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TCRP
TRANSIT
COOPERATIVE
RESEARCH
REPORT 112 PROGRAM
SPONSORED BY THE FTA
I M P R O V I N G P E D E S T R I A N S A F E T Y
A T U N S I G N A L I Z E D C R O S S I N G S
NCHRP
NATIONAL
COOPERATIVE
HIGHWAY RESEARCH
PROGRAM
REPORT 562
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TCRP OVERSIGHT AND PROJECT TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2006 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
SELECTION COMMITTEE (Membership as of April 2006)
(as of March 2006)
OFFICERS
CHAIR
David A. Lee CHAIR: Michael D. Meyer, Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute
Connecticut Transit of Technology
VICE CHAIR: Linda S. Watson, Executive Director, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority
MEMBERS EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Ann August
Santee Wateree Regional Transportation MEMBERS
Authority
Linda J. Bohlinger Michael W. Behrens, Executive Director, Texas DOT
HNTB Corp. Allen D. Biehler, Secretary, Pennsylvania DOT
Robert I. Brownstein John D. Bowe, Regional President, APL Americas, Oakland, CA
PB Consult, Inc. Larry L. Brown, Sr., Executive Director, Mississippi DOT
Sandra K. Bushue Deborah H. Butler, Vice President, Customer Service, Norfolk Southern Corporation and Subsidiaries,
FTA Atlanta, GA
Peter Cannito
Metropolitan Transportation Authority-- Anne P. Canby, President, Surface Transportation Policy Project, Washington, DC
Metro North Railroad Douglas G. Duncan, President and CEO, FedEx Freight, Memphis, TN
Gregory Cook Nicholas J. Garber, Henry L. Kinnier Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Virginia,
Ann Arbor Transportation Authority Charlottesville
Nathaniel P. Ford Angela Gittens, Vice President, Airport Business Services, HNTB Corporation, Miami, FL
San Francisco MUNI Genevieve Giuliano, Professor and Senior Associate Dean of Research and Technology, School of Policy,
Ronald L. Freeland Planning, and Development, and Director, METRANS National Center for Metropolitan Transportation
Booz Allen Hamilton, Inc. Research, USC, Los Angeles
Fred M. Gilliam
Susan Hanson, Landry University Prof. of Geography, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University
Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority
Kim R. Green James R. Hertwig, President, CSX Intermodal, Jacksonville, FL
GFI GENFARE Gloria J. Jeff, General Manager, City of Los Angeles DOT
Jill A. Hough Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
North Dakota State University Harold E. Linnenkohl, Commissioner, Georgia DOT
John Inglish Sue McNeil, Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware
Utah Transit Authority Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas DOT
Jeanne W. Krieg Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, North Central Texas Council of Governments
Eastern Contra Costa Transit Authority Carol A. Murray, Commissioner, New Hampshire DOT
Celia G. Kupersmith
Golden Gate Bridge, Highway John R. Njord, Executive Director, Utah DOT
and Transportation District Sandra Rosenbloom, Professor of Planning, University of Arizona, Tucson
Paul J. Larrousse Henry Gerard Schwartz, Jr., Senior Professor, Washington University
National Transit Institute Michael S. Townes, President and CEO, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
Clarence W. Marsella C. Michael Walton, Ernest H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
Denver Regional Transportation District
Faye L. M. Moore EX OFFICIO MEMBERS
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation
Authority Marion C. Blakey, Federal Aviation Administrator, U.S.DOT
Michael H. Mulhern Joseph H. Boardman, Federal Railroad Administrator, U.S.DOT
Jacobs Civil, Inc. Rebecca M. Brewster, President and COO, American Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, GA
Stephanie L. Pinson George Bugliarello, Chancellor, Polytechnic University of New York, and Foreign Secretary, National
Gilbert Tweed Associates, Inc. Academy of Engineering
Robert H. Prince, Jr. Sandra K. Bushue, Deputy Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
DMJM+Harris J. Richard Capka, Acting Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S.DOT
Jeffrey M. Rosenberg
Thomas H. Collins (Adm., U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard
Amalgamated Transit Union
Michael Scanlon James J. Eberhardt, Chief Scientist, Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies, U.S. DOE
San Mateo County Transit District Jacqueline Glassman, Deputy Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
Beverly Scott Edward R. Hamberger, President and CEO, Association of American Railroads
Sacramento Regional Transit District John C. Horsley, Exec. Dir., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Kathryn D. Waters John E. Jamian, Acting Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S.DOT
Dallas Area Rapid Transit J. Edward Johnson, Director, Applied Science Directorate, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Frank Wilson Ashok G. Kaveeshwar, Research and Innovative Technology Administrator, U.S.DOT
Metropolitan Transit Authority Brigham McCown, Deputy Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S.DOT
of Harris County
William W. Millar, President, American Public Transportation Association
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Suzanne Rudzinski, Director, Transportation and Regional Programs, U.S. EPA
William W. Millar Annette M. Sandberg, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administrator, U.S.DOT
APTA Jeffrey N. Shane, Under Secretary for Policy, U.S.DOT
Robert E. Skinner, Jr. Carl A. Strock (Maj. Gen., U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
TRB
John C. Horsley
AASHTO
J. Richard Capka
FHWA
TDC EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Louis Sanders
APTA
SECRETARY
Robert J. Reilly
TRB
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
AND
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
TCRP REPORT 112/NCHRP REPORT 562
Improving Pedestrian Safety
at Unsignalized Crossings
Kay Fitzpatrick, Shawn Turner, Marcus Brewer,
Paul Carlson, Brooke Ullman, Nada Trout, Eun Sug Park,
and Jeff Whitacre
TEXAS TRANSPORTATION INSTITUTE
College Station, TX
AND
Nazir Lalani
TRAFFEX ENGINEERS, INC.
Ventura, CA
AND
Dominique Lord
TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY
College Station, TX
Subject Areas
Operations and Safety · Public Transit
Research sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation and by the
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in Cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration
TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
WASHINGTON, D.C.
2006
www.TRB.org
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TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TCRP REPORT 112
The nation's growth and the need to meet mobility, environmental, Price $35.00
and energy objectives place demands on public transit systems. Current
Project D-8
systems, some of which are old and in need of upgrading, must expand
ISSN 1073-4872
service area, increase service frequency, and improve efficiency to serve
ISBN 0-309-09859-9
these demands. Research is necessary to solve operating problems, to Library of Congress Control Number 2006929386
adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to intro-
duce innovations into the transit industry. The Transit Cooperative © 2006 Transportation Research Board
Research Program (TCRP) serves as one of the principal means by
which the transit industry can develop innovative near-term solutions
to meet demands placed on it. COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
The need for TCRP was originally identified in TRB Special Report Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
213--Research for Public Transit: New Directions, published in 1987 written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
and based on a study sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation published or copyrighted material used herein.
Administration--now the Federal Transit Administration (FTA). A Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
report by the American Public Transportation Association (APTA), publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
Transportation 2000, also recognized the need for local, problem- understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
solving research. TCRP, modeled after the longstanding and success- method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
ful National Cooperative Highway Research Program, undertakes educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
research and other technical activities in response to the needs of tran- any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
from CRP.
sit service providers. The scope of TCRP includes a variety of transit
research fields including planning, service configuration, equipment,
facilities, operations, human resources, maintenance, policy, and
administrative practices. NOTICE
TCRP was established under FTA sponsorship in July 1992. Pro- The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the Transit Cooperative Research
posed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, TCRP was autho- Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of the
rized as part of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the Governing
Board's judgment that the project concerned is appropriate with respect to both the
of 1991 (ISTEA). On May 13, 1992, a memorandum agreement out- purposes and resources of the National Research Council.
lining TCRP operating procedures was executed by the three cooper-
The members of the technical advisory panel selected to monitor this project and to review
ating organizations: FTA, the National Academies, acting through the this report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration
Transportation Research Board (TRB); and the Transit Development for the balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions
Corporation, Inc. (TDC), a nonprofit educational and research orga- expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and
while they have been accepted as appropriate by the technical panel, they are not
nization established by APTA. TDC is responsible for forming the
necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council,
independent governing board, designated as the TCRP Oversight and the Transit Development Corporation, or the Federal Transit Administration of the U.S.
Project Selection (TOPS) Committee. Department of Transportation.
Research problem statements for TCRP are solicited periodically but Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical panel according to
may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
of the TOPS Committee to formulate the research program by identi- Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
fying the highest priority projects. As part of the evaluation, the TOPS The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
Committee defines funding levels and expected products. Council, the Transit Development Corporation, and the Federal Transit Administration
(sponsor of the Transit Cooperative Research Program) do not endorse products or
Once selected, each project is assigned to an expert panel, appointed manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are
by the Transportation Research Board. The panels prepare project state- considered essential to the clarity and completeness of the project reporting.
ments (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide techni-
cal guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process
for developing research problem statements and selecting research
agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative research pro-
grams since 1962. As in other TRB activities, TCRP project panels serve
voluntarily without compensation.
Because research cannot have the desired impact if products fail to
reach the intended audience, special emphasis is placed on dissemi-
Published reports of the
nating TCRP results to the intended end users of the research: tran-
sit agencies, service providers, and suppliers. TRB provides a series TRANSIT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM
of research reports, syntheses of transit practice, and other support- are available from:
ing material developed by TCRP research. APTA will arrange for Transportation Research Board
workshops, training aids, field visits, and other activities to ensure Business Office
that results are implemented by urban and rural transit industry 500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
practitioners.
The TCRP provides a forum where transit agencies can cooperatively and can be ordered through the Internet at
address common operational problems. The TCRP results support and http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
complement other ongoing transit research and training programs. Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R5
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY NCHRP REPORT 562
RESEARCH PROGRAM
Systematic, well-designed research provides the most effective Price $35.00
approach to the solution of many problems facing highway
Project 3-71
administrators and engineers. Often, highway problems are of local ISSN 0077-5614
interest and can best be studied by highway departments individually ISBN 0-309-09859-9
or in cooperation with their state universities and others. However, the Library of Congress Control Number 2006929386
accelerating growth of highway transportation develops increasingly
© 2006 Transportation Research Board
complex problems of wide interest to highway authorities. These
problems are best studied through a coordinated program of
cooperative research.
In recognition of these needs, the highway administrators of the COPYRIGHT PERMISSION
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining
written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously
initiated in 1962 an objective national highway research program
published or copyrighted material used herein.
employing modern scientific techniques. This program is supported on
Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this
a continuing basis by funds from participating member states of the publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the
Association and it receives the full cooperation and support of the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA,
Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of FMCSA, FTA, or Transit Development Corporation endorsement of a particular product,
method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for
Transportation. educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of
The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies was any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission
requested by the Association to administer the research program from CRP.
because of the Board's recognized objectivity and understanding of
modern research practices. The Board is uniquely suited for this
purpose as it maintains an extensive committee structure from which NOTICE
authorities on any highway transportation subject may be drawn; it The project that is the subject of this report was a part of the National Cooperative Highway
possesses avenues of communications and cooperation with federal, Research Program conducted by the Transportation Research Board with the approval of
the Governing Board of the National Research Council. Such approval reflects the
state and local governmental agencies, universities, and industry; its
Governing Board's judgment that the program concerned is of national importance and
relationship to the National Research Council is an insurance of appropriate with respect to both the purposes and resources of the National Research
objectivity; it maintains a full-time research correlation staff of Council.
specialists in highway transportation matters to bring the findings of The members of the technical committee selected to monitor this project and to review this
research directly to those who are in a position to use them. report were chosen for recognized scholarly competence and with due consideration for the
balance of disciplines appropriate to the project. The opinions and conclusions expressed
The program is developed on the basis of research needs identified or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research, and, while they have
by chief administrators of the highway and transportation departments been accepted as appropriate by the technical committee, they are not necessarily those of
and by committees of AASHTO. Each year, specific areas of research the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, or the Federal Highway
needs to be included in the program are proposed to the National Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Research Council and the Board by the American Association of State
Each report is reviewed and accepted for publication by the technical committee according
Highway and Transportation Officials. Research projects to fulfill these to procedures established and monitored by the Transportation Research Board Executive
needs are defined by the Board, and qualified research agencies are Committee and the Governing Board of the National Research Council.
selected from those that have submitted proposals. Administration and The Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, the National Research
surveillance of research contracts are the responsibilities of the National Council, the Federal Highway Administration, the American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials, and the individual states participating in the National
Research Council and the Transportation Research Board.
Cooperative Highway Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade
The needs for highway research are many, and the National or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the
Cooperative Highway Research Program can make significant object of this report.
contributions to the solution of highway transportation problems of
mutual concern to many responsible groups. The program, however, is
intended to complement rather than to substitute for or duplicate other
highway research programs.
Published reports of the
NATIONAL COOPERATIVE HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROGRAM
are available from:
Transportation Research Board
Business Office
500 Fifth Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001
and can be ordered through the Internet at:
http://www.national-academies.org/trb/bookstore
Printed in the United States of America
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AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The research reported herein was performed under TCRP/NCHRP Project D-08/3-71 by the Texas
Transportation Institute (TTI). The Texas A&M Research Foundation was the contractor for this study.
Kay Fitzpatrick of TTI was the principal investigator. Primary authors of this report are Kay Fitzpatrick
(research engineer), Shawn Turner (associate research engineer), and Marcus Brewer (assistant research
engineer), all of TTI. Assisting the primary authors were Paul Carlson (associate research engineer, TTI),
Nazir Lalani (principal associate of Traffex Engineers, Inc.), Brooke Ullman (associate transportation
researcher, TTI), Nada Trout (assistant research scientist, TTI), Eun Sug Park (assistant research scientist,
TTI), Dominique Lord (assistant professor, Texas A&M University), and Jeff Whitacre (graduate research
assistant, TTI). The work was performed under the general supervision of Dr. Fitzpatrick.
The authors would also like to recognize the following individuals with TTI for assistance with the
research:
· Collecting field data: Todd Hausman (associate research specialist), Laura Sandt (research associate),
Andrew Holick (assistant transportation researcher), and Gary Barricklow (traffic surveyor);
· Reducing field data: Todd Hausman, Megan Kubecka, Charles Stevens, Tim Wolff, Pammy Katsabas,
Melissa Ghrist, Brianne McEwen, Amber Holguin, Stephanie Sandt, Kathleen Newton, and Steven
Wilcox; and
· Report preparation: Denise Robledo and Maria Medrano.
The authors wish to acknowledge the many individuals who contributed to this research by participat-
ing in the focus groups, on-street surveys, and on-site interviews, along with those who assisted in identi-
fying potential study sites for the Phase II field studies. Those that hosted members of the research team
during the on-site interviews included Dan Bergenthal (Salt Lake City, Utah); Richard Nassi, Shellie Ginn,
and George Caria (Tucson, Arizona); Michael Cynecki, Thomas Godbee, Ron Robinson, and Chuck Ital-
iano (Phoenix, Arizona); Lucy Dyke and Beth Rolandson (Santa Monica, California); Wayne Tanda and
John Fisher (Los Angeles, California); Julie Mercer-Matlick, Paula Reeves, and Randy Wesselman
(Olympia, Washington); Pat O'Neill (University Place, Washington); Robert Spillar, Brian Kemper,
Megan Hoyt, and Ross Hudson (Seattle, Washington); David Godfrey (Kirkland, Washington); Mark
Poch and Kurt Latt (Bellevue, Washington); Jeff Palmer and Susan Byszeski (Redmond, Washington); and
Bill Kloos, Jamie Jeffreys, Jean Senechal, and Basil Christopher (Portland, Oregon).
Several individuals also assisted the research team with identifying study sites and coordinating the field
data collection including Richard Nassi (Tucson DOT); John Fisher (Los Angeles DOT); Dan Bergenthal
(Salt Lake City Corporation); Bill Kloos and Jean Senechal (Portland Office of Transportation); Lucy Dyke
and Beth Rolandson (City of Santa Monica Planning & Community Development); Jeff Palmer and Susan
Byszeski (City of Redmond); David Godfrey (City of Kirkland Public Works); Brian Kemper and Megan
Hoyt (Seattle Transportation); Eric Tabacek and Ed Paulis (Maryland State Highway Administration);
David Gerard (City of Austin); and Ken Fogle (City of College Station).
Individuals who participated in the workshop on evaluating the pedestrian signal warrant at selected
locations include Ruth Smith, Bill Kloos, Mohamed Yussef, Sandra Marks, Raja Sethuraman, Monica
Suter, Anne Hernandez, Nancy Cooper, Colleen Hill, Rock Miller, Crystal Killian, Jeffrey Bagdade, and
Bob Mabry.
Individuals who donated their time to review the draft Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatments
include Richard Nassi (City of Tucson), David Gerard (City of Austin), Monica Suter (City of Santa Ana),
Mark Meisinger (City of Portland), Tom Hicks (Maryland State Highway Administration), and John
Fisher (City of Los Angeles).
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COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS
CRP STAFF FOR TCRP REPORT 112/NCHRP REPORT 562
Robert J. Reilly, Director, Cooperative Research Programs
Christopher W. Jenks, TCRP Manager
Crawford F. Jencks, NCHRP Manager
Dianne S. Schwager, Senior Program Officer
Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications
Hilary Freer, Senior Editor
TCRP PROJECT D-8/NCHRP PROJECT 3-71 PANEL
TCRP Field of Engineering of Fixed Facilities
NCHRP Field of Traffic--Area of Operations and Control
Julie Mercer Matlick, Seattle DOT, Seattle, WA (Chair)
Aida Berkovitz, Federal Highway Administration, San Francisco, CA
Graham Carey, Lane Transit District, Eugene, OR
Linda Fuller, Chicago Transit Authority, Chicago, IL
Ronald Kilcoyne, Greater Bridgeport Transit Authority, Bridgeport, CT
Daniel Paddick, Binghamton, NY
Edward T. Paulis, Jr., Maryland State Highway Administration, Timonium, MD
Paul V. Ponchillia, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI
Paul H. Spiegel, New Jersey Transit Authority, Newark, NJ
Carol Tan, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA
Frank Tramontozzi, Fay Spofford & Thorndike, Inc., Burlington, MA
Richard Pain, TRB Liaison
TRB EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE FOR TCRP
Michael D. Meyer, Georgia Institute of Technology (Chair)
Sandra K. Bushue, Federal Transit Administration, U.S.DOT
William W. Millar, American Public Transportation Association
John R. Njord, Utah DOT
Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
Michael S. Townes, Hampton Roads Transit, Hampton, VA
C. Michael Walton, University of Texas at Austin
Linda S. Watson, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority
TRB EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SUBCOMMITTEE FOR NCHRP
Michael D. Meyer, Georgia Institute of Technology (Chair)
J. Richard Capka, Federal Highway Administration
John C. Horsley, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
John R. Njord, Utah DOT
Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Transportation Research Board
C. Michael Walton, University of Texas at Austin
Linda S. Watson, LYNX--Central Florida Regional Transportation Authority
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FOREWORD
By Dianne S. Schwager
Staff Officer
Transportation Research Board
TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562: Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized
Crossings will be of interest to state, county, and city traffic engineers; transit agencies; road-
way designers; and urban planners, as well as consultants for these groups and agencies. This
material provides considerable information and useful guidance for improving pedestrian
safety at unsignalized crossings. The report presents the edited final report and Appendix
A. TCRP Web-Only Document 30/NCHRP Web-Only Document 91, available on the CRP
website, contains appendixes B through O of the contractor's final report.
A recent research project jointly sponsored by the TCRP and the NCHRP had two main
objectives:
· Recommend selected engineering treatments to improve safety for pedestrians cross-
ing high-volume, high-speed roadways at unsignalized intersections, in particular on
roads served by public transportation; and
· Recommend modifications to the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
(MUTCD) pedestrian traffic signal warrant.
The research team developed guidelines that can be used to select pedestrian crossing
treatments for unsignalized intersections and midblock locations (Guidelines for Pedestrian
Crossing Treatments). Quantitative procedures in the guidelines use key input variables
(such as pedestrian volume, street crossing width, and traffic volume) to recommend one
of four possible crossing treatment categories. The research team developed and presented
recommendations to revise the MUTCD pedestrian warrant for traffic control signals to the
National Committee on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
In accomplishing the two main study objectives, the research team also developed useful
supporting information such as findings from the field studies on walking speed and
motorist compliance. Pedestrian walking speed recommendations were 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) for
the general population and 3.0 ft/s (0.9 m/s) for the older or less able population. Motorist
compliance (with yielding or stopping where required) was the primary measure of effec-
tiveness for engineering treatments at unsignalized roadway crossings. The study found that
the type of crossing treatment affects motorist compliance; other factors influencing the
treatment effectiveness were the number of lanes being crossed and posted speed limit.
TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562 and its appendixes provide useful information and
tools for those interested in improving pedestrian safety at unsignalized crossings.
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CONTENTS
1 Summary
3 Chapter 1 Introduction
3 Background
3 Objectives
3 Approach
4 Organization of this Report
6 Chapter 2 Pedestrian Characteristics
6 Why People Walk
6 Psychology of Space
6 Why People Do Not Walk
7 Pedestrian Settings
7 Walking Speed
9 Pedestrian Space Requirements
11 Pedestrian Capacities
11 Use of Signal Stages
11 Pedestrian Waiting Periods
11 Pedestrian Crossing Choices
13 Child Pedestrians
14 Older Pedestrians
14 Pedestrian Delay
16 Chapter 3 Review of Pedestrian Crossing Treatments
16 Combinations of Treatments
17 Traffic Signal and Red Beacon Displays
17 Flashing Beacons
18 In-Roadway Warning Lights
19 Motorist Warning Signs and Pavement Markings
20 Crosswalk Pavement Markings
20 Roadway Design Elements
20 Summary
22 Chapter 4 Review of Pedestrian Signal Warrant
22 Review of Current Pedestrian Signal Warrant
25 Findings From the Workshop
26 Summary
27 Chapter 5 Findings From Surveys
27 Observations From Survey of Providers
29 On-Street Pedestrian Surveys
31 Summary
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32 Chapter 6 Field Studies
32 Background
32 Site Selection
34 Protocol for Data Collection
36 Collection Approaches
40 Data Reduction
41 Summary
43 Chapter 7 Findings From the Field Study
43 Walking Speed
46 Motorist Compliance
52 Gap Acceptance
55 Transit Rider Walking Behavior Before Departing
56 Pedestrian Visual Search
56 Pedestrian Crosswalk Use
57 Pedestrian Activation
58 Pedestrian-Vehicle Conflicts
58 Pedestrian Delay
59 Chapter 8 Conclusions and Recommendations
59 Guidelines for Pedestrian Crossing Treatments
59 Revisions to the MUTCD Traffic Signal Warrant
60 Walking Speed
60 Motorist Compliance
62 References
64 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms
65 Appendix A
99 Appendixes B Through O
