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In a broad sense, operations for hire, such as airline, freight represented 5% of total U.S. intercity freight revenue,
cargo, and air taxi, are classified as commercial aviation, but less than 0.05% of national freight tons and ton-miles.
while private operations for business, corporate, pleasure, Freight transport provides a significant revenue source for all
and public use are classified as general aviation (GA). The major airlines, and several large airlines exclusively provide
final sector (not to be treated here) is domestic military avi- freight service.
ation operations.
3.4.4 Financing and Ownership
3.4.2 System Size
The air transportation system can be thought of as consist-
The air carrier industry includes 87 different airline com- ing of three segments: the airports; the communications, nav-
panies, of which 15 are considered major. Cargo carriage is igation, and ATC system; and the aircraft. Ownership and
an important revenue source for the air carriers and is the sole operation of each segment is distinct. The airports typically
means of support for many relatively unknown freight opera- are owned and operated by municipalities or counties or by
tors as well as the well-known express companies, each of state-chartered authorities. The communications, navigation,
which operates major `airlines' themselves. The next largest and ATC system facilities are owned almost exclusively (with
sectors (in terms of dollars expended) are the business use and exceptions, such as the Contract Tower Program) by the fed-
corporate transport categories. The business use sector in- eral government. The noteworthy exception is the ARINC
cludes the agricultural aircraft sector (dusting and spraying), (Aeronautical Radio Inc.) communications network, which is
which is small economically, but very important from a threat owned by the airlines. The government is also responsible for
viewpoint. The corporate transport category involves many promulgating regulations and certifying pilots. Commercial
minor and major corporate fleets operated for employee trans- operators and private owners own the aircraft.
port. The air taxi industry (transport on demand) is large and
diverse. The pleasure flying sector is economically important 3.4.5 General Organization
and encompasses more than 160,000 aircraft of many vari-
eties, a large pilot population, and relative ease of entry, all of Besides aircraft and the people who operate and maintain
which present a vast opportunity for mischief. Table 3-24 them, other entities compose the air transportation system:
quantifies the relative magnitudes of these several sectors.
· Airports--Airports include major, intermediate, and
3.4.3 System Use minor hub airports; the non-hub commercial airports;
public-use GA airports and heliports; private airports and
The U.S. aviation industry transports both people and heliports; and military airports. The GA airports can be
freight. In 2002, 595 million passengers enplaned, repre- roughly divided into a group primarily serving business
senting 32.77 billion revenue passenger-miles. In 2001, air and corporate operators and a group primarily serving
TABLE 3-24 Size and Economic Characterization of the Aviation Industry
Passenger Fuel
Number of Employees/ Vehicle Passengers/
Sector Miles/Ton Economics Consumption
Aircraft Operators Miles Tons
Miles (annual) (annual)
Air Carrier 8,055 642,797 5,664M 595M 516,129M $104.4B 14,845M
employees passengers passenger gallons
miles (jet)
Air Cargo 20M tons 58,400M ton- $ 8.2B
miles
Air Taxi 4,019 22,000 pilots
General 217,533 637,000 jobs >3,877M 180M >13,500M $ 17.5B 337M
Aviation (direct and passengers passenger (direct) gallons
(total) indirect) miles $102B (jet)
600,000 (direct and 998M
pilots indirect) gallons
(gas)
Corporate 11,033
Business 25,169
Agriculture 4,294
Pleasure 163,000
Other 14,037
(incl. air
taxi)
(Source: USDOT National Transportation Statistics, 2002, and "Report of the Aviation Security Advisory Committee Working Group on
General Aviation Airports Security", National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Oct 1, 2003.)
