National Academies Press: OpenBook

Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details (2006)

Chapter: Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Turn Lanes at intersections." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2006. Pavement Markings--Design and Typical Layout Details. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/13947.
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77 ALABAMA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 30 ft from the stop line, and the top of an optional ONLY word mark- ing is separated from the bottom of the turn arrow by 32 ft. The bottom of an ONLY word marking (or the bottom of a turn arrow if the ONLY word marking is not used) is placed at the beginning of the solid 6-in. or 8-in.-wide lane line that separates the turn lane from the adjacent through lane. Addi- tional turn arrows and ONLY word markings are placed in longer turn lanes with a minimum spacing of 100 ft and a maximum spacing of 200 ft between the tops and bottoms of subsequent turn arrows and/or ONLY word markings. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. ALASKA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 4 ft from the stop line, and the tops of the letters of an ONLY word marking are separated from the bottom of the turn arrow by 4 ft. The bottom of an ONLY word marking is lined up with the beginning of the solid 8-in.-wide lane line that starts at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. The bottom of a turn arrow is placed a distance D from the top of the ONLY word marking, with the distance D varied from 35 to 80 ft based on speed. ONLY word markings are used in all mandatory turn lanes. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. ARIZONA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 20 ft from the stop line. The bottom of a turn arrow is lined up with the beginning of the solid 12-in.-wide lane line at the beginning of the turn lane. An ONLY word marking is used in all mandatory turn lanes and is installed midway between the two turn arrows. The turn arrow at the beginning of the mandatory turn lane is always required, but the turn arrow nearest to the stop line may be omitted when the length of the turn lane is 150 ft or less. Additional turn arrows and ONLY word markings may be used as long as the spacing between turn arrows and ONLY word markings is at least 32 ft. If the turn lane is longer than 500 ft, the spacing between turn arrows and ONLY word markings must be 80 ft or less. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. ARKANSAS Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used in manda- tory turn lanes, but the spacing distances are not specified. A solid 4-in.-wide lane line is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane. A 12-in.-wide stop line is used at the end of major street left-turn lanes even if no signals or STOP signs are controlling the approach. An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used to separate a lane that is dropped as a turn lane from the adjacent through lane. CALIFORNIA A turn arrow shall be placed in the turn lane near the point of entrance. Two or more arrows may be placed in long turn lanes. A solid 8-in.-wide lane line shall be used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is typically used, but high approach speeds may justify the use of an elongated 24-ft-long turn arrow. An 8-in.-wide solid line preceded by an 8-in.-wide dotted line may be placed in advance of an intersection where the outside lane is dropped as a mandatory turn lane. The dotted line starts where a special RIGHT LANE TURNS RIGHT AHEAD yellow diamond-shaped warning sign is placed at a distance D from the beginning of the 8-in. solid line. (The distance D is the advance placement distance in feet for warning signs per the MUTCD.) COLORADO Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are not shown in mandatory turn lanes. A solid 8-in.-wide lane line is used to separate a mandatory turn lane from the adjacent through lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. APPENDIX D Turn Lanes at Intersections

78 CONNECTICUT An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. DELAWARE A left-turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow lines up with the start of the solid 4-in.-wide lane line separat- ing the left-turn lane from the adjacent through lane. The length of the solid 4-in.-wide lane line is two-thirds of the length of the full-width turn lane. Right-turn arrows are optional in right- turn lanes. FLORIDA The tip of the arrowhead for the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 25 ft from the stop line. If more than one turn arrow is used, the bottom of a turn arrow is placed 15 ft beyond the beginning of the solid 6-in.-wide lane line at the beginning of the turn lane. If more than two turn arrows are used, they are spaced evenly between the first and last turn arrows. ONLY word markings are used in all lanes where a through lane becomes a mandatory turn lane and are installed such that the bottom of the letters is 15 ft from the bottom of each turn arrow. ONLY word markings are also used in conjunction with lane use arrows where a movement that would other- wise be legal is to be prohibited. Pavement arrows should not be routinely applied in through lanes at intersections, except for those with overhead lane-use control signs. For turn lanes where the length of the solid lane line is less than 100 ft, only one turn arrow is used. Two turn arrows are used for turn lanes where the length of the solid lane line is 100 to 150 ft. Three turn arrows are used for turn lanes where the length of the solid lane line is 150 to 200 ft. For turn lanes where the length of the solid lane line is more than 200 ft, an additional turn arrow is added for each addi- tional 100 ft. The solid 6-in.-wide lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts a distance beyond the begin- ning of a short 50-ft taper. The distance is based on the design speed and varies from 70 to 170 ft for 35 to 65 mph. An 8-in. solid lane line is used to separate a lane that is dropped as a turn lane from the adjacent through lane. Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used in all lanes where a through lane becomes a mandatory turn lane and are installed such that the bottom of the letters is 15 ft from the bottom of each turn arrow. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. GEORGIA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 25 ft from the stop line regardless of whether ONLY word markings are used. If the turn lane is formed as a new lane at the intersection, ONLY word markings are not used. In this case, additional arrows are placed at 100-ft intervals (measured from the top of one arrow to the top of the next arrow). Because all turn lanes are required to have at least two turn arrows, a shorter spacing may be used for the second arrow in a short turn lane. If the turn lane is formed by dropping a through lane, ONLY word markings are required in addition to the turn arrows. The top of each ONLY word marking is separated from the top of the previous turn arrow by 100 ft and from the top of the next turn arrow by 50 ft. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. HAWAII An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. An elongated 12-ft-long turn arrow is also available. IDAHO The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 25 ft from the stop line. The bottom of a turn arrow is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane. An ONLY word marking may be used in mandatory turn lanes and is installed midway between the two turn arrows. If the turn lane is formed by dropping a through lane, the ONLY word marking is recommended. The solid 8-in.-wide lane line sep- arating the left-turn lane from the adjacent through lane be- gins 10 ft after the top of the turn arrow that is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane. The centerline extends beyond the stop line and terminates at the nearest crosswalk line. The last 30 ft of the centerline (including the portion beyond the stop line) is a solid yellow median that is 2 to 4 ft wide. (If space is limited, the solid yel- low median can be as narrow as 8 in. in width.) The double yellow centerline separates into a pair of double yellow cen- terlines that taper away from each other to connect to the edges of the solid yellow median. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. ILLINOIS Spacing of turn arrows and ONLY word markings (measured as the blank space between the bottom of one arrow or mes-

79 sage to the top of the next arrow or message) is 20 ft in urban areas and 50 ft in rural areas. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used in rural areas and a shorter 6-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the shape of the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used in urban areas. INDIANA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 20 ft from the stop line. An ONLY word marking is placed upstream of the turn arrow such that the distance from the bottom of the turn arrow to the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking is four times the character height for low-speed roadways and ten times the character height for high-speed roadways. Addi- tional turn arrows may be placed further upstream in the lane. A solid 4-in.-wide lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. IOWA The tip of the arrowhead for the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 25 ft from the stop line. If more than one turn arrow is used, the tips of the arrowheads for subsequent turn arrows are placed 75 ft from each other. If ONLY word markings are used, they are centered in the 75-ft distance between the sub- sequent arrows. In situations where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes, turn arrows and ONLY word markings shall be used. Where a separate turn lane (left or right) is provided, lane- use arrows and ONLY word markings are not required. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. KANSAS The tip of the arrowhead for the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is at least 25 ft from the stop line. Spacing of turn arrows and ONLY word markings (measured as the blank space be- tween the bottom of one arrow or message to the top of the next arrow or message) shall be no more than ten times the character height and no less than four times the character height. The turn arrow nearest to the upstream end of the 6-in.-wide solid lane line is positioned such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the start of the lane line. For lane drops, a 6-in.-wide solid lane line starts 561 ft upstream from the stop line, and turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used. The tip of the arrowhead for the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is at least 25 ft from the stop line. Spacing of alternating turn arrows and ONLY word markings (measured as the blank space between the bottom of one arrow or message to the top of the next arrow or mes- sage) is 80 ft. The turn arrow nearest to the upstream end of the lane line is positioned such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the start of the lane line. KENTUCKY Turn arrows shall be used in mandatory turn lanes at signal- ized intersections. In situations where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes, turn arrows and ONLY word markings shall be used. Spacing of turn arrows and ONLY word markings shall be no more than 80 ft and no less than 32 ft (measured as the blank space between the bottom of one arrow or message to the top of the next arrow or message), including the spacing between the first turn arrow and the stop line. The spacing should be selected to minimize the number of turn arrows and ONLY word markings in the turn lane. LOUISIANA The only turn lane illustrated in the standards is for an un- signalized approach. The bottom of the turn arrow nearest to the intersection is no more than 50 ft from the point of curvature for the edge of the turn lane. The bottom of an ONLY word marking is separated from the bottom of the turn arrow by 25 ft. The solid 8-in.-wide lane line that separates the turn lane from the adjacent through lane begins at the halfway point between the beginning of the full-width turn lane and the point of cur- vature for the edge of the turn lane at the intersection. Additional turn arrows and ONLY word markings may be placed in long turn lanes. Additional turn arrows shall be at least 125 ft from subsequent arrows, and the bottoms of addi- tional ONLY word markings are separated from the bottom of their respective turn arrows by 25 ft. MAINE The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 20 ft (shown as 6 m) from the far side of the stop line. If ONLY messages are not used, subsequent turn arrows are spaced such that the distance between the turn arrows (measured from the bottom of one arrow to the top of the next arrow) is 53 ft (shown as 16 m). If ONLY messages are used, the ONLY word marking is equally spaced between two turn arrows such that the bottom of the previous turn arrow and the top of the ONLY message is 33 ft (shown as 10 m) and the bottom of the ONLY message and the top of the next turn arrow is 33 ft (shown as 10 m). A solid 4-in.-wide lane line is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane.

An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. MARYLAND The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the halfway point of the full-width turn lane. A dotted line (3-ft segments with 9-ft gaps) may be used from the halfway point to the end of the full-width turn lane. In separate turn bays that are designed not to entrap through traffic, the dotted line portion of the lane line may be omit- ted, turn arrows may be used, and ONLY word markings should not be used. If turn arrows are used, the center of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line should be approximately 50 ft from the stop line. Additional turn arrows as determined by engineering analysis may be used in long turn bays. For dual turn lanes, turn arrows shall be placed in each lane at the halfway point of the full-width turn lanes. A sec- ond set of turn arrows may be placed in each lane halfway between the required arrows and the end of the full-width turn lanes (three-quarters of the distance from the stop line to the end of the full-width turn lanes). Turn arrows and ONLY word markings shall be used in all lanes where a through lane becomes a mandatory turn lane. The minimum configuration shall be an arrow-ONLY- arrow sequence, with an equal distance of 40 to 90 ft be- tween the center of the ONLY word marking and the cen- ter in each direction of the next upstream and downstream turn arrows. The center of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line should be approximately 50 ft from the stop line. Sec- tion 3B.19 of the Maryland supplement to the MUTCD has a chart that specifies (based on a variety of speeds) how to add more turn arrows and ONLY word markings to the lane being dropped such that the first turn arrow encountered ranges from 375 ft from the stop line for a prevailing (not posted) speed of 25 mph to 800 ft from the stop line for a prevailing speed of 55 mph. For lane drops, the normal broken lane line shall become a dotted line (3-ft segments with 9-ft gaps) beginning at the first turn arrow, and shall become a solid lane line at the halfway point between the first turn arrow and the stop line. MASSACHUSETTS The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 20 ft (shown as 6 m) from the stop line. If ONLY messages are used, the top of the ONLY word marking is at least 32 ft (shown as 9.8 m) from the bottom of the turn arrow. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. 80 MICHIGAN There are two methods to mark turn lanes. One method con- sists of turn arrows and ONLY word markings and the other method consists entirely of word messages. If turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used, the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed at least 25 ft from the stop line. The top of the letters of an ONLY word marking is placed a distance D from the bottom of the turn arrow. The distance D is based on the posted speed limit as follows: 32 ft for 25 mph or less, 48 ft for 30 or 35 mph, 64 ft for 40 or 45 mph, and 80 ft for 50 mph or more. For turn lanes that are 175 ft or less in length, only one turn arrow and one ONLY word marking are used. For turn lanes that are more than 175 ft in length, a second turn arrow and a second ONLY word marking are used. The second turn arrow and second ONLY word marking are positioned such that the bottom of the letters of the ONLY word marking is lined up with the start of the solid 4-in.-wide lane line that is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane, and such that the bottom of the turn arrow is placed a distance D from the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking. If the method consisting entirely of word messages is used, the top of the letters of an ONLY word marking is placed at least 25 ft from the stop line. The top of the letters of a TURN message is placed a distance D from the bottom of the letters of the ONLY word marking, and the top of the letters of a LEFT message is placed a distance D from the bottom of the letters of the TURN message. The distance D is based on the posted speed limit as follows: 32 ft for 25 mph or less, 48 ft for 30 or 35 mph, 64 ft for 40 or 45 mph, and 80 ft for 50 mph or more. A solid 4-in.-wide lane line is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane. The solid 4-in.-wide lane line starts at the point where the full width first becomes available for a left-turn lane and at least 25 ft from the point where the full width first becomes available for a right-turn lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. MINNESOTA If the length of the full-width turn lane is 200 ft or less, a sin- gle turn arrow is placed in the lane at the point that is halfway between the stop line and the end of the full-width turn lane. The lane line that is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane starts 50 ft after the turn lane becomes full width. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 200 ft, two turn arrows are placed in the lane. The top of the turn

81 arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 30 to 80 ft from the stop line. The bottom of the other turn arrow is placed 20 ft beyond the beginning of the solid lane line that is used to sep- arate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane. The lane line that is used to separate the turn lane from the adjacent through lane starts 50 ft after the turn lane becomes full width. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. MISSISSIPPI An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. MISSOURI The turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 75 ft from the stop line. Two turn arrows are used for the first 200 ft of turn lane and one additional turn arrow is placed for every additional 400 ft of turn lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. MONTANA A turn arrow and an ONLY word marking are used in manda- tory turn lanes. A second turn arrow and ONLY word mark- ing are used if the AADT exceeds 5,000 or if the length of the turn lane is more than 150 ft. The turn arrow nearest to the stop line is at least 20 ft from the stop line. The distance between turn arrows and ONLY word markings in the turn lane is not specified, but it is clear that each ONLY word marking appears just before the bottom of the turn arrow so that they function as a single message. The spacing between successive sets of turn arrows and ONLY word markings varies with the design speed, and it is suggested that a spac- ing of approximately four times the character height be used on low-speed facilities (45 mph or less) and up to ten times the character height be used on high-speed facilities (50 mph or more). The 8-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends 20 ft before the point where the full-width turn lane begins. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. NEBRASKA The 4-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. NEVADA An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. The length of this lane line is two-thirds of the length of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the solid lane line is less than 55 ft, a single turn arrow is used and it is placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 8 ft from the stop line. If the length of the solid lane line is 55 ft to 95 ft, an ONLY word marking and a turn arrow are used, with the top of the letters of the ONLY word mark- ing placed 8 ft from the stop line, and the bottom of the turn arrow lined up with the end of the lane line. (This is reverse reading with drivers encountering the turn arrow first and the ONLY word marking second.) If the length of the solid lane line is more than 95 ft, an alternating series of turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used, with the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line placed 8 ft from the stop line and with the spacing between the bottom of subsequent turn arrows or ONLY word markings being 32 to 80 ft from the top of the next turn arrow or ONLY word marking. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. NEW HAMPSHIRE Specific layouts of turn arrows and ONLY word markings are given for the following lengths of solid lane lines between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane: 100 ft, 150 ft, 200 ft, 250 ft, 300 ft, and 350 ft. For a 100-ft lane line, an ONLY word marking and a turn arrow are used, with the bottom of the letters of the ONLY word marking placed 40 ft from the stop line, and the bottom of the turn arrow lined up with the end of the lane line. (This is reverse reading with drivers encountering the turn arrow first and the ONLY word mark- ing second.) For 150-ft and 200-ft lane lines, a turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is 40 ft from the stop line, a second turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the end of the lane line, and an ONLY word marking is placed halfway between the two turn arrows. For 250-ft, 300-ft, and 350-ft lane lines, a turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is 40 ft from the stop line, a second turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the end of the lane line, a third turn arrow is placed halfway between the other two turn arrows, and two ONLY word markings are placed at the halfway points between the three turn arrows. A broken lane line is used before the solid lane line be- tween the turn lane and the adjacent through lane, even for turn lanes that are formed by a taper. The length of the bro- ken lane line and the number of additional turn arrows is based on the posted speed limit. For speed limits of 40 mph or less, one additional turn arrow is placed in the turn lane, and for speed limits of 45 mph or more, two additional turn arrows are placed in the turn lane.

An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. NEW YORK The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 21 ft (shown as 6.5 m) from the stop line. Each turn arrow is accompanied by an ONLY word marking that is placed such that the tops of the letters of the ONLY word marking are 5 ft from the bottom of the turn arrow. If the length of the full-width turn lane is less than 90 ft, only one turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided. If the length of the full- width turn lane is between 90 and 135 ft, a second turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the distance be- tween the top of the second turn arrow 25 to 65 ft (shown as 7.5 to 20 m) from the bottom of the letters of the first ONLY word marking. If the length of the full-width turn lane is be- tween 135 and 250 ft, a second turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the distance between the top of the second turn arrow 65 ft (shown as 20 m) from the bottom of the letters of the first ONLY word marking. If the length of the full-width turn lane is between 250 and 500 ft, a second turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the dis- tance between the top of the second turn arrow 65 ft (shown as 20 m) from the bottom of the letters of the first ONLY word marking, and a third turn arrow and ONLY word mark- ing is provided with the bottom of the ONLY word marking being 33 ft (shown as 10 m) from the start of the full-width turn lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. NORTH CAROLINA If the length of the full-width turn lane is less than 125 ft, a single turn arrow is placed halfway between the stop line and the end of the full-width turn lane. A 4-in. or 6-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. This lane line starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lanes. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 125 ft but less than 250 ft, two turn arrows are placed in the lane. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 50 ft from the stop line. The other turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the end of the full- width turn lane. A 4-in. or 6-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. This lane line starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lanes. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 250 ft, three turn arrows are placed in the lane. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 50 ft from the stop line. A second turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of 82 the arrow is lined up with the end of the full-width turn lane. A third turn arrow is centered between the other two. Addi- tional arrows may be used if the turn lane is long. A 4-in. or 6-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. This lane line starts at the stop line and ends 250 ft from the stop line. A 4-in. or 6-in.-wide dot- ted line (2-ft segments with 13-ft gaps) starts at the end of the lane line and ends at the beginning of the left-turn lane taper. Two sets of pavement markings (with each set comprised of two turn arrows and one ONLY word marking) are used in all lanes where a through lane becomes a mandatory turn lane. In each set, the ONLY word marking is placed halfway between the two turn arrows whose tops are placed 150 ft apart. In the first set, the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 50 ft from the stop line. In the second set, the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 350 ft from the stop line if the speed limit is 35 mph or less, 400 ft from the stop line if the speed limit is 40 to 50 mph, or 650 ft from the stop line if the speed limit is 55 mph or more. A 200-ft solid lane line that is 4-in. to 6-in.-wide is used to separate a lane that is dropped as a turn lane from the adja- cent through lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. NORTH DAKOTA An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used in turn lanes. The top of the letters of an ONLY word marking are typically placed 44 ft, but no less than 32 ft, from the bottom of the next downstream turn arrow. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. OHIO Lane use arrows should be used in all turn lanes. ONLY word markings may be used if there is a need. In urban areas, the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed at least 10 ft from the downstream edge of the stop line. A 6-ft tall ONLY word marking is placed such that the tops of the letters of the ONLY word marking are 24 to 60 ft from the bottom of the turn arrow. A second turn arrow is placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 24 to 60 ft from the bottoms of the letters of the ONLY word marking. In rural areas, the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed at least 30 ft from the downstream edge of the

83 stop line. An 8-ft tall ONLY word marking is placed such that the tops of the letters of the ONLY word marking are 32 to 80 ft from the bottom of the turn arrow. A second turn arrow is placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 32 to 80 ft from the bottoms of the letters of the ONLY word marking. An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. (Section 301-8 of Ohio’s Traffic Engineering Manual says that the spacing between turn arrows and between turn arrows and ONLY word markings should be ten times the height of the characters.) An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. An elongated 12-ft-long turn arrow is also available. OKLAHOMA Turn arrows are required in turn lanes, but ONLY word mark- ings are optional. The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the turn lane is less than 100 ft, only one turn arrow is used with the top placed 20 ft from the stop line, and an optional ONLY word marking may be provided with the top of the letters 35 ft upstream from the top of the turn arrow. If the length of the full-width turn lane is 100 to 149 ft, a second turn arrow is provided with the top of the turn arrow 35 ft upstream from the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking. If the length of the full-width turn lane is 150 to 200 ft, the top of the turn arrow that is nearest the stop line is placed 30 ft from the stop line, an optional ONLY word mark- ing may be provided with the top of the letters 55 ft upstream from the top of the turn arrow, and a second turn arrow is pro- vided with the top of the turn arrow 35 ft upstream from the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking. No informa- tion is given for turn lanes that are longer than 200 ft. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. OREGON The tip of the arrowhead for the required turn arrow in a turn lane is 10 ft downstream from the beginning of the full-width turn lane. A second turn arrow may be used and is placed such that the tip of the arrowhead is 10 ft from the stop line. If an optional ONLY word marking is used, then the second turn arrow 10 ft from the stop line is required. The top of the letters of the ONLY word marking are placed 30 ft upstream from the bottom of the turn arrow nearest the stop line. An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn bay and the adjacent through lane. Two turn arrows are required in a dropped lane, but the use of an ONLY word marking is still optional. An 8-in.-wide solid line preceded by an 8-in.-wide dotted line (3-ft segments separated by 9-ft gaps) is placed in ad- vance of an intersection where the outside lane is dropped as a mandatory turn lane. The lengths of these lines are not specified. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. An elon- gated 12-ft-long turn arrow is also available. PENNSYLVANIA Where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes, turn arrows are required and ONLY word markings are optional. For other turn lanes, both the turn arrows and ONLY word markings are optional. A 4-in. or 6-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. The length of this lane line should be two-thirds of the length of the full-width turn lane. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is at least 20 ft from the stop line. The spacing between additional turn arrows and ONLY word markings should be four times the letter or symbol height for speeds of 35 mph or less, and should be ten times the letter or symbol height for speeds of more than 35 mph. The 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is not used. An elongated 12-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown on Page 10-11 of the Standard Highway Signs Book is the only style of turn arrow that is available for use. RHODE ISLAND ONLY word markings should only be used where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes. SOUTH CAROLINA Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are typically not used in turn bays and will be placed only at locations specifically shown on construction plans. Two turn arrows each accompanied by an ONLY word marking are used when a through lane becomes a mandatory turn lane.

A broken lane line (10-ft segments with 30-ft gaps) is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. SOUTH DAKOTA The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 17 ft from the stop line. A second turn arrow is placed such that the bot- tom of the arrow is lined up with the beginning of the full- width turn lane. If additional turn arrows are needed, they are equally spaced between the two required turn arrows. The 4-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. TENNESSEE Turn arrows are typically used in mandatory turn lanes. In situations where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes, an ONLY word marking is required for each turn arrow. If the length of the turn lane is less than 150 ft, only one turn arrow is used with the top placed 50 ft from the stop line. If the length of the full-width turn lane is 150 to 200 ft, a sec- ond turn arrow is provided with the bottom of the turn arrow 25 ft downstream from the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 200 ft, additional turn arrows may be equally spaced between the two required turn arrows. The 4-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. TEXAS Two sets of turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used in turn lanes that are 180 ft or more in length. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is typically 32 ft from the stop line. The top of the letters of the ONLY word marking are placed 32 ft upstream from the bottom of the turn arrow nearest the stop line. A second turn arrow and a second ONLY word marking are placed 32 ft apart at an unspecified dis- tance upstream in the turn lane. An 8-in.-wide solid lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. UTAH Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are optional for turn lanes, except both the turn arrows and ONLY word markings 84 are required where a movement that would otherwise be legal is to be prohibited. The center of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 20 ft from the stop line. The center of the letters of an ONLY word marking is placed 30 ft upstream from the center of the turn arrow nearest the stop line. The center of the next turn arrow is placed 30 ft upstream from the center of the letters of the ONLY word marking. An 8-in.-wide solid lane line that is at least 100 ft long is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. VERMONT The 4-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the turn lane is less than 100 ft, only one turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the bottom of the letters of the ONLY word marking lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane and the turn arrow placed such that the bottom of the arrow is 4 ft downstream from the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking. If the length of the full-width turn lane is 100 to 200 ft, a second turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the top of the turn arrow placed 4 ft from the stop line and the ONLY word marking placed such that the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking is 4 ft upstream from the bottom of the arrow. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 200 ft, additional sets of turn arrows and ONLY word markings are provided. At unsignalized, non-stopping approaches, the solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane is extended and curved into the intersection until the first con- flict point is reached. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. VIRGINIA The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the turn lane is 300 ft or less, two turn arrows are provided with the bottom of the turn arrow near- est to the stop line located 50 ft from the stop line and the bot- tom of the other turn arrow lined up with the end of the full- width turn lane. If the length of the full-width turn lane is more than 300 ft, a third turn arrow is placed at the midpoint of the full-width turn lane.

85 WASHINGTON The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends 50 ft downstream from the beginning of the full-width turn lane. The turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 50 ft from the stop line. A second turn arrow is placed 100 ft upstream or such that the center of the turn arrow is lined up with the beginning of the solid lane line. The 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is not used. An elongated 12-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown on Page 10-11 of the Standard Highway Signs Book is the only style of turn arrow that is available for use. WEST VIRGINIA A 6-in. to 8-in.-wide solid lane line with a maximum length of 200 ft is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. A broken lane line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane for the remainder of a full- width turn lane that is longer than 200 ft. The bottom of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is 50 ft from the stop line. Additional turn arrows are placed in the turn lane at a spacing of 72 ft (measured from the bottom of the turn arrow to the top of the next upstream turn arrow) for speeds of 40 mph or less and 168 ft for speeds higher than 40 mph. If ONLY word markings are used, they are placed halfway between the turn arrows. Where a movement that would otherwise be legal is to be prohibited, ONLY word markings are required. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. WISCONSIN The 8-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the length of the turn lane is less than 108 ft, only one turn arrow and ONLY word marking is provided with the bot- tom of the letters of the ONLY word marking typically 20 ft downstream from the beginning of the full-width turn lane and the turn arrow typically placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 20 ft from the stop line. If the length of the turn lane is 108 to 167 ft, two turn arrows and an ONLY word marking are provided with the top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line typically placed 20 ft from the stop line, another turn arrow is placed such that the bottom of the arrow is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane, and the ONLY word marking placed halfway between the turn arrows. If the length of the turn lane is more than 167 ft, two sets of turn arrows and ONLY word markings are provided (with the bottoms of the turn arrows located 32 ft upstream from the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking) with the bottom of the letters of an ONLY word marking placed 20 ft down- stream from the beginning of the full-width turn lane and the turn arrow nearest to the stop line typically placed such that the top of the arrow is 20 ft from the stop line. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. WYOMING For right-turn lanes, the 8-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the midpoint of the full-width turn lane. An optional 4-in.-wide dotted line (2-ft segments with 6-ft gaps) may be placed from the upstream end of the taper to the end of the solid lane line. For left-turn lanes, the 8-in.-wide solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. Turn arrows are optional in mandatory turn lanes, except in situations where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes, and two turn arrows and an ONLY word marking are required. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 20 ft from the stop line. An ONLY word marking is placed such that the top of the letters of the ONLY word marking are 32 ft from the bottom of the turn arrow. If additional turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used, they are placed such that the top of the turn arrow or ONLY word marking is 32 ft from the bottom of the upstream turn arrow or ONLY word marking. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA An 8-in.-wide broken line is used between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane. Turn arrow or ONLY word markings are spaced 32 ft apart, unless otherwise noted in plans. Markings in turn lanes start with a turn arrow, followed by an ONLY word marking, and ending with an arrow near the stop line, all of which fits within the 90-ft distance of the solid lane line between the through lanes. In longer turn lanes, the markings start with a turn arrow, followed by an ONLY word marking, followed by another turn arrow, followed by

another ONLY word marking, and ending with an arrow near the stop line. PUERTO RICO The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. Two sets of turn arrows and SOLO messages are provided in the turn lane. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed an unspecified distance from the stop line. A SOLO message is placed such that the top of the letters of the SOLO message are 33 ft upstream from the bottom of the turn arrow. A second turn arrow and a second SOLO mes- sage are also used. The second set is placed such that the bot- tom of the SOLO message is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane. The bottom of the second turn arrow is placed 33 ft downstream from the top of the letters of the second SOLO message. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. CHARLOTTE, NC Turn arrows are required in mandatory turn lanes, but ONLY word markings are not used except in situations where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes. The number of turn arrows depends on the length of the turn lane. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 25 ft from the stop line. The next two turn arrows are placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 50 ft from the bottom of the next downstream turn arrow. The next three turn arrows are placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 100 ft from the bottom of the next downstream turn arrow. If any additional turn arrows are needed, they are placed such that the top of the turn arrow is 150 ft from the bottom of the next downstream turn arrow. Turn arrows and ONLY word markings are used in situa- tions where through lanes become mandatory turn lanes. If the speed limit is 35 mph, a sequence of four turn arrows and two ONLY word markings is used in the down- stream direction in the dropped lane as follows: a turn arrow, an ONLY word marking, two turn arrows, another ONLY word marking, and a turn arrow. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is placed 25 ft from the stop line. The next two markings are placed such that the top of the turn arrow or ONLY word marking is 50 ft from the bottom of the next downstream marking. The next three markings are placed such that the top of the turn arrow or ONLY word marking is 100 ft from the bottom of the next downstream marking. 86 If the speed limit is 40 mph or more, the same markings as for a 35 mph speed limit are used in the dropped lane, except that an additional turn arrow is placed upstream from the other six markings such that the top of the additional turn arrow is 150 ft from the bottom of the next downstream turn arrow. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. LOS ANGELES, CA The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. Typically, only one turn arrow is used and it is installed such that the bottom of the turn arrow is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the turn lane is longer than 250 ft, a second turn arrow is placed at the midpoint of the full-width turn lane. A turn arrow is only placed near the stop line if required by Caltrans on freeway ramps and other state highway intersections. NEW YORK, NY An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. Elongated lane- use arrows are also available for use. TUCSON/PIMA COUNTY, AZ The solid lane line between the turn lane and the adjacent through lane starts at the stop line and ends at the beginning of the full-width turn lane. At least two turn arrows are placed in turn lanes. The top of the turn arrow nearest to the stop line is typically placed 20 ft from the stop line. The bottom of the other turn arrow is lined up with the beginning of the full-width turn lane. If the turn lane is 108 to 200 ft in length, an ONLY word mark- ing is placed halfway between the two turn arrows. If the turn lane is more than 200 ft in length, an ONLY word marking and a third turn arrow are placed at one-third points between the two turn arrows, with the ONLY word marking placed closer to the stop line than the third turn arrow. Lane-reduction arrows and warning signs are used to move through traffic out of a dropped lane before the turn lane markings are started. An 8-ft-long turn arrow that is similar to the turn arrow shown in Figure 3B-21 of the 2003 MUTCD is used. No standards were found for: New Jersey New Mexico

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 356: Pavement Markings—Design and Typical Layout Details identifies variations in pavement marking designs, practices, and policies, as provided by 48 of 50 state departments of transportation, and transportation agencies from the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and four cities.

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