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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13934.
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Page 57
Page 58
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13934.
×
Page 58
Page 59
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13934.
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Page 59

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57 1. Showing Their Age: The Nation’s Bridges at 40. 2002, The Road Infor- mation Program (TRIP). 2. Koch, G. H., Brongers, M. P. H., Thompson, N. G.,Virmani,Y.P., and Payer, J.H., Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States. March 2002, Federal Highway Administration report FHWA- RD-01-156: McLean, VA. 3. American Society of Civil Engineers, Report Card for America’s Infrastructure. 2001. 4. CS TR 54 — Diagnosis of Deterioration in Concrete Structures. 2000, The Concrete Society: Berkshire, UK. 5. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N. J.,“Detecting Delaminations in Con- crete Slabs with and without Overlays Using the Impact-Echo Method,” ACI Materials Journal. 1989, Vol. 86, No. 2. 6. Sansalone, M., and Carino, N. J., Impact Echo: A Method for Flaw Detection in Concrete Using Transient Stress Waves. 1986, National Bureau of Standards. 7. Naik, T. R., and Malhotra, V. M., Handbook on Nondestructive Test- ing of Concrete. Chapter 7—The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method. 1991, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 169-188. 8. Clemena, G. G., and McKeel, W. T., Jr.,“Detection of Delamination in Bridge Decks with Infrared Thermography,” Transportation Research Record 664: Bridge Engineering, Vol. 1. 1978, Transporta- tion Research Board: Washington, DC. 9. Manning, D. G., and Holt, F. B., “Detecting Delamination in Con- crete Bridge Decks,” Concrete International. Nov. 1980. 10. Poulain, D. E., Alexander, D. R., and Krause, J. K., “Evaluation of Rebar Corrosion in Concrete by Active Thermal Sensing,” Trans- portation Research Circular 498: Presentations from the 8th Interna- tional Bridge Management Conference, Vol. 1. 1999, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/circulars/circ498/circular498.pdf. 11. Bungey, J. H., and Millard, S. G. “Radar Inspection of Structures,” Proceedings of the Institute of Civil Engineers—Structures and Build- ings. 1993. 12. Bungey, J. H., Millard, S. G., Shaw, M. R., and Thomas, C. “Opera- tional Aspects of Radar Investigation,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual British Conference on NDT. 1991, Coventry, UK. 13. Sohanghpurwala, A. A., NCHRP Web-Only Document 88: Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstruc- ture Elements. 2006, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=6150. 14. Broomfield, J. P., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete—Understanding, Investigation, and Repair. 1997, E & FN Spon. 15. Tuutti, K., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. 1982, CBI Forskning Research. 16. Meijers, S. J. H., Computational Modeling of Chloride Ingress in Con- crete. 2003, Delft University. 17. Kranc, S. C., Sagues, A. A., and Presuel-Moreno, F. J., “Decreased Corrosion Initiation Time of Steel in Concrete Due to Reinforcing Bar Obstruction of Diffusional Flow,” ACI Materials Journal. 2002. 18. Vassie, P. R., The Chloride Concentration and Resistivity of Eight Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks after 50 Years Service. 1987, Trans- port and Road Research Laboratory: Crowethorne, UK. 19. Bentz, E. C., “Probabilistic Modeling of Service Life for Structures Subjected to Chlorides,” ACI Materials Journal. 2003. 20. ACI Committee 222, “Corrosion of Metals in Concrete,” Journal Proceedings. 2001, Vol. 82, No. 1. 21. Rodriguez, J., Ortega, L. M., Casal, J., and Diez, J. M. “Corrosion of Reinforcement and Service Life of Concrete Structures,” 7th Inter- national Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Com- ponents. 1996, Stockholm. 22. Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, 4th ed. 1995, Harlow, UK. 23. Liu, Y., Modeling the Time-to-Corrosion Cracking of the Cover Con- crete in Chloride Contaminated Reinforced Concrete Structures. 1996, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 24. Andrade, C., and Gonzalez, J. A.,“Effect of Carbonation, Chlorides and Relative Ambient Humidity on the Corrosion of Galvanized Rebars Embedded in Concrete,” British Corrosion Journal. 1982, Vol. 17. 25. Bazant, Z. P., “Physical Model for Steel Corrosion in Concrete Sea Structures—Theory and Application,” Journal of the Structural Division, 1979. 105, 2, Nr. ST6, S. 26. Sagues, A. A., Kranc, S. C., and Washington, B. G.,“Computer Mod- eling of Corrosion and Corrosion Protection of Steel in Concrete,” Concrete 2000. 1993. 27. Noeggerath, J., Zur Makroelementkorrosion von Stahl in Beton: Potential und Stromverteilung in Abhangigkeit vershiedener Einflub- groben. 1990, Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule, Diss. 28. Naish, C. C., Harker, A., and Carney, R. F. A.,“Concrete Inspection: Interpretation of Potential and Resistivity Measurements,” Corro- sion of Reinforcement in Concrete, International Symposium. 1990, Wishaw, Warwickshire, UK. 29. Raupach, M., and Gulikers, J., “Determination of Corrosion Rates Based on Macrocell and Microcell Models—General Principles and Influencing Parameters,” EUROCORR 98—Event No. 221. 1998, Utrecht, The Netherlands. References

30. Boddy, A., Bentz, E., Thomas, M. D. A., and Hooton, R. D., “An Overview and Sensitivity Study of a Multi-Mechanistic Chloride Transport Model,”Cement and Concrete Research. 1999,Vol. 29, No. 6: pp. 827-837. 31. Sagues, A. A., Scannell, W. T., Soh, F. W., and Sohanghpurwala, A.A., Assessment of Rehabilitation Alternatives for Bridge Substructure Components. 1998, Florida DOT. 32. Sohanghpurwala, A. A., and Diefenderfer, B., Project Development and Environmental Study SR64 from SR789 to East of Anna Maria Bridge. 2002, Florida DOT. 33. Bamforth, P. B., “The Derivation of Input Data from Modeling Chloride Ingress from Eight Year UK Coastal Exposure Trials,” Magazine of Concrete Research. 1999, Vol. 51, No. 2. 34. Broomfield, J. P. C., Trend 2000, BRE and Risk Review Ltd., Evalu- ation of Life Performance and Modeling. 2001, Building Research Establishment: Garston, UK. 35. Sohanghpurwala, A. A., Scannell, W. T., and Hartt, W. H., NCHRP Web-Only Document 50: Repair and Rehabilitation of Bridge Com- ponents Containing Epoxy-Coated Reinforcement. 2002, Trans- portation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://trb.org/news/ blurb_detail.asp?id=880. 36. Weyers,R.E.,Prowell,B.D.,Sprinkel,M.M.,and Vorster,M., Concrete Bridge Protection, Repair, and Rehabilitation Relative to Reinforcement Corrosion: A Methods Application Manual. 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S-360, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ shrp/SHRP-S-360.pdf. 37. Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Partial-Depth Spall Repair, 1999. Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-RD-99-177: McLean, VA. 38. Vorster, M. C., Merrigan, J. P., Lewis, R. W., and Weyers, R. E., Tech- niques for Concrete Removal and Bar Cleaning on Bridge Rehabilita- tion Projects. 1992, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S-336, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-S-336.pdf. 39. “Standard Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel Surfaces,” ASTM D 2200-95. 2001, ASTM International: Philadelphia, PA. 40. “Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Abrasive Blast Cleaning,” SSPC—Vis1-02. 2002, Society for Protec- tive Coatings. 41. “Near-White Blast Cleaning,”SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2. 2000, Society for Protective Coatings. 42. Munger, C. G.,“Abstract—Surfaces, Adhesion, Coatings,”The Inter- national Corrosion Forum. 1983, Anaheim, CA. 43. “Fundamentals Related to Epoxy Coated Reinforcing Steel,” Report to the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute. 1989, Bell Evaluation Lab- oratory. 44. McCurrich, L. H., Cheriton, L. W., and Little, D. R.,“Repair Systems for Preventing Further Corrosion in Damaged Reinforced Con- crete,” Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Deteriora- tion and Repair of Reinforced Concrete in the Arabian Gulf. 1985, Bahrain. 45. Pinelle, D., Investigation on the Effects of Discontinuities in Protective Rebar Coatings. 1993, Conproco Coatings: Hooksett, NH. 46. Treadaway, K. W. J., and Russel, A. D., Highways and Public Works. 1968. 47. Craig, R. J., and Wood, L. E., “Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors and Their Influence on the Physical Properties of Portland Cement,” Highway Research Record 328: Concrete Durability, Cement Paste, Aggregates, and Sealing Compounds. 1970. 48. Griffin, D. F., Corrosion of Metals in Concrete. 1975, American Con- crete Institute: Detroit, MI. 49. Lundquist, J. T., Rosenburg, A. M., and Gaidis, J. M., “Calcium Nitrite as an Inhibitor of Rebar Corrosion in Chloride Containing Concrete,” Materials Performance. 1979, Vol. 18, No. 11. 50. Rosenburg, A. M., and Gaidis, J. M.,“A Concrete Admixture to Con- trol Corrosion in Concrete,” Materials Performance. 1979, National Association of Corrosion Engineers. 51. “Corrosion Protection Tests on 3M Scotch Kote 911 Concrete Cor- rosion Inhibitor,”WJE Report No. 840058. 1986,Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. 52. Dillard, J. G., Glanville, J. O., Collins, W. D., Weyers, R. E., and Al- Qadi, I. L., Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physical Techniques, Feasibility Studies of New Rehabilitation Techniques. 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S-665, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-C-665.pdf. 53. Al-Qadi, I. L., Prowell, B. D., Weyers, R. E., Dutta, T., and Gouro, H., Concrete Bridge Protection and Rehabilitation: Chemical and Physi- cal Techniques, Corrosion Inhibitors and Polymers. 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S-666, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/ onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-C-666.pdf. 54. Gaidis, J. M., and Rosenburg, A. M., “The Inhibition of Chloride- Induced Corrosion in Reinforced Concrete by Calcium Nitrite,” Cement, Concrete, and Aggregate. 1987. 55. Hime,W.,and Erlin,B.,“Some Chemical and Physical Aspects of Phe- nomena Associated with Chloride-Induced Corrosion,” Corrosion, Concrete, and Chlorides—Steel Corrosion in Concrete: Causes and Restraints, SP-102. 1987, American Concrete Institute: Detroit, MI. 56. Nmai, C. K., Farrington, S., and Bobrowski, G., “Organic Based Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture for Reinforced Concrete,” Con- crete International. 1992. 57. Nmai, C. K.,“Inhibiting Corrosion Organically,” The Concrete Spec- ifier. 1991. 58. Nmai, C. K. “Organic Based Corrosion Inhibiting Admixture for Reinforced Concrete Structures in Warm Climates,” paper pre- sented at the ACI/NACE Symposium—Corrosion Control and Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures. 1992, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 59. Sohanghpurwala, A. “Long-Term Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors Used in Repair of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Compo- nents,” Paper Number 03286, Corrosion 2003. 2003. 60. Glasser, L. S. D., and Katoaka, N.,“The Chemistry of Alkali-Aggregate Reactions,”Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Alkali- Aggregate Reactions in Concrete S252/23. 1981, Pretoria, South Africa: NBRI of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 61. Sohanghpurwala, A. A., Scannell, W. T., and Jackson, D. R., “Effec- tiveness of a Cementitious Overlay in Extending the Service Life of a Corrosion Damaged Bridge Deck,” National Association of Corrosion Engineers Annual Conference, Corrosion/96. 1996, Denver, Colorado. 62. 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Corrosion. Vol. 4: Deck Membrane Effectiveness and a Method for Evaluating Membrane Integrity. 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S/FR-92-106, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/ shrp/SHRP-S-326.pdf. 65. Stratfull, R. F., “Experimental Cathodic Protection of a Bridge Deck,” Transportation Research Record 500: Corrosion and Corro- sion Protection. 1974, Transportation Research Board: Washing- ton, DC. 66. Barnhart, R. A., “FHWA Position on Cathodic Protection,” Memo- randum. 1982, Federal Highway Administration: Washington, DC. 67. “Guide Specification for Cathodic Protection of Concrete Bridge Decks,”AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA Task Force #29, HTA-22/7-93(50)E. 1993, Federal Highway Administration report FHWA-SA-93-067: Washington, DC. 68. Sohanghpurwala, A. A.,“Long-Term Effectiveness of Galvanic Cur- rent Cathodic Protection on Reinforced Concrete Highway Struc- tures,” CORROSION 2004. 2004, Paper Number 04341, NACE International. 69. Sohanghpurwala, A. A., “Long-Term Effectiveness of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection on Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures,”CORROSION 2004. 2004, Paper Number 04347, NACE International. 70. Scannell, W. T., and Sohanghpurwala, A. A., “Cathodic Protection as a Corrosion Control Alternative,” Concrete Repair Bulletin. 1993. 71. Kessler, R. J., and Powers, R. G., “Zinc Metalizing for Galvanic Cathodic Protection of Steel Reinforced Concrete in Marine Envi- ronments,”NACE CORROSION/90. 1990, NACE International. Las Vegas, NV: Paper No. 324. 72. Kessler, R. J., Powers, R. G., and Lasa, I. R., “Update on Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection of Steel Reinforced Concrete Struc- tures in Seawater,” NACE CORROSION/95. 1995, NACE Interna- tional. Orlando, FL: Paper No. 95516. 73. Morrison, G. L., Virmani, Y. P., Stratton, F.W., and Gilliland, W.J., “Chloride Removal and Monomer Impregnation of Bridge Deck Concrete by Electro-Osmosis,” Report No. FHWA-KS-RD 74-1. 1976, Kansas Department of Transportation. 74. Bennett, J. E., Fong, K. F., and Schue, T. J., Electrochemical Chloride Removal and Protection of Concrete Bridge Components, Vol. II: Field Trials. 1993, Strategic Highway Research Program report SHRP-S- 669, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. http:// onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/shrp/SHRP-S-669.pdf. 75. Clemena, C. G., and Jackson, D. R., “Pilot Applications of Electro- chemical Chloride Extraction on Concrete Bridge Decks in Vir- ginia,” VTRC 96-IR3. 1996, Virginia Transportation Research Council: Charlottesville, VA. 76. Broomfield, J. P., and Buenfeld, N. R., “Effect of Electrochemical Chloride Extraction on Concrete Properties: Investigation of Field Concrete,” Transportation Research Record 1597: Maintenance of Highway Pavements and Structures. 1997, Transportation Research Board: Washington, DC. 77. Tritthart, J., “Electrochemical Chloride Removal—How Does It Work?”International Conference on Repair of Concrete Structures: From Theory to Practice in a Marine Environment. 1997, Svolaer, Norway. 78. Sohanghpurwala, A. A.,“Long-Term Effectiveness of Electrochem- ical Chloride Extraction on Laboratory Specimens and Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components,” Corrosion 2003. 2003, Paper Num- ber 03293, NACE International. 59

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TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 558: Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements examines step-by-step procedures for assessing the condition of corrosion-damaged bridge elements. It also explores procedures that can be used to estimate the expected remaining life of reinforced concrete bridge superstructure elements and to determine the effects of maintenance and repair options on their service life. NCHRP Web-Only Document 88 contains the data used in the development and validation of the service life model described in NCHRP Report 558. Also, the computational software (Excel spreadsheet) for the service life estimation process is available.

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