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APPENDIX A
Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatments
Introduction 35 mph (55 km/h) where the community has a population of
less than 10,000 or where a major transit stop exists. The first
These guidelines provide general recommendations on step is to select the appropriate worksheet. The speeds repre-
pedestrian crossing treatments to consider at unsignalized sent the posted or statutory speed limit or the 85th percentile
intersections; in all cases, engineering judgment should be speed on the major street, whichever is higher. The work-
used in selecting a specific treatment for installation. The fol- sheets available are
lowing guidelines build on the recommendations of several
studies and focus on unsignalized intersections. They do not · Worksheet 1: 35 mph (55 km/h) or less (see Figure A-2)
apply to school crossings. Considerations (in addition to the and
procedure provided in these guidelines) should be used where · Worksheet 2: exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h), in communities
a pedestrian treatment could present an increased safety risk with less than 10,000 in population, or where a major tran-
to pedestrians, such as where there is poor sight distance, sit stop exists (see Figure A-3).
complex geometrics, or traffic signals.
Step 2: Check Minimum Pedestrian Volume
System of Treatments
The minimum pedestrian volume for a peak-hour evalua-
The installation of a pedestrian crossing treatment alone tion is 20 pedestrians per hour for both directions (14 ped/h
does not necessarily result in more vehicles stopping for if the major road speed exceeds 35 mph [55 km/h]). If fewer
pedestrians unless that device shows a red indication to the pedestrians are crossing the street, then geometric improve-
motorist. Therefore, treating a location to improve pedestrian ments (rather than signs, signals, or markings) such as traffic
access or safety should include several components. For calming, median refuge islands, and curb extensions, are
example, in addition to traffic control devices (TCDs) such as alternatives that can be considered.
signs or markings, geometric improvements (e.g., refuge
island, roadway narrowing, and curb extensions) may be used
to shorten the crossing distance (and hence the exposure time Step 3: Check Signal Warrant
for the pedestrian). Traffic calming may be used to slow vehi- The MUTCD signal warrants are checked in Step 3 to
cle speeds near the pedestrian crossing. determine whether to consider a signal at the site. The signal
warrant procedures recommended in this step (which will be
Overview of Procedure considered as changes to the MUTCD by the National Com-
mittee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices) more closely
Figure A-1 provides an overview of the procedure. Tables align the Pedestrian Signal Warrant with the current (2003)
A-1 and A-2 list the variables needed for the evaluation and Peak-Hour Signal Warrant for vehicles (with adjustment
the calculations that are to be performed, respectively. made to reflect the counting of pedestrians crossing the major
roadway from both approaches rather than only the highest
approach as used in the vehicle signal warrant). The work-
Step 1: Select Worksheet
sheets include equations that can determine the minimum
Two worksheets are availablea worksheet for speeds of 35 required number of crossing pedestrians for a given major-
mph (55 km/h) or less and a worksheet for speeds that exceed road vehicle volume.
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Step 1. Select worksheet based on (1) posted or statutory speed limit or the 85 th
percentile speed on the major street and (2) other conditions present:
a) Worksheet 1 - 35 mph (55 km/h) or less
b) Worksheet 2 - Exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h) or locations where the community
has a less than 10,000 population or where a major transit stop is present
Step 2. Does the crossing meet minimum
peak-hour pedestrian volumes to be
considered for a traffic control device type
of treatment?
NO
Consider median refuge islands, curb
YES extensions, traffic calming, etc. as
Go to Step 3 feasible. No traffic control devices
are recommended.
Step 3. Does the crossing meet the
warrant for a traffic signal?
YES
Warrant met, consider traffic signal if
NO site is not within 300 ft (91 m) of
Go to Step 4 another signal.
Step 4. Estimate pedestrian delay.
Step 5. Select treatment based upon total
pedestrian delay and expected motorist
compliance.
Figure A-1. Flowchart for Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatments.
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Table A-1. Input Variables for Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatment.
INPUT VARIABLES TERM DISCUSSION
ROAD CHARACTERISTICS
Speed on the major Smaj Use the major road posted or statutory speed limit for the
street (mph) facilities or, if available, the 85th percentile speed to determine
which worksheet is applicable. Worksheet 1 is used when the
speed is 35 mph (55 km/h) or less, while Worksheet 2 is used
when the speed exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h).
Pedestrian crossing L Pedestrian crossing distance represents the distance that a
distance (ft) pedestrian would need to cross before reaching either the far
curb or a median refuge island. The distance would be between
the near and far curbs if a painted or raised median refuge
island is not present, or to the median refuge island if the island
is present. Note if a parking stall is present, its width should be
included in the crossing distance measurement. Crossing
distance rather than number of lanes was selected for the
procedure so that the extra time needed by a pedestrian to
cross bike lanes, two-way left-turn lanes, wide lanes, etc. could
be considered.
COUNTS
Peak-hour Vp Pedestrian volume is the number of
pedestrian volume pedestrians crossing the major
crossing major roadway in a peak hour. The count
roadway (ped/h) includes all pedestrian crossings of
the major roadway at the location.
Major road peak Vmaj-s Vehicle volume represents the number of vehicles and bicycles
hour vehicle Vmaj-d on both approaches of the major road during a peak hour. If a
volume (veh/h) painted or raised median refuge island is present of sufficient
size to store pedestrians (minimum of 6 ft [1.8 m] wide), then
consider the volume on each approach individually. In the
signal warrant calculations, use the volume on both approaches
(Vmaj-s). For the delay calculations, the volume (Vmaj-d) would
reflect either both approaches if a refuge island is not present or
each approach individually if a refuge island is present.
LOCAL PARAMETERS
Motorist Comp Compliance reflects the typical behavior of motorists for the site.
compliance for If motorists tend to stop for a pedestrian attempting to cross at
region (high or low) an uncontrolled location, then compliance is "high." If motorists
rarely stop for a crossing pedestrian, then compliance is "low."
Pedestrian walking Sp Walking speed represents the speed of the crossing
speed (ft/s) pedestrians. Recent research has suggested walking speeds of
3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) for the general population and 3.0 ft/s (0.9 m/s)
for the older population. If calculating for a site, determine the
15th percentile value of those using the crossing.
Pedestrian start-up ts Start-up time is used in the calculation of the critical gap. A
time and end value of 3 s is suggested in the Highway Capacity Manual.
clearance time (s)
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Table A-2. Calculations for Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatment.
CALCs TERM DISCUSSION
Signal SC Regression equations were determined for the plots shown in the
warrant 2003 MUTCD Figures 4C-3 and 4C-4. These equations can
check calculate the minimum number of vehicles that would be needed
(ped/h) at the given major road volume to meet the signal warrant. The
recommendation made in 2006 to the National Committee on
Uniform Traffic Control Devices is that the vehicles signal
warrants values for crossing two lanes be used as the pedestrian
signal warrant values. Because the pedestrian signal warrant is to
reflect total pedestrian crossings rather than just the number of
pedestrians on the higher approach, the vehicle signal warrant
values should be divided by 0.75 to reflect an assumed directional
distribution split of 75/25. Different equations are provided for low-
speed and high-speed conditions. The worksheets provide
instructions on checking the peak hour. Both the peak vehicle
hour and the peak pedestrian hour may need to be checked.
Critical gap Tc Critical gap is the time in seconds below which a pedestrian will
(s) not attempt to begin crossing the street. For a single pedestrian,
critical gap (tc) can be computed using Equation 18-17 of the 2000
Highway Capacity Manual. The equation includes consideration
of the pedestrian walking speed (Sp), crossing distance (L), and
start-up and end clearance times (t s).
tc = (L/Sp) + ts
Major road v Flow rate is a measure of the number of vehicles per second (v).
flow rate For high-speed conditions, the number of vehicles is adjusted by
(veh/s) dividing by 0.7. Flow rate is determined by:
Low speed: v = Vmaj-p/3600 high speed: v = (Vmaj-p/0.7)/3600
It is based on the major road volume (Vmaj-d), which is the total of
both approaches (or the approach being crossed if median refuge
island is present) during the peak hour (veh/h).
Average dp The 2000 Highway Capacity Manual includes Equation 18-21 that
pedestrian can be used to determine the average delay per pedestrian at an
delay unsignalized intersection crossing (s/person).
(s/person) dp = 1 (e vt c - vt c - 1)
v
It depends upon critical gap (tc), the vehicular flow rate of the
crossing (v), and the mean vehicle headway.
Total Dp Total pedestrian delay (Dp) uses the average pedestrian delay (dp)
pedestrian and multiplies that value by the number of pedestrians (Vp) to
delay determine the total pedestrian delay for the approach.
(ped-h) Dp = (dp × Vp)/3,600
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WORKSHEET 1: PEAK-HOUR, 35 MPH (55 KM/H) OR LESS
Analyst and Site Information
Analyst: Major Street:
Analysis Date: Minor Street or Location:
Data Collection Date: Peak Hour:
th
Step 1: Select worksheet (speed reflects posted or statutory speed limit or 85 percentile speed on the major street):
a) Worksheet 1 35 mph (55 km/h) or less
b) Worksheet 2 exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h), communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists
Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment?
Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h), Vp 2a
If 2a 20 ped/h, then go to Step 3.
If 2a < 20 ped/h, then consider median refuge islands, curb extensions, traffic calming, etc. as feasible.
Step 3: Does the crossing meet the pedestrian volume warrant for a traffic signal?
Major road volume, total of both approaches during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-s 3a
Minimum signal warrant volume for peak hour (use 3a for Vmaj-s), SC
SC = (0.00021 Vmaj-s2 0.74072 Vmaj-s + 734.125)/0.75 3b
2
OR [(0.00021 3a 0.74072 3a + 734.125)/0.75]
If 3b < 133, then enter 133. If 3b 133, then enter 3b. 3c
th
If 15 percentile crossing speed of pedestrians is less than 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s), then reduce 3c by
3d
up to 50 percent; otherwise enter 3c.
If 2a 3d, then the warrant has been met and a traffic signal should be considered if not within 300 ft (91 m) of
another traffic signal. Otherwise, the warrant has not been met. Go to Step 4.
Step 4: Estimate pedestrian delay.
Pedestrian crossing distance, curb to curb (ft), L 4a
Pedestrian walking speed (ft/s), Sp 4b
Pedestrian start-up time and end clearance time (s), ts 4c
Critical gap required for crossing pedestrian (s), tc = (L/Sp) + ts OR [(4a/4b) + 4c)] 4d
Major road volume, total both approaches or approach being crossed if median refuge
4e
island is present during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-d
Major road flow rate (veh/s), v = Vmaj-d/3600 OR [4e/3600] 4f
v tc 4f x 4d
Average pedestrian delay (s/person), dp = (e v tc 1) / v OR [ (e 4f x 4d 1) / 4f ] 4g
Total pedestrian delay (h), Dp = (dp × V p)/3,600 OR [(4g× 2a)/3600]
(this is estimated delay for all pedestrians crossing the major roadway without a crossing
4h
treatment assumes 0% compliance). This calculated value can be replaced with the actual
total pedestrian delay measured at the site.
Step 5: Select treatment based upon total pedestrian delay and expected motorist compliance.
Expected motorist compliance at pedestrian crossings in region, Comp = high or low 5a
Total Pedestrian Delay, Dp (from 4h) and Treatment Category
Motorist Compliance, Comp (from 5a) (see Descriptions of Sample Treatments for examples)
Dp 21.3 h (Comp = high or low)
OR RED
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = low
1.3 h Dp < 5.3 h (Comp = high or low) ACTIVE
OR OR
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = high ENHANCED
Dp < 1.3 h (Comp = high or low) CROSSWALK
Figure A-2. Worksheet 1.
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WORKSHEET 2: PEAK-HOUR, EXCEEDS 35 MPH (55 KM/H)
Analyst and Site Information
Analyst: Major Street:
Analysis Date: Minor Street or Location:
Data Collection Date: Peak Hour:
Step 1: Select worksheet (speed reflects posted or statutory speed limit or 85th percentile speed on the major street):
a) Worksheet 1 35 mph (55 km/h) or less
b) Worksheet 2 exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h), communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists
Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment?
Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h), Vp 2a
If 2a 14 ped/h, then go to Step 3.
If 2a < 14 ped/h, then consider median refuge islands, curb extensions, traffic calming, etc. as feasible.
Step 3: Does the crossing meet the pedestrian volume warrant for a traffic signal?
Major road volume, total of both approaches during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-s 3a
Minimum signal warrant volume for peak hour (use 3a for Vmaj-s), SC
SC = (0.00035 Vmaj-s2 0.80083 Vmaj-s + 529.197)/0.75 3b
2
OR [(0.00035 3a 0.80083 3a + 529.197)/0.75]
If 3b < 93, then enter 93. If 3b 93, then enter 3b. 3c
If 15th percentile crossing speed of pedestrians is less than 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s), then reduce 3c by
3d
up to 50 percent; otherwise enter 3c.
If 2a 3d, then the warrant has been met and a traffic signal should be considered if not within 300 ft (91 m) of
another traffic signal. Otherwise, the warrant has not been met. Go to Step 4.
Step 4: Estimate pedestrian delay.
Pedestrian crossing distance, curb to curb (ft), L 4a
Pedestrian walking speed (ft/s), Sp 4b
Pedestrian start-up time and end clearance time (s), ts 4c
Critical gap required for crossing pedestrian (s), tc = (L/Sp) + ts OR [(4a/4b) + 4c)] 4d
Major road volume, total both approaches or approach being crossed if median refuge
4e
island is present during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-d
Major road flow rate (veh/s), v = (Vmaj-d/0.7)/3600 OR [(4e/0.7)/3600] 4f
v tc 4f x 4d
Average pedestrian delay (s/person), dp = (e v tc 1) / v OR [ (e 4f x 4d 1) / 4f ] 4g
Total pedestrian delay (h), Dp = (dp × V p)/3,600 OR [(4g× 2a)/3600]
(this is estimated delay for all pedestrians crossing the major roadway without a crossing
4h
treatment assumes 0% compliance). This calculated value can be replaced with the actual
total pedestrian delay measured at the site.
Step 5: Select treatment based upon total pedestrian delay and expected motorist compliance.
Expected motorist compliance at pedestrian crossings in region, Comp = high or low 5a
Total Pedestrian Delay, Dp (from 4h) and Treatment Category
Motorist Compliance, Comp (from 5a) (see Descriptions of Sample Treatments for examples)
Dp 21.3 h (Comp = high or low)
OR RED
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = low
Dp < 5.3 h (Comp = high or low) ACTIVE
OR OR
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = high ENHANCED
Figure A-3. Worksheet 2.
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Step 4: Estimate Approach Pedestrian Delay are crossing the roadway during the peak hour, some form
of a pedestrian treatment is suggested.
The average pedestrian delay equation from the 2000 High- · Step 3: Check Signal Warrant. The minimum number of
way Capacity Manual is used to determine the approach pedestrians needed on the minor-road approach crossing
pedestrian delay. a four-lane roadway with 1,000 vehicles in the peak hour is
271. The number of crossing pedestrians (50) is less than
Step 5: Select Appropriate Treatment the 271 value; therefore, a signal is not warranted under the
pedestrian volume warrant. Checking the peak vehicle
The total pedestrian delay along with the expected compli- hour provides the same result: a signal is not warranted
ance is used to determine the treatment category to consider under the pedestrian volume warrant.
for the site. · Step 4: Estimate Approach Pedestrian Delay. The average
pedestrian delay equation was used to determine the total
pedestrian delay. A total pedestrian delay value of 9.8
Example Using Guidelines ped-h was calculated.
Known · Step 5: Select Appropriate Treatment. The motorist com-
pliance observed at the site is "high." With a total pedes-
Citizens have requested a pedestrian treatment at the 2700 trian delay value of 9.8 ped-h and a motorist compliance of
block crossing of Elm Street. Known characteristics of the site high, the worksheet indicates that an "enhanced/active"
include device should be considered. Figure A-5 shows the solution
using the major roadway volume of 1,000 veh/h and the
· Four-lane road with no pedestrian refuge median; pedestrian volume of 50. The intersection of these two
· 56 ft (17 m) crossing distance; lines (see circle in Figure A-5) results in the same finding:
· 35 mph (55 km/h) speed limit; "enhanced/active" device. The following section lists sug-
· During the peak pedestrian hour, 50 pedestrians counted gested treatments within the categories.
when the major-road volume was 1,000 veh/h;
· During the peak vehicle hour, 20 pedestrians counted
when the major-road volume was 1,500 veh/h; and Descriptions of Sample
· Motorists observed stopping for pedestrians, showing a Treatments
"high" compliance. The treatments included in these guidelines are divided
into broad classes of elements and devices. Elements are used
The following assumptions were made: either uniquely or to supplement a device. A device represents
the primary component of a pedestrian treatment.
· Walking speed is 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) and The elements discussed here have been divided into two
· Start-up time is 3 seconds. categories:
· Supplemental Signs and Markings. This category is com-
Calculations
posed of applications of signs and markings beyond the stan-
Figure A-1 provides an overview of the procedure. Tables dard crosswalk markings and pedestrian crossing signs
A-1 and A-2 list the variables needed for the evaluation and discussed in the "Crosswalk" category of devices below. Items
the calculations that are to be performed, respectively. The in this category include advance stop lines and advance
following are the procedures for this example: signing.
· Geometric Elements. This category pertains to crosswalk
· Step 1: Select Worksheet. Worksheet 1 is the applicable elements that are permanent installations but are not signs,
worksheet for a speed limit of 35 mph (55 km/h). Figure markings, or devices. These are elements installed based on
A-4 shows the worksheet with appropriate values for the engineering judgment rather than a warrant and include
example. Given that the assumed walking speed and the items such as median refuge islands and curb extensions.
crosswalk length match the values used to generate one of
the figures included in the guidelines, that plot can be used The devices discussed here have been divided into five
rather than using Worksheet 1 to determine the suggested categories:
pedestrian treatment. Figure A-5 shows the plot.
· Step 2: Check Minimum Pedestrian Volume. The next · Crosswalk. This category encompasses standard crosswalk
step is to determine if a minimum number of pedestrians markings and pedestrian crossing signs, as opposed to
are present at the site. Because more than 20 pedestrians unmarked crossings.
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WORKSHEET 1: PEAK-HOUR, 35 MPH (55 KM/H) OR LESS
Analyst and Site Information
Analyst: Maria Major Street: Elm
Analysis Date: 1/19/06 Minor Street or Location: 2700 Block
Data Collection Date: 1/19/06 Peak Hour: 5 to 6 pm
th
Step 1: Select worksheet (speed reflects posted or statutory speed limit or 85 percentile speed on the major street):
a) Worksheet 1 35 mph (55 km/h) or less
b) Worksheet 2 exceeds 35 mph (55 km/h), communities with less than 10,000, or where major transit stop exists
Step 2: Does the crossing meet minimum pedestrian volumes to be considered for a TCD type of treatment?
Peak-hour pedestrian volume (ped/h), Vp 2a 50
If 2a 20 ped/h, then go to Step 3.
If 2a < 20 ped/h, then consider median refuge islands, curb extensions, traffic calming, etc. as feasible.
Step 3: Does the crossing meet the pedestrian volume warrant for a traffic signal?
Major road volume, total of both approaches during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-s 3a 1000
Minimum signal warrant volume for peak hour (use 3a for Vmaj-s), SC
SC = (0.00021 Vmaj-s2 0.74072 Vmaj-s + 734.125)/0.75 3b 271
2
OR [(0.00021 3a 0.74072 3a + 734.125)/0.75]
If 3b < 133, then enter 133. If 3b 133, then enter 3b. 3c 271
th
If 15 percentile crossing speed of pedestrians is less than 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s), then reduce 3c by
3d 271
up to 50 percent; otherwise enter 3c.
If 2a 3d, then the warrant has been met and a traffic signal should be considered if not within 300 ft (91 m) of
another traffic signal. Otherwise, the warrant has not been met. Go to Step 4.
Step 4: Estimate pedestrian delay.
Pedestrian crossing distance, curb to curb (ft), L 4a 56
Pedestrian walking speed (ft/s), Sp 4b 3.5
Pedestrian start-up time and end clearance time (s), ts 4c 3
Critical gap required for crossing pedestrian (s), tc = (L/Sp) + ts OR [(4a/4b) + 4c)] 4d 19
Major road volume, total both approaches or approach being crossed if median refuge
4e 1000
island is present during peak hour (veh/h), Vmaj-d
Major road flow rate (veh/s), v = Vmaj-d/3600 OR [4e/3600] 4f 0.2 8
Average pedestrian delay (s/person), dp = (ev tc v tc 1) / v OR [ (e4f x 4d 4f x 4d 1) / 4f ] 4g 707
Total pedestrian delay (h), Dp = (dp × V p)/3,600 OR [(4g× 2a)/3600]
(this is estimated delay for all pedestrians crossing the major roadway without a crossing
4h 9.8
treatment assumes 0% compliance). This calculated value can be replaced with the actual
total pedestrian delay measured at the site.
Step 5: Select treatment based upon total pedestrian delay and expected motorist compliance.
Expected motorist compliance at pedestrian crossings in region, Comp = high or low 5a high
Total Pedestrian Delay, Dp (from 4h) and Treatment Category
Motorist Compliance, Comp (from 5a) (see Descriptions of Sample Treatments for examples)
Dp 21.3 h (Comp = high or low)
OR RED
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = low
1.3 h Dp < 5.3 h (Comp = high or low) ACTIVE
OR OR
5.3 h Dp < 21.3 h and Comp = high ENHANCED
Dp < 1.3 h (Comp = high or low) CROSSWALK
Figure A-4. Example Problem Crossing at Elm Street.
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700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500 E/A HC, Red LC* Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400
E/A*
300
200
Crosswalk
100 Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-5. Graphical Solution to Example Problem.
· Enhanced. This category includes those devices that The summaries are based on observations of installed
enhance the visibility of the crossing location and pedes- treatments and discussions with traffic engineers who have
trians waiting to cross. Warning signs, markings, or bea- used or considered using one or more of the components.
cons in this category are present or active at the crossing This selection of pedestrian crossing treatments is not neces-
location at all times. sarily an all-inclusive list, nor is it intended to be. As technol-
· Active. Also called "active when present," this category ogy changes and as more jurisdictions study ways to address
includes those devices designed to display a warning only the issue of pedestrian crossings, other treatments will likely
when pedestrians are present or crossing the street. be discussed and/or tested.
· Red. This category includes those devices that display a cir-
cular red indication (signal or beacon) to motorists at the
pedestrian location. Additional Sources of Information on
· Signal. This category pertains to traffic control signals. Pedestrian Treatments
Additional information on treatments is available from the
Synopses of Treatments following references:
Synopses of selected pedestrian crossing treatments are · Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and
presented in Table A-3. Highways. U.S. DOT, FHWA, Washington, D.C., 2003.
Available online at http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/, accessed
June 2, 2005.
Categories of Treatments · A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets
Tables A-4 through A-20 summarize information on exam- (called the Green Book). AASHTO, Washington, D.C.,
ples of selected pedestrian crossing treatments. These sum- 2003.
maries reflect the more common treatments being used and · Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian
do not include every device or treatment available. The Facilities (called the Ped Guide). AASHTO, Washington,
following summaries are intended to provide general descrip- D.C., July 2004.
tions of pedestrian crossing treatments that may be installed · Zegeer, C. V., C. Seiderman, P. Lagerwey, M. Cynecki, M.
at intersections and/or midblock crossings; in all cases, engi- Ronkin, and R. Schneider. Pedestrian Facilities User Guide
neering judgment should be used in selecting a specific treat- Providing Safety and Mobility. FHWA-RD-01-102,
ment for installation. FHWA, Washington, D.C., March 2002.
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Table A-3. Synopsis of Crossing Treatments.
Treatment Characteristics
Advance Signing Provides additional notification to drivers that a crosswalk is
near
Advance Stop Line Vehicle stop line is moved back from the crosswalk
and Sign
Median Refuge Accessible pedestrian path within a raised median
Island
Raised Crosswalk Crosswalk surface elevated above driving lanes
Curb Extension Curb adjacent to crosswalk lengthened by the width of the
parking lane
Roadway Reduced lane widths and/or number of vehicle lanes
Narrowing
Markings and Standard crosswalk markings and pedestrian crossing signs
Crossing Signs Subject to MUTCD requirements
In-Street Regulatory signs placed in the street
Pedestrian Subject to MUTCD requirements
Crossing Signs
High-Visibility Warning devices placed at or in advance of the pedestrian
Signs and crossing
Markings Subject to MUTCD requirements
In-Roadway Amber flashing lights mounted flush to the pavement surface
Warning Lights at the crossing location
Pedestrian Square flags on a stick carried by pedestrians
Crossing Flags Stored in sign-mounted holders on both sides of the street
Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD
Overhead Flashing Mounted on mast arms that extend over the roadway or on
Amber Beacons signposts at the roadside
Pedestrian activated
Subject to MUTCD requirements
Pedestrian Standard traffic signal at a pedestrian crosswalk
Crosswalk Signal Pedestrian activated
Half Signal Standard traffic signal on major road
Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD
HAWK Beacon Combination of a beacon flasher and a traffic control signal
Signal Dwells in a dark mode; pedestrian activated
Used exclusively in Tucson and Pima County, Arizona
Experimental; not currently in the MUTCD
Pedestrian Beacon Proposed device; not currently in the MUTCD
Pedestrian activated
Traffic Signal Standard traffic signal at an intersection or midblock location
Pedestrian phase typically activated by a pushbutton
Subject to MUTCD requirements
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Table A-4. Supplemental Signs and Markings: Advance Signing.
Advance Signing
Advance signing is used to provide additional · MUTCD Description: Non-
notification to drivers that a crosswalk is near and vehicular signs may be used
pedestrians may be crossing the roadway. to alert road users in advance
Advance signing may be used in a wide variety of of locations where
situations (intersections, midblock crossings, unexpected entries into the
school-related crosswalks, two-lane or multi-lane roadway or shared use of the
roads, and divided or undivided roads), but they are roadway by pedestrians,
particularly useful at locations where a crosswalk animals, and other crossing
might be unexpected by approaching drivers. activities might occur. When
used in advance of a
crossing, non-vehicular
warning signs may be
supplemented with
supplemental plaques with
the legend AHEAD, XX FEET,
or NEXT XX MILES to provide
advance notice to road users
of crossing activity.
Pedestrian, Bicycle, and
School signs and their related
supplemental plaques may
have a fluorescent yellow-
green background with a
black legend and border.
Advance Sign with Advisory Speed Plaque for
School Crosswalk · MUTCD Guidance: When a
fluorescent yellow-green
background is used, a
systematic approach featuring
one background color within a
zone or area should be used.
The mixing of standard yellow
and fluorescent yellow-green
backgrounds within a selected
site area should be avoided.
Non-vehicular signs should be
used only at locations where
the crossing activity is
unexpected or at locations not
readily apparent.
Advance Sign for Midblock Crossing
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Table A-17. Red Device: Half Signals.
Half Signals
A half signal (also known as an intersection · Guidance: Half signals are
pedestrian signal) is a standard traffic signal with used to provide signal control
red, yellow, and green indications that is located at for a pedestrian crossing the
an intersecting cross street with Stop control. The major street while minimizing
pedestrian phase for a half signal is typically delay for major street traffic
activated by a pushbutton. In the United States, by retaining Stop sign control
most half signals dwell in steady green, whereas on the minor street. This
most half signals in British Columbia dwell in treatment has been used at
flashing green. locations where there is
heavy pedestrian demand to
Half signals are experimental and are not currently cross the major street but the
included in the MUTCD. Permission for side street traffic on the minor
experimentation is needed. approach is light. The lack of
signal control on the side
street does not attract more
Signal Heads on traffic to the street as
Major Approaches conventional intersection
signals would.
· Installation and Operation:
The cost of installation is
significant. Drivers on side
streets may be confused
about right-of-way
assignment: the side street
right-of-way relies on gaps in
Stop Sign on main street traffic to enter or
Minor Approach cross the main street. If the
crosswalk is clear, drivers on
Intersection Pedestrian Signal (Half Signal) side streets may use the gap
created by the signal to
proceed through the
intersection. This treatment
has been tested in several
cities including Portland,
Oregon; Seattle, Washington;
and Fairfax, Virginia.
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Table A-18. Red Device: HAWK Beacon Signals.
HAWK
A HAWK beacon signal provides yellow and red · Description: The objective
indications. The current configuration for a HAWK is of a HAWK (high-intensity
two red lenses above a yellow lens in a "Mickey activated crosswalk) signal is
Mouse Ears" format. The HAWK beacon signal, used to stop vehicles to allow
exclusively in Tucson and Pima County, Arizona, pedestrians to cross while
dwells in a dark mode until activated by a pedestrian also allowing vehicles to
by means of a pushbutton. proceed as soon as the
pedestrians have passed. It
The HAWK is currently not included in the MUTCD. is a combination of a beacon
Permission for experimentation is needed. flasher and a traffic control
signal. This application
provides a pedestrian
crossing without signal
control for the side street.
· Operation: The inclusion of
the alternating flashing red
permits stop-and-go vehicle
operations after a pedestrian
has cleared the crosswalk.
· Observations: Drivers are
HAWK Signal more likely to stop for a
device that displays a red
indication. Driver education
has been an active
component in those
communities using a HAWK
signal. Confusion may result
from the dark beacon signal
display, as drivers may
interpret it as a power
outage; however, that has
not been a problem where
implemented.
Close-Up of HAWK Signal Head
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Table A-19. Red Device: Pedestrian Beacon.
Proposed Pedestrian Beacon
A pedestrian beacon is a proposed special highway · Proposed Guidance for
traffic control signal used at some locations for the MUTCD: If a traffic
pedestrians waiting to cross or crossing the street. A control signal is not
pedestrian beacon is proposed to be considered for justified under the signal
installation at a midblock location that does not meet warrants of Chapter 4C
other traffic signal warrants to facilitate pedestrian and if gaps in traffic are not
crossings. The pedestrian phase for a pedestrian adequate to permit
beacon would be activated by a pedestrian. The red reasonably safe pedestrian
portion of the cycle for vehicles consists of a sequence crossings, or if the speed
of a steady red indication (during the pedestrian for vehicles approaching
crossing interval) followed by flashing red indications on the major street is too
(during the pedestrian clearance interval). high to permit reasonably
safe street crossings for
This device has been suggested to be included in pedestrians, or if
future editions of the MUTCD. pedestrian delay is
excessive, installing a
pedestrian traffic control
signal should be
considered.
· Proposed Sign to
Accompany a Pedestrian
Dark until Flashing Yellow for Steady Yellow for
Beacon:
Activated 3 to 6 s 3 to 6 s
Steady Red Alternating Flashing Red during
during Pedestrian Pedestrian Clearance Interval
Interval
Example of Phase Sequence for a Pedestrian
Beacon
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Table A-20. Signal: Traffic Control Signals.
Traffic Control Signals
Standard traffic signals and warrants for their · MUTCD Standard: The
consideration are described in the MUTCD. In need for a traffic control
particular, Warrant 4 of the 2003 edition deals with signal at an intersection or a
traffic signals for pedestrians. midblock crossing shall be
considered if an engineering
The pedestrian volume signal warrant is intended for study finds that the
application where the traffic volume on a major appropriate criteria are met.
street is so heavy that pedestrians experience This warrant shall not be
excessive delay in crossing the major street. A applied at locations where
signal may not be needed at the study location if the distance to the nearest
adjacent coordinated traffic control signals traffic signal is less than
consistently provide gaps of adequate length for 300 ft (91 m) unless the
pedestrians to cross the street. proposed signal will not
restrict the progressive
movement of traffic.
· MUTCD Guidance: If at an
intersection, the signal
should be traffic actuated
and include pedestrian
detectors. If installed within
a signal system, the signal
should be coordinated. If at
a midblock crossing, the
signal should be pedestrian
Traffic Control Signal with Pedestrian Crossing
actuated, parking and other
Sign (Current Version of Sign Does Not Include
obstructions should be
Crosswalk Markings)
prohibited for at least 100 ft
(31 m) in advance of and at
least 20 ft (6.1 m) beyond
the crosswalk, and the
installation should include
standard signs and
pavement markings.
Pedestrian Using Pushbutton Detector to
Activate WALK Indication at Traffic Control
Signal
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· Lalani, N., and ITE Pedestrian and Bicycle Task Force. Illustrations of Guidelines
Alternative Treatments for At-Grade Pedestrian Crossings.
ITE Informational Report, ITE, Washington, D.C., 2001. Graphs were generated to illustrate the guidelines for the
· Zegeer, C., J. Stuart, and H. Huang. Safety Effects of Marked
readers and are included as Figures A-6 through A-19. These
graphs should be used only when the major-road speed, the
vs. Unmarked Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Crossing Loca-
pedestrian walking speed, and the crossing distance are
tions. FHWA, Washington, D.C., 2001.
matched to the value presented at the top of the graph. For
· PedSafe: Pedestrian Safety Guide and Countermeasure
other situations, the reader should use the equations listed in
Selection System. http://www.walkinginfo.org/pedsafe/ the worksheets.
700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400
300 E/A*
E/A HC, Red LC*
Crosswalk
200
100 Red
No Treatment
0
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (Veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-6. Guidelines Plot, 34 ft (10.4 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
Signal (proposed for
300 MUTCD)
200
Crosswalk
E/A HC, Red LC*
E/A*
100
Red
No Treatment
0
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-7. Guidelines Plot, 34 ft (10.4 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.0 ft/s (0.9 km/h)
Walking Speed.
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700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500 E/A HC, Red LC* Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400
E/A*
300
200
Crosswalk
100
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-8. Guidelines Plot, 56 ft (17 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
Signal (proposed for
300 MUTCD)
E/A HC, Red LC*
200 E/A*
100
Crosswalk
Red
No Treatment
0
1 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-9. Guidelines Plot, 56 ft (17 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.0 ft/s (0.9 m/s) Walking
Speed.
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700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400 E/A HC, Red LC*
300
E/A*
200
Crosswalk
100
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-10. Guidelines Plot, 50 ft (17 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
300
E/A HC, Red LC*
200
100 E/A*
Red
0 No Treatment
1 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-11. Guidelines Plot, 50 ft (17 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
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700
E/A HC, Red LC*
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400
300
E/A*
200
100
Crosswalk Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-12. Guidelines Plot, 72 ft (22 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
E/A HC, Red LC*
400
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
300
200
100 E/A*
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-13. Guidelines Plot, 72 ft (22 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
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700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
E/A HC, Red LC*
500
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
400
300 E/A*
200
100 Crosswalk Red
0 No Treatment
1 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-14. Guidelines Plot, 66 ft (20 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
700
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
600
500
400 Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
300
200
Crosswalk
100 E/A HC, RED LC*
E/A* Red
0 No Treatment
0.5 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - One Approach (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-15. Guidelines Plot, Divided Roadway with Pedestrian Refuge Island, Crossing 36 ft
(11 m) Pavement, <
35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed
50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve).
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Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h) 500
E/A HC, Red LC*
400
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
300
200
E/A*
100
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-16. Guidelines Plot, 66 ft (20 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
300 Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
200
E/A HC, RED LC*
100
E/A*
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - One Approach (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-17. Guidelines Plot, Divided Roadway with Pedestrian Refuge Island, Crossing 36 ft
(11 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed
50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve).
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500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
E/A HC, Red LC*
300
Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
200
100 E/A*
Red
No Treatment
0
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - Total of Both Approaches (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-18. Guidelines Plot, 100 ft (31 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s)
Walking Speed.
500
Pedestrian Volume Crossing Major Road (ped/h)
400
300 Signal (proposed for
MUTCD)
200
E/A HC, RED LC*
100
E/A*
Red
0 No Treatment
300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100
Major Road Volume - One Approach (veh/h)
*E/A = Enhanced/Active, HC = High Compliance, LC = Low Compliance
Figure A-19. Guidelines Plot, Divided Roadway with Pedestrian Refuge Island, Crossing 44 ft
(13.4 m) Pavement, >35 mph (55 km/h), 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) Walking Speed (Plot Assumed
50/50 Volume Split for Signal Curve).
