center for Health Policy, Columbia University School of Nursing, New York, N.Y., July 2004. http://archive.naccho.org/NACCHO-Annual2004/Evaluation-of-PH-Emergency- Exercises.ppt. Gonzalez, D. Emergency Management: Summary Session. Presented at Greater New York Hos- pital Association Workshop on Emergency Management Drills, City of New York Office of Emer- gency Management, New York, N.Y., May 2003. http://www.gnyha.org/eprc/general/presentations/ 20030204_Summary_Session.pdf. Gonzalez, D. Emergency Management: Training Objectives. Presented at Greater New York Hospi- tal Association Workshop on Emergency Management Drills, City of New York Office of Emergency Management, New York, N.Y., September 2002. http://www.gnyha.org/eprc/general/presentations (click on presentation 20020912). Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 76

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises Green, G. B. “Disaster Planning Drills and Readiness Assessment.” PowerPoint. Disaster Planning Drills and Readiness Assessment Web Conference, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Baltimore, Md., April 2003. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/ulp/disastertele/green.ppt. Guidance Document: Immediate Actions (IAs) for Transit Agencies for Potential and Actual Life- Threatening Incidents. Office of Safety and Security, Federal Transit Administration, United States Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., April 2004. http://transit-safety.volpe.dot.gov/ Security/SecurityInitiatives/ImmediateActions/PDF/IAs.pdf. Guidance for Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Transportation Emergency Preparedness Table- tops, Drills and Exercises. Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Depart- ment of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/09072v2.pdf. A Guide for the Conduct of Emergency Response Tabletop Activities. Office of Emergency Manage- ment, Office of Nonproliferation and National Security, United States Department of Energy, Ger- mantown, Md., March 1998. http://www.orau.gov/emi/products/tabletop.pdf. A Guide for the Conduct of Emergency Response Tabletop Activities—Appendices. Office of Emer- gency Management Office of Nonproliferation and National Security, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., March 1998. http://www.orau.gov/emi/products/appendix.pdf. A Guide to Updating Highway Emergency Response Plans for Terrorist Incidents. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ Security Task Force, Washington, D.C., May 2002. http://security.transportation.org/sites/security/docs/guide-ResponsePlans.pdf. Guidelines for Developing and Evaluating an Oil Spill Response Exercise—A Handbook for National Preparedness for Response Exercises. Office of Pipeline Safety, United States Department of Trans- portation, Washington, D.C., April 1996. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/g-m/nmc/response/dotguide.pdf. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Methodology (HM-EEM) Manual: The Foundations of Exer- cise Evaluation. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., February 1992. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/HMManual.doc. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Methodology (HM-EEM) Manual: The Foundations of Exer- cise Evaluation—Appendices. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., Febru- ary 1992. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/HMManualAppendices.doc. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Supplement. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Wash- ington, D.C., July 2000. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/HMEEM%20R-VI%20UPDATE% 20JULY%202000.DOC. Higgins, L. L., M. D. Hickman, and C. A. Weatherby. Role of Public Transportation Operations in Emergency Management: Research Report. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., December 1999. http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1834-2.pdf. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program—Volume I: Overview and Doctrine. Office for Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., May 2004. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/HSEEPv1.pdf. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program—Volume II: Exercise Evaluation and Improve- ment. Office for Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Wash- ington, D.C., October 2003. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/HSEEPv2.pdf. Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program—Volume III: Exercise Program Management and Exercise Planning Process. Office for Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., July 2004. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/HSEEPv3.pdf. 77

Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program—Volume IV: Sample Exercise Documents and Formats. Office for Domestic Preparedness, United States Department of Homeland Security, Wash- ington, D.C., 2004. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/HSEEPv4.pdf. Kaplowitz, L. G. “Exercises and Training: Virginia Department of Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Programs.” PowerPoint presentation. Virginia Department of Health, Richmond, Va., 2003. http://www.nga.org/cda/files/0403bioterrorismKaplowitz.ppt. Levitin, H. W. and S. Skidmore. “Emergency Planning and Preparedness.” PowerPoint presentation. Disaster Planning International, Indianapolis, Ind., April 2003. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/ulp/disastertele/ skidmor.ppt. Marks, L. K. and M. Potter. “Drilling for Results: The Quest for Objective Exercise Evaluations.” Homeland First Response, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 32–34, 2004. http://www.altarum.org/publications/pdfs/ hsd_DOQ.pdf. Massey, M. “Disaster Planning Drills and Readiness Assessments.” Text of PowerPoint presenta- tion. Anaheim Memorial Medical Center, Anaheim, Cal., April 2003. http://www.ahrq.gov/news/ulp/ disastertele/masseytxt.htm. McRay, A. M. “Implementing Successful Preparedness Exercises.” PowerPoint presentation. County of Henrico, Richmond, Va., http://www.vaemergency.com/library/outreach/PSOConf/prepex.ppt. National Incident Management System. United States Department of Homeland Security, Washington, D.C., March 2004. http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/NIMS-90-web.pdf. “NRT-RRT Information Exchange: Lessons Learned from Exercises and Incidents.” NRT-RRT Infor- mation Exchange, Vol. 3, Issue 1, National Response Team, Preparedness Committee, Washington, D.C., September 1995. http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AllAttachmentsByTitle/ A-286LessonsLearnedforReviewrev1/$File/LessonsLearnedforReviewrev1.pdf?OpenElement. Ohio Hazardous Materials Planning and Exercise Guidance Booklet. State Emergency Response Commission. Columbus, Ohio, May 1999. http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/serc/planguid.pdf. O’Neill, B. “Effective Drill Evaluation.” PowerPoint presentation. Presented at Greater New York Hos- pital Association Workshop on Emergency Management Drills, New York, N.Y., September 2002. http://www.gnyha.org/eprc/general/presentations. (click on presentation 20020904). O’Neill, B. Effective Drill Scenario and Evaluation. Greater New York Hospital Association Workshop on Emergency Management Drills, New York, N.Y., May 2003. http://www.gnyha.org/eprc/general/ presentations (click on presentation 20030204). “Preparing to Evaluate the Exercise.” PowerPoint presentation. Emergency Management Division, Washington Military Department, Camp Murray, Wash., Downloaded October 2004. http://www.emd. wa.gov/3-pet/ent/courses/cse-presents/g120-130/Prep-Eval-doc1.ppt. Professional Practices for Business Continuity Planners. Disaster Recovery Institute Canada, Toronto, Ontario, April 1997. http://www.dri.ca/dric_pp8.html. Radiological Emergency Preparedness Exercise Manual. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., September 1991. http://www.fema.gov/rrr/rep/rep-14.shtm. State of Kansas: Exercise Program Guidance. Kansas Division of Emergency Management, Topeka, Kan., 2003. http://www.accesskansas.org/kdem/pdf/exercises/program_guidance.pdf. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 78

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises “State of Wyoming Exercise Program.” PowerPoint presentation. Presented at Keeping Wyoming Safe and Secure Workshop, University of Wyoming, Casper, Wyo., October 2003. http://www.uwyo. edu/CES/KWSS/joesagbrief.ppt. Tabletop Introduction/Agenda. Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/17072v2.pdf. Three-Year Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Plan. Division of Homeland Security, State of Alaska, Fort Richardson, Alaska, 2004. http://www.ak-prepared.com/homelandsecurity/pdf/ Alaska%20Exercise%20and%20Evaluation%20Plan%202004-2006.pdf. Thurston, D. “Evaluation of the Exercise.” PowerPoint presentation. Presented at Training Without Bor- ders Conference, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colo., August 2004. http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/bt/2004Conference/TWBPresentations/Evaluation.pdf. Thurston, D. “Exercising: Activities, Development Process, Phases, Requirements.” PowerPoint pre- sentation. Presented at Training Without Borders Conference, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colo., August 2004. http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/bt/2004Conference/ TWBPresentations/Exercising.pdf. Thurston, D. “Exercise Design.” PowerPoint presentation. Presented at Training Without Borders Conference, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colo., August 2004. http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/bt/2004Conference/TWBPresentations/ExerciseDesign.pdf. Training and Exercise Resources. Western Governors’ Association, Denver, Colo., May 2004. http://www.westgov.org/wga/initiatives/wipp/rail-pig-training.pdf. Vendrell, E. G. “Emergency Response Training and Testing.” Reprint Protection News, International Foundation for Protection Officers (IFPO), Naples, Fla., May 2001. http://www.ifpo.org/articlebank/ emergency_response.html. Western Governors’ Association WIPP Transportation Safety Program Implementation Guide. Techni- cal Advisory Group, WIPP Transportation, Western Governors’ Association, Denver, Colo., December 2003. http://www.westgov.org/wga/initiatives/wipp/wipp-pig03.pdf. Why Do Disaster Exercises? G120–130 Exercise Design & Evaluation Course, Emergency Manage- ment Division, Washington Military Department, Camp Murray, Wash., October 2002. http://www. emd.wa.gov/3-pet/ent/courses/cse-presents/g120-130/Unit-1-Intro%20-Where-Exs-fit-10-02.ppt. Exercise Documents 2000 Statewide Medical & Health Disaster Exercise Guidebook. State of California Emergency Medical Services Authority, Sacramento, Cal., November 2000. http://www.emsa.ca.gov/dms2/ Exercise_Guidebook_2000.pdf. Aragon, T. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): A University-Based Tabletop Exercise. Cen- ter for Infectious Disease Preparedness, UC Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, Cal., August 2003. http://www.ucbcidp.org/sars/plan/sars_tabletop.pdf. Checklist for Planning and Conducting the Transuranic (TRU) Waste (Class 7 Radioactive) Emer- gency Response Tabletop. Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Depart- ment of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/01072v2.pdf. Hands-On Training for Public Health Emergencies. College of Public Health Iowa Center for Pub- lic Health Preparedness, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, July 2002. http://www.public-health. 79

uiowa.edu/icphp/products/videos.asp. (The materials for this course are located under the “Miscella- neous” heading. You will have to register on this website in order to view the materials.) Infrastructure Interdependencies Tabletop Exercise “Blue Cascade”—Final Report Executive Summary. Pacific North-West Economic Region, Seattle, Wash., July 2002. http://www.iwar.org.uk/cip/resources/ blue-cascades/bluecas.pdf. Jefferson County Tornado Exercise—Message List. Jefferson County Emergency Operations Center, Jefferson County, Fla., December 1999. http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/JeffersonCountyTorna- doExerciseMessages.pdf. Jefferson County Tornado Exercise—Scenario. Jefferson County Emergency Operations Center, Jef- ferson County, Fla., December 1999. http://www.tallytown.com/redcross/JeffersonCountyTorna- doExercise.pdf. Low Specific Activity (LSA) Transportation Accident Exercise Scenario. Transportation Emergency Pre- paredness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md. http://web.em.doe.gov/ otem/LSA.pdf. Montgomery County Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program Exercise Report Temper ’98 Multiple Vehicle Accident Involving Radioactive Materials on Gateway Center Drive. Emergency Man- agement, Department of Energy, Montgomery County, Md., November 1998. http://web.em.doe.gov/ otem/mc-x98.pdf. Ohio Hazardous Materials Exercise and Evaluation Manual (OHM–EEM). State Emergency Response Commission. Columbus, Ohio, July 2003. http://www.epa.state.oh.us/dapc/serc/exercman.pdf. Operation: Earthquake 2000 Exercise Plan. City of Cupertino Office of Emergency Services, Cupertino, Cal., November 2000. http://www.cupertinoares.org/archives/Drills/CUP-00-06T-EQ2K-ExPlan.pdf. Oregon Federal Executive Board Tabletop Exercise 1-24-03. Oregon Federal Executive Board, Port- land, Ore., January 2003. http://www.oregon.feb.gov/ofeb_docs/OFEBEmergencyTabletop.pdf. Osaki, C. Bioterrorist Attack on Food: A Tabletop Exercise. Department of Environmental Health & Northwest Center for Public Health Practice, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash., March 2003. http://www.nwcphp.org/docs/edu/phe/flyer_bt_training.pdf. Prince William Sound 2004 Area Exercise—Exercise Objectives and Evaluation. United States Coast Guard, Valdez, Alaska, August 2004. http://www.akrrt.org/pwsareaex04/PartMan/PM_36-41.pdf. Prince William Sound 2004 Area Exercise Evaluation Team Guidance. United States Coast Guard, Valdez, Alaska, August 2004. http://www.akrrt.org/pwsareaex04/PartDocs/EvalPlan.pdf. Radiography Device Transportation Accident Exercise Scenario. Transportation Emergency Pre- paredness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/Radiography_Device.pdf. Radiopharmaceuticals Transportation Accident Exercise Scenario. Transportation Emergency Pre- paredness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., Download October 2004. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/RadPharm.pdf. Spangle Associates. Flood Mitigation and Recovery—An Interactive Exercise for Local Governments. Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Depart- ment of Homeland Security, Emmitsburg, Md., August 1995. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/ downloads/flood.pdf. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 80

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises Spangle Associates. Mitigation and Recovery Exercises—Earthquake. Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Department of Homeland Secu- rity, Emmitsburg, Md., May 1994. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/downloads/seta.pdf. Spangle Associates. Mitigation and Recovery Exercises—Hurricane. Emergency Management Institute, Federal Emergency Management Agency, United States Department of Homeland Secu- rity, Emmitsburg, Md., Downloaded October 2004. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/downloads/ HURRICAN.PDF. Tabletop Exercise: BT Epidemiologic Response Team Training. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Services, Charleston, W. Va., September 2003. http://www.wvdhhr.org/bph/oehp/sdc/PPTs/ PlagueTabletopExercise.ppt. (When you are prompted by the pop-up box to enter user ID and pass- word, click on “cancel.”) Transuranic (TRU) Waste (Hazard Class 7 Radioactive) Moderator’s Version of Tabletop. Trans- portation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/18072v2.pdf. Transuranic (TRU) Waste (Hazard Class 7 Radioactive) Participant Handout for Tabletop. Trans- portation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/08072v2.pdf. Exercise Forms/Templates Domestic Preparedness Exercise Evaluation/Action Steps. Alaska Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, Fort Richardson, Alaska, December 2003. http://www.ak-prepared.com/ homelandsecurity/exercise/chemical/documents/Chemical%20Exercise%20Evaulation%20Form.doc. Emergency Action Plan Exercise Evaluation Form. Environmental and Safety Services, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Mich., Downloaded October 2004. http://www.ess.cmich.edu/eapwarc.htm. Exercise Evaluation Criteria. Kentucky Division of Emergency Management, Frankfort, Ky., March 2001. http://kyem.dma.ky.gov/admin%20regs%202001/Forms/KyEMformexer-203.dot. Exercise Evaluation Form. Canadian Centre for Emergency Preparedness, Burlington, Ontario, Downloaded October 2004. http://www.ccep.ca/cceptemp.html. Exercise Evaluation and Needs Assessment. Michigan State Police, East Lansing, Mich., Downloaded October 2004. http://www.michigan.gov/documents/Exercise_Evaluation-Needs_Assessment_ 83325_7.pdf. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Forms. Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., August 2002. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/ 07072v2.pdf. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Forms (Part 1). Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., February 1992. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/HMFormstoc.doc. Hazardous Materials Exercise Evaluation Form (Part 2). Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., February 1992. http://training.fema.gov/emiweb/downloads/HMFormsEval%20 Forms.doc. After Action Reports/Templates Burnham, S., K. Waldrup, and J. Amend. After Action Report on the Panhandle Exercise. Texas Animal Health Division, Amarillo, Tex., 2003. http://www.tahc.state.tx.us/emergency/exercises/Panhandle_ Exercise_Report.pdf. 81

Emergency Management Exercise After Action Report/Corrective Action Plan. Minnesota Depart- ment of Public Safety, Homeland Security and Emergency Management, St. Paul, Minn., March 2004. http://www.hsem.state.mn.us/uploadedfile/exer_rpt_form.doc. Energy Shortage Exercise After Action Report. Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency, Har- risburg, Penn., March 2001. http://www.pema.state.pa.us/pema/CWP/view.asp?A=200&Q=221350. Exercise After-Action Report. Kentucky Division of Emergency Management, Frankfort, Ky., March 2001. http://kyem.dma.ky.gov/admin%20regs%202001/Forms/KyEMformexer-207.dot. Exercise Popeye After Action Report. Office of Transportation, United States Department of Energy, Germantown, Md., March 2000. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/popeye.pdf. Operation Jumpstart After-Action Report. University of Washington, Office of Emergency Manage- ment, Seattle, Wash., May 2004. http://www.washington.edu/admin/business/oem/files/jumpstart.pdf. Parker, J., and K. Keaton. Exercise Report ABTEPP 2001. Aiken/Barnwell Transportation Emergency Preparedness Program, Aiken County, S. Car., May 2001. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/ABTEPPfin.pdf. Post Exercise Report CFARS Fallex 2003. The Office of Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emer- gency Preparedness, Government Emergency Operations Coordination Centre, Ottawa, Canada, Downloaded 2003. http://www3.sympatico.ca/gunslinger/fall2003exercise_post.htm. Response 98. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C., 1998. http://www.fema. gov/library/indexresp98.shtm. Vann, A. et al. Emergency Management: Hurricane Freddy Exercise After-Action Review. Office of the Inspector General, South Florida Water Management District, West Palm Beach, Fla., August 2000. http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/ing/freddy.pdf. Vigilant Lion (VL-99) After Action Report. Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency, Harrisburg, Penn., 2000. http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/vigilantlion.pdf. Waltham Local Emergency Planning Committee Table Top Exercise. Waltham Local Emergency Plan- ning Committee, Waltham, Mass., 1998. http://www.city.waltham.ma.us/lepcweb/Meeting/tabletop10-98/ 1098tabletopsum.htm. Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 82

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 83 APPENDIX D—TRAINING AND EXERCISE RESOURCES Directorate for Preparedness Main Homepage http://www.dhs.gov/dhspublic/interapp/editorial/editorial_0794.xml Course Catalog http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/odp/docs/coursecatalog.pdf G&T-Sponsored WMD Courses Awareness-Level Courses ▪ Emergency Response to Terrorism: Basic Concepts ▪ Emergency Response to Terrorism: Basic Concepts (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ Emergency Response to Terrorism: Basic Concepts (Self-Study) ▪ Managing Civil Actions in Threat Incidents (MCATI): Basic Course (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ Terrorism Awareness for Emergency Responders (Internet) ▪ Emergency Medical Services (EMS): Basic Concepts for WMD Incidents (Internet) ▪ Public Works: Basic Concepts for WMD Incidents (Internet) ▪ Law Enforcement Response to Weapons of Mass Destruction—Awareness ▪ Law Enforcement Response to Weapons of Mass Destruction—Awareness (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ Incident Response to Terrorist Bombings—WMD Radiological/Nuclear Awareness ▪ WMD Radiological/Nuclear Awareness (Train–the–Trainer) Performance-Level Courses ▪ Weapons of Mass Destruction Crime Scene Management for Emergency Responders ▪ Weapons of Mass Destruction HazMat Evidence Collection ▪ Managing Civil Actions in Threat Incidents (MCATI): Protester Devices ▪ Public Works: Planning for and Responding to a Terrorism/WMD Incident ▪ Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Operations and Planning for Weapons of Mass Destruction ▪ Emergency Response to Domestic Biological Incidents—Operations Weapons of Mass Destruc- tion Tactical Operations Course—Technician Level ▪ Public Safety Response—Sampling Techniques and Guidelines

▪ Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO)—Operations Level ▪ Law Enforcement Response to Weapons of Mass Destruction—Operations Level (Train– the–Trainer) ▪ Advanced Chemical and Biological Integrated Response Course (ACBIRC)—Technician Level ▪ Incident Response to Terrorist Bombings—Operations (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ Radiological/Nuclear Responder Operations Course ▪ WMD Radiological/Nuclear Course for HazMat Technicians ▪ WMD Exercise Development Course Mobile Training Team ▪ Emergency Response to Terrorism: Operations Course ▪ Emergency Response to Terrorism: Operations Course (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ WMD Technical Emergency Response Training Course (Live Agent) ▪ WMD Hazardous Materials Technician Training Course (Live Agent) ▪ WMD Hazardous Materials Technician Sustainment Planning- and Management-Level Courses ▪ Mayoral Institute for WMD/Terrorism Incident ▪ Senior Officials Workshop for WMD/Terrorism Incident ▪ Incident Management/Unified Command for WMD/Terrorism Incidents ▪ WMD Incident Command Training (Live Agent) ▪ Managing Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Executive-Level Program ▪ Managing Civil Actions in Threat Incidents (MCATI): Command Course ▪ Weapons of Mass Destruction: Threat and Risk Assessment (Local Jurisdiction) ▪ WMD Hands-On Training (HOT) (Live Agent) ▪ Hospital Emergency Management: Concepts and Implications of WMD Terrorist Incidents ▪ Master of Arts Degree in Homeland Security Other G&T-Recognized, Federal-Agency-Sponsored WMD Courses Awareness-Level Courses http://www.cdc.gov/train.htm: ▪ Live streaming video courses sponsored by the CDC concerning bioterrorism Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 84

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises ▪ Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Network—National Public Health Training Network (PHTN) http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb: ▪ CSEPP Chemical Awareness ▪ IEMC/Consequences of Terrorism ▪ Orientation of Hazardous Materials for Medical Personnel (Self-Study) ▪ Radiological Emergency Management (Self-Study) ▪ Radiological Emergency Response (Self-Study) ▪ Refresher Course for Radiological Response (Self-Study) Performance-Level Courses http://www.cdc.gov/train.htm: ▪ Laboratory Training for Public Health and Clinical Laboratories http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb: ▪ Advanced Radiological Incident Operations (ARIO) ▪ Fundamentals Course for Radiological Response ▪ Hospital Emergency Department Management of Hazardous Materials Accidents ▪ Radiological Emergency Response Operations (RERO) ▪ Radiological Series (Train–the–Trainer) ▪ ACT FAST (Agent Characterization and Toxicity First Aid and Special Treatment) http://www.orau.gov/reacts/courses.htm: ▪ Handling of Radiological Accidents by Emergency Personnel http://web.em.doe.gov/otem/training_draft.html: ▪ Modular Emergency Response Radiation Transportation Training Blocks http://www.hammertraining.com/coursecatalog.cfm: ▪ RADWORKER1 http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fire-service/nfa.cfm: ▪ Hazardous Devices School—EOD/Bomb Technicians ▪ ERT: Advanced Tactical Management: Mass Decontamination/Patient Management 85

Planning- and Management-Level Courses http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb: ▪ Exercise Design – WMD: Biological—Anthrax Scenario – WMD: Chemical—Sarin Scenario – WMD: Chemical—VX Scenario – WMD: Nuclear Scenario – WMD: Radiological Scenario ▪ Exercise Evaluation ▪ Senior Officials Workshop on Terrorism ▪ Emergency Response to Criminal and Terrorist Incidents ▪ IEMC/All Hazards: Preparedness and Response ▪ IEMC/All Hazards: Recovery and Mitigation ▪ Recovery from Disaster ▪ Radiological Emergency Preparedness (REP) Planning ▪ Terrorism and Emergency Management (Higher Education) http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fire-service/nfa.cfm: ▪ ERT: Advanced Tactical Management of WMD (Consists of Unified Command, Mass Patient Management, and Tactical Information Management) ▪ ERT: Incident Management ▪ ERT: Strategic Considerations for Command Officers ▪ Incident Command Systems (Self-Study) WMD-Related Federal Agencies: Department of Energy http://www.em.doe.gov/ DOE Environment, Safety and Health Technical Information Services http://www.eh.doe.gov/ Department of Health and Human Services http://www.hhs.gov/ Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 86

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises Training: http://www.hhs.gov/TrainingOpportunities.shtml ATSDR: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/train.htm Public: Health Emergency Preparedness and Response: http://www.bt.cdc.gov MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr NHIC: National Health Information Center: http://www.health.gov/nhic/ U.S. Department of Homeland Security http://www.dhs.gov U.S. Department of Transportation http://www.dot.gov Office of Hazardous Materials Safety http://HazMat.dot.gov Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov Federal Emergency Management Agency http://www.fema.gov Education and Training Resources: http://www.fema.gov/tab_education.shtm EMI: Emergency Management Institute: http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb USFA: U.S. Fire Administration: http://www.usfa.fema.gov/fire-service/nfa.cfm Nuclear Regulatory Commission http://www.nrc.gov FEMA’s Directory of State Offices and Agencies of Emergency Management http://www.fema.gov/fema/statedr.shtm U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense http://ccc.apgea.army.mil Textbooks and Handbooks on Chemical Weapons Casualty Care http://ccc.apgea.army.mil/products/handbooks/books.htm 87

Includes the following (you must login in order to download): ▪ Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare ▪ Field Management of Chemical Casualties ▪ Medical Management of Chemical Casualties ▪ Medical Management of Biological Casualties ▪ Medical Management of Radiological Casualties ▪ NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations ▪ The Medical NBC Battle Book ▪ Treatment of Biological Warfare Agent Casualties—Field Manual U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases http://www.usamriid.army.mil Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook http://www.nbc-med.org/SiteContent/HomePage/WhatsNew/MedManual/Feb01/ handbook.htm U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command http://www.ecbc.army.mil/index.htm This is a very useful site for guidance on equipment purchase (detectors, monitors, boots, gloves, suits, respirators, etc). It also has the Military Improved Response Program reference guides. These guides pertain to overall and specific functional areas of response to a WMD incident such as: ▪ Chemical protective clothing ▪ Criminal and epidemiological investigations ▪ Decontamination, including guidance for cold weather decontamination ▪ Incident/unified command issues, including decision tree matrices for biological and chemical terrorism events ▪ Mass casualty management ▪ Mass fatality management ▪ Mass prophylaxis ▪ Personal protective measures Additional WMD Agent References Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page http://cns.miis.edu/research/cbw/index.htm Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises 88

Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises CBIAC (Chemical and Biological Defense Information Analysis Center) http://www.cbiac.apgea.army.mil Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute http://www.mipt.org/Source.asp?id=92 Medical NBC Online Information Server http://www.nbc-med.org/ie40/Default.html 89

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 525: Surface Transportation Security and TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 86: Public Transportation Security series publications have jointly published Guidelines for Transportation Emergency Training Exercises. The report is Volume 9 in each series. The report is designed to assist transportation agencies in developing drills and exercises in alignment with the National Incident Management System. The report describes the process of emergency exercise development, implementation, and evaluation. In addition, the available literature and materials to support transportation agencies such as state departments of transportation, traffic management centers, and public transportation systems are described.

NCHRP Report 525: Surface Transportation Security is a series in which relevant information is assembled into single, concise volumes—each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. The volumes focus on the concerns that transportation agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed.

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