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100
CHAPTER 5
Countermeasures
5.1 Introduction 2. Identify your tunnel by "structural tunnel type"
(immersed tube, cut-and-cover, bored or mined, air-rights
The main objective of this chapter is to identify and structure), and eliminate the columns that don't apply to
describe potential methods that can be used by tunnel own- your facility.
ers and operators to make structural improvements (interior 3. Review each of the "hazard or threat scenario" columns to
and exterior) and system improvements at critical locations identify and eliminate rows that don't apply to your facil-
for the purpose of improving the structural and operational ity. For example, within the "path to target" column you
security and safety of transportation tunnels and associated may eliminate the "waterway" rows if your tunnel is not
underground infrastructure (including stations, ventilation underwater.
shafts, and electrical substations). 4. Make a list of countermeasure guides (i.e., Tables 34
through 41) that you need to review based on the
5.2 Hazard and Threat Directories remaining cells.
Hazard and threat directories are tables that compile the
hazard and threat scenarios for a particular tunnel mode (i.e., 5.2.2 System Hazard and Threat Directories
road, transit, or rail) and direct the user to the appropriate
countermeasure guides (Tables 34 through 41), which con- System hazard and threat directories were developed using
tain more detailed information. information contained in Section 4.5.4 (potentially critical
locations); Table 24 (vulnerabilities of critical locations); and
Tables 25, 26, and 27 (system vulnerabilities to most likely
5.2.1 Structural Hazard and Threat hazard and threat scenarios for road, transit, and rail tunnels,
Directories respectively). These directories, presented as Tables 31, 32,
From the information contained in Section 4.4.2 (modes and 33, show the hazard and threat scenarios that are consid-
of tunnel failure) and Section 4.4.3 (effects of other extreme ered to be the most critical from a system standpoint for road,
events), it was determined that explosives and large fires are transit, and rail tunnels, respectively.
the hazards and threats that must be considered when assess- The directories lead the user to more detailed information
ing structural vulnerability and damage potential. This find- contained within the countermeasure guides, which are pre-
ing, combined with other information contained in those sented as Tables 34 through 41. In using the system hazard
sections, led to development of Table 28, which presents 13 and threat directories (Tables 31 through 33), the following
hazard and threat scenarios within road tunnels that are con- steps should be performed:
sidered to be the most critical from a structural standpoint.
Similarly, Tables 29 and 30 were developed to present 13 haz- 1. Identify your tunnel by mode (road, transit, or rail), and
ard and threat scenarios that are considered to be the most choose the appropriate system hazard and threat directory.
critical for transit and rail tunnels, respectively. 2. Identify system types within your facility under "targeted
In using Tables 28 through 30, the following steps should system" (ventilation system, life safety system, power dis-
be performed: tribution, command and control, and communications)
to eliminate the columns that don't apply to your facility.
1. Identify your tunnel by mode (road, transit, or rail) and 3. Review each of the "hazard or threat scenario" columns to
choose the appropriate directory. identify and eliminate rows that don't apply to your facility.
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Table 28. Structural hazard and threat directory for road tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Structural Tunnel Type
Bored or
Bored or Air-
Hazard or Tactical Delivery Immersed Cut-and- Mined in
No. Path to Target Target Mined in Rights
Threat Device Tu b e Cover Soft to Firm
Strong Rock Structure
Ground
1H Large IED Tunnel Roadway Truck Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
2H Medium Tunnel Roadway Car/Van Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
IED
3H Small IED Tunnel Roadway Backpack Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
4H Large Fire1 Tunnel Roadway Tanker Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
5H Large IED Tunnel Roadway Truck Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Wall/Roof Slab
6H Medium Tunnel Roadway Car/Van Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
IED Wall/Roof Slab
7H Small IED Tunnel Roadway Backpack Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Wall/Roof Slab
1
8H Large Fire Tunnel Roadway Tanker Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Wall/Roof Slab
9H Large Fire1 Tunnel Roadway Tanker Portal Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
10H Very Large Waterway Ship or Depth Portal or Shaft Table 37 N/A Table 37 Table 37 N/A
IED Charge from Ship Wall
11H Very Large Waterway Depth Charge from Top of Tunnel Table 38 N/A Table 38 N/A N/A
IED Ship
12H Large IED Surface Truck Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
Roadway over
Tunnel
13H Medium Surface Truck or Multiple Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
IED Roadway over Backpacks
Tunnel
Abbreviation: Note:
N/A = Not Applicable 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
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Table 29. Structural hazard and threat directory for transit tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Structural Tunnel Type
Bored or
Bored or Air-
Hazard or Tactical Delivery Immersed Cut-and- Mined in
No. Path to Target Target Mined in Rights
Threat Device Tube Cover Soft to Firm
Strong Rock Structure
Ground
1T Large IED Trackway Transit Car/ Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
Engine
2T Medium Trackway Transit Car/ Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
IED Engine or Multiple
Backpacks
3T Small IED Trackway/ Backpack Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
Stations/Shops/
Portals
4T Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Transit Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
Vehicle
5T Large IED Trackway Transit Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Car/Engine Wall/Roof Slab
6T Medium Trackway Transit Car/ Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
IED Engine or Multiple Wall/Roof Slab
Backpacks
7T Small IED Trackway/ Backpack Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Stations/Shops/ Wall/Roof Slab
Portals
8T Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Transit Column/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Vehicle Wall/Roof Slab
9T Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Transit Portal Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Vehicle
10T Very Large Waterway Ship or Depth Portal or Shaft Table 37 N/A Table 37 Table 37 N/A
IED Charge from Ship Wall
11T Very Large Waterway Depth Charge Top of Tunnel Table 38 N/A Table 38 N/A N/A
IED from Ship
12T Large IED Surface Roadway Truck Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
over Tunnel
13T Medium Surface Roadway Truck or Multiple Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
IED over Tunnel Backpacks
Abbreviation: Note:
N/A = Not Applicable 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
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Table 30. Structural hazard and threat directory for rail tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Structural Tunnel Type
Bored or
Bored or Air-
Hazard or Tactical Delivery Immersed Cut-and- Mined in
No. Path to Target Target Mined in Rights
Threat Device Tu b e Cover Soft to Firm
Strong Rock Structure
Ground
1R Large IED Trackway Rail Car/Engine Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
2R Medium Trackway Rail Car/Engine or Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
IED Multiple Backpacks
3R Small IED Trackway/ Backpack Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
Stations/Shops/
Portals
4R Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Rail Vehicle Liner Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 N/A
5R Large IED Trackway Rail Car/Engine Column/Wall/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Roof Slab
6R Medium Trackway Rail Car/Engine or Column/Wall/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
IED Multiple Backpacks Roof Slab
7R Small IED Trackway/ Backpack Column/Wall/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Stations/Shops/ Roof Slab
Portals
8R Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Rail Vehicle Column/Wall/ N/A N/A N/A N/A Table 36
Roof Slab
9R Large Fire1 Trackway IED on Rail Vehicle Portal Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
10R Very Large Waterway Ship or Depth Portal or Shaft Table 37 N/A Table 37 Table 37 N/A
IED Charge from Ship Wall
11R Very Large Waterway Depth Charge from Top of Tunnel Table 38 N/A Table 38 N/A N/A
IED Ship
12R Large IED Surface Truck Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
Roadway over
Tunnel
13R Medium Surface Truck or Multiple Roof Slab N/A Table 35 N/A N/A Table 35
IED Roadway over Backpacks
Tunnel
Abbreviation: Note:
N/A = Not Applicable 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
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Table 31. System hazard and threat directory for road tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
No. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
14H Large IED Surface Truck C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
15H Medium Surface Car/Van C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
16H Small IED Surface Backpack2 C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
17H Large IED Surface Truck Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
18H Medium Surface Car/Van Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
IED Roadway
2
19H Small IED Surface Backpack Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
3
20H Large IED Surface Truck Vent. Structure Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
3
21H Medium Surface Car/Van Vent. Structure Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
22H Small IED Surface Backpack2 Vent. Structure3 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
23H Large IED Tunnel Truck C&C Center Above or N/A N/A N/A Table 34 Table 34
Roadway Adjacent to the Tunnel
24H Medium Tunnel Car/Van C&C Center Above or N/A N/A N/A Table 34 Table 34
IED Roadway Adjacent to the Tunnel
25H Large IED Tunnel Truck Vent. Structure Above or Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Roadway Adjacent to the Tunnel
26H Medium Tunnel Car/Van Vent. Structure Above or Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
IED Roadway Adjacent to the Tunnel
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Table 31. (Continued).
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
N o. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
27H Small IED Tunnel Backpack Exposed Ductbank N/A N/A Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Roadway
28H Large Fire1 Tunnel Tanker Portal4 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Roadway
29H Large Fire1 Tunnel Tanker Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
5
Roadway Adjacent to Critical Facility
30H HazMat Tunnel Truck Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Roadway
31H C/B/R Tunnel Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel Occupants Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Roadway Package
32H C/B/R Tunnel Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel and Discharge Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Air Package Plume Area Occupants
System
33H C/B/R Tunnel Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel and Discharge Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Air Package Plume Area Occupants
System
34H Cyber Virtual Digital Virus C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 41 N/A
Attack Code
Abbreviations: Notes:
Vent. = Ventilation 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
Comms. = Communications 2. Assumes perpetrator gets inside
C&C = Command and Control 3. Assumes transverse system or longitudinal with fans is housed in central location
C/B/R = Chemical/Biological/Radiological 4. Worst case is downhill, unidirectional tunnel
HazMat = Hazardous Material 5. Such as ventilation buildings, substations, emergency generators or C&C centers
N/A = Not Applicable
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Table 32. System hazard and threat directory for transit tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
No. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
14T Large IED Surface Truck C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
15T Medium Surface Car/Van C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
2
16T Small IED Surface Backpack C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
17T Large IED Surface Truck Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
18T Medium Surface Car/Van Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
IED Roadway
19T Small IED Surface Backpack2 Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
20T Large IED Surface Truck Vent. Structure3 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
3
21T Medium Surface Car/Van Vent. Structure Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
3
22T Small IED Surface Backpack Vent. Structure Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
23T Large IED Surface Truck Station Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
24T Small IED Surface Backpack2 Station Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
25T Small IED Trackway Backpack Exposed Ductbank or N/A Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
MEC Equipment
26T Small IED Trackway Backpack2 Station Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
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Table 32. (Continued).
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
No. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
1 2
27T Large Fire Trackway Incendiary Portal Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Device on Train
1
28T Large Fire Trackway Incendiary Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Device on Train Adjacent to Critical
Facility5
29T Hazardous Trackway Device on Train Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Materials
30T C/B/R Trackway Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station Occupants Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Package on
Train
31T C/B/R Tunnel Air Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station and Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Package Discharge Plume Area
System Occupants
32T C/B/R Tunnel Air Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station and Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Package Discharge Plume Area
System Occupants
33T Cyber Virtual Digital Virus C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 41 N/A
Attack Code
Abbreviations: Notes:
Vent. = Ventilation 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
Comms. = Communications 2. Assumes perpetrator gets inside
C&C = Command and Control 3. Assumes transverse system or longitudinal with fans is housed in central location
C/B/R = Chemical/Biological/Radiological 4. Worst case is downhill, unidirectional tunnel
HazMat = Hazardous Material 5. Such as ventilation buildings, substations, emergency generators or C&C centers
N/A = Not Applicable
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Table 33. System hazard and threat directory for rail tunnels.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
No. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
14R Large IED Surface Truck C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
15R Medium Surface Car/Van C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
16R Small IED Surface Backpack2 C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
17R Large IED Surface Truck Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
18R Medium Surface Car/Van Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
IED Roadway
2
19R Small IED Surface Backpack Substation N/A N/A Table 39 N/A N/A
Roadway
20R Large IED Surface Truck Ventilation Structure3 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
3
21R Medium Surface Car/Van Ventilation Structure Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
IED Roadway
22R Small IED Surface Backpack2 Ventilation Structure3 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
23R Large IED Surface Truck Station Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
24R Small IED Surface Backpack2 Station Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39 Table 39
Roadway
25R Small IED Trackway Backpack Exposed Ductbank or N/A Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
MEC equipment
26R Small IED Trackway Backpack2 Station Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
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Table 33. (Continued).
Hazard or Threat Scenario Targeted System
Hazard or Path to Tactical Ventilation Life Safety Power Command
N o. Target Comms.
Threat Target Delivery Device System System Distribution and Control
1 4
27R Large Fire Trackway Incendiary Portal Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Device on Train
1
28R Large Fire Trackway Incendiary Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Device on Train Adjacent to Critical
Facility5
29R Hazardous Trackway Device on Train Any Tunnel Location Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Materials
30R C/B/R Trackway Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station Occupants Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34 Table 34
Package on
Train
31R C/B/R Tunnel Air Vial/Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station and Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Package Discharge Plume Area
System Occupants
32R C/B/R Tunnel Air Vial/ Aerosol/ Tunnel/Station and Table 40 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Supply Package Discharge Plume Area
System Occupants
33R Cyber Virtual Digital Virus C&C Center N/A N/A N/A Table 41 N/A
Attack Code
Abbreviations: Notes:
Vent. = Ventilation 1. More than 341 MBTU per hour (100 MW)
Comms. = Communications 2. Assumes perpetrator gets inside
C&C = Command and Control 3. Assumes transverse system or longitudinal with fans is housed in central location
C/B/R = Chemical/Biological/Radiological 4. Worst case is downhill, unidirectional tunnel
HazMat = Hazardous Material 5. Such as ventilation buildings, substations, emergency generators or C&C centers
N/A = Not Applicable
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110
Table 34. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 1H-4H, 9H, 23H-31H; 1T-4T, 9T, 25T-30T; 1R-4R, 9R, 25R-30R
PV: insufficient tunnel liner thickness; inadequate tunnel cover; relative proximity of hazard or threat to liner
OV: uncontrolled access of vehicles into tunnels; insufficient vehicle inspections and/or cargo restrictions
DP: tunnel collapse requiring up to several months to repair; rapid flooding and inflow of granular backfill material for
underwater tunnels; total or partial loss of system function
Order-of-
CM CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Lighting H M P DR Anti-Theft, Safety 1
Ventilation System H VH P, Op M Safety 2
Fire Detection System M L P DT Safety 3
Fire Protection System H H P, Op M Safety 4
Minimum Measures
CCTV System or CCVE H M P, Op DT, I Traffic Surveillance 5
Security Awareness Training H L Op DT, M 6
Roving Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety, Security 7
HazMat Restrictions L L Op DR Safety, Security 8
Identify Unqualified
Background Checks L L Op DR, DT 9
Employees
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Guards at Portals H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 20
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential Checks L L Op DR Anti-Theft 23
Explosive Detectors--Mobile H L P DT 26
Explosive Detectors--Fixed H M P DT 28
Interior Liner Steel Plates or
1,2,3 H VH6 P M 31
Panels
Interior Liner Concrete
1,2 H VH6 P M 32
Permanent Enhancements
Panels Decrease
Interior Concrete or Maintenance,
M4 VH
6
P M Increase Usable 33
Chemical Grouting
Interior Liner Bolting or Tie- Life of Structure
4 6
M H P M 34
Backs1,2
Exterior (Ground) Concrete
H4 VH P M 35
or Chemical Grouting
5
Rip-Rap over Tunnel H VH P M Erosion Protection 36
Precast Concrete Slab over
H VH P M Erosion Protection 37
Tunnel5
Decrease
Disperse Functions (i.e., Maintenance,
H H P M
Redundant Systems) Increase Usable
Life of Systems
Footnotes
1. If operating environment and/or clearances allow.
2. Thickness of steel plates or panels, concrete panels, and shotcrete depends on size of IED or fire.
3. For very large fires, steel liner must be one continuous, seamless plate and attaching mechanisms must be fire-
resistant.
4. Effectiveness will depend on surrounding soil properties.
5. Underwater tunnel only--amount of rip-rap and thickness of concrete slab depends on size of IED.
6. Cost may increase due to low-clearance applications, electrified transit and rail tunnels, track outage durations,
bonding, and grounding.
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Table 35. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 12H, 13H; 12T, 13T; 12R, 13R
PV: insufficient roof slab thickness; inadequate tunnel cover; relative proximity of hazard or threat to roof slab
OV: uncontrolled access of vehicles into tunnels; insufficient vehicle inspections and/or cargo restrictions
DP: tunnel collapse requiring up to several months to repair; total or partial loss of system function
Order-of-
CM CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Lighting H M P DR Anti-Theft, Safety 1
Ventilation System H VH P, Op M Safety 2
Fire Detection System M L P DT Safety 3
Fire Protection System H H P, Op M Safety 4
Minimum Measures
Traffic
CCTV System or CCVE H M P, Op DT, I 5
Surveillance
Security Awareness Training H L Op DT, M 6
Roving Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety, Security 7
HazMat Restrictions L L Op DR Safety, Security 8
Identify
Background Checks L L Op DR, DT Unqualified 9
Employees
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Guards at Portals H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 20
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential Checks L L Op DR Anti-Theft 23
Explosive Detectors--Mobile H L P DT 26
Explosive Detectors--Fixed H M P DT 28
Interior Roof Steel Plates1,2 H VH P M 38
Permanent Enhancements
Interior Roof Concrete
1,2 H VH P M Decrease 39
Panels
Maintenance,
Exterior Roof Steel Plates1,2 H VH P M Increase Usable 40
Life of Structure
Exterior Roof Concrete
H VH P M 41
Panels1,2
Decrease
Disperse Functions (i.e., Maintenance,
H H P M
Redundant Systems) Increase Usable
Life of Systems
Footnotes
1. If operating environment and/or clearances allow.
2. Thickness of steel plates or panels, concrete panels, and shotcrete depends on size of IED or fire.
3. Effectiveness will depend on surrounding soil properties.
4. Underwater tunnel only--amount of rip-rap and thickness of concrete slab depends on size of IED.
5. Cost may increase due to low-clearance applications, electrified transit and rail tunnels, track outage durations,
bonding, and grounding.
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112
Table 36. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 5H-8H; 5T-8T; 5R-8R
PV: insufficient column/wall/roof slab protection within air-rights structure
OV: uncontrolled access of vehicles into tunnels; insufficient vehicle inspections and/or cargo restrictions
DP: extensive column/wall/roof slab damage requiring up to several months to repair; total or partial loss of system
function
Order-of-
CM CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Lighting H M P DR Anti-Theft, Safety 1
Ventilation System H VH P, Op M Safety 2
Fire Detection System M L P DT Safety 3
Fire Protection System H H P, Op M Safety 4
Minimum Measures
Traffic
CCTV System or CCVE H M P, Op DT, I 5
Surveillance
Security Awareness Training H L Op DT, M 6
Roving Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety, Security 7
HazMat Restrictions L L Op DR Safety, Security 8
Identify
Background Checks L L Op DR, DT Unqualified 9
Employees
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Guards at Portals H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 20
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential Checks L L Op DR Anti-Theft 23
Explosive Detectors--Mobile H L P DT 26
Explosive Detectors--Fixed H M P DT 28
1,2
Interior Roof Steel Plates H VH P M 38
1,2
Interior Roof Concrete
H VH P M 39
Panels
Bollards to Control Access H L P DR, DT Pedestrian and 42
Permanent Enhancements
User Safety, Anti-
Fencing to Control Access H L P DR, DT Trespassing 43
1,2
Concrete Encasement of
M L P M 44
Columns
1,2
RFP Wrapping of Decrease
M L P M Maintenance, 45
Columns
Steel Jacketing1,2 of Increase Usable
M L P M Life of Structure 46
Columns
Redundant Columns or
H H P M 47
Walls1,2
Decrease
Disperse Functions (i.e., Maintenance,
H H P M
Redundant Systems) Increase Usable
Life of Systems
Footnotes
1. If operating environment and/or clearances allow.
2. Thickness of steel plates or panels, concrete panels, and shotcrete depends on size of IED or fire.
3. Effectiveness will depend on surrounding soil properties.
4. Underwater tunnel only--amount of rip-rap and thickness of concrete slab depends on size of IED.
5. Cost may increase due to low-clearance applications, electrified transit and rail tunnels, track outage durations,
bonding, and grounding.
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113
Table 37. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 10H; 10T; 10R
PV: insufficient portal/shaft wall strength
OV: uncontrolled water traffic; insufficient ship inspections and surveillance
DP: tunnel collapse causing operational disruption and requiring up to several weeks to repair; rapid flooding if
portal/shaft wall is close to the water
Order-of-
CV CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Identify
Measures
Minimum
Background Checks L L Op DR, DT Unqualified 9
Employees
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Safety 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential
L L Op DR, DT Anti-Trespassing 23
Checks
Waterborne Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety 24
Ship-Tracking Protocols M L Op DT Dock Scheduling 25
Interior Liner Steel Plates 6
H VH P M 31
or Panels1,2,4
Interior Liner Concrete Decrease
H VH6 P M 32
Panels1,2 Maintenance,
Permanent Enhancements
Interior Concrete or Increase Usable
M5 VH
6
P M Life of Structure 33
Chemical Grouting
Interior Liner Bolting or
M5 H6 P M 34
Tie-Backs1,2
Decrease
Exterior (Ground)
5 Maintenance,
Concrete or Chemical H VH P M 35
Increase Usable
Grouting
Life of Structure
1,7 6
Floodgates M VH P M 48
3 Increase Usable
Barrier Walls H H P DR, M 49
Life of Structure
Bollards3 or Fenders in Increase Usable
H H P DR, M 50
the Water Life of Structure
Footnotes
1. If operating environment and/or clearances allow.
2. Thickness of steel plates or panels, concrete panels, and shotcrete depends on size of IED or fire.
3. Thickness of barrier walls, bollards, or fender system depends on size of IED and distance of portal/shaft wall to
water traffic.
4. For very large fires, steel liner must be one continuous, seamless plate and the attaching mechanisms must be fire-
resistant.
5. Effectiveness will depend on surrounding soil properties.
6. Cost may increase due to low-clearance applications, electrified transit and rail tunnels, track outage durations,
bonding, and grounding.
7. Effectiveness will depend on physical dimensions of the tunnel.
OCR for page 114
114
Table 38. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 11H; 11T; 11R
PV: insufficient strength of tunnel top
OV: uncontrolled water traffic; insufficient ship inspections and surveillance
DP: tunnel collapse causing operational disruption and requiring up to several weeks to repair; rapid flooding if
portal/shaft wall is close to the water
Order-of-
CM CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Identify
Measures
Minimum
Background Checks L L Op DR, DT Unqualified 9
Employees
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Safety 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential Checks L L Op DR, DT Anti-Trespassing 23
Waterborne Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety 24
Ship-Tracking Protocols M L Op DT Dock Scheduling 25
Interior Liner Steel Plates
H VH5 P M 31
or Panels1,2,3
Interior Liner Concrete
Permanent Enhancements
H VH5 P M Decrease 32
Panels1,2 Maintenance,
Increase Usable
Interior Concrete or
M4 VH
5
P M Life of Structure 33
Chemical Grouting
Interior Liner Bolting or
M4 H5 P M 34
Tie-Backs1,2
7 Erosion
Rip-Rap over Tunnel H H P M 36
Protection
Precast Concrete Slab Erosion
7 H H P M 37
over Tunnel Protection
Floodgates1,6 M VH5 P M 48
Footnotes
1. If operating environment and/or clearances allow.
2. Thickness of steel plates or panels, concrete panels, and shotcrete depends on size of IED or fire.
3. For very large fires, steel liner must be one continuous, seamless plate and the attaching mechanisms must be fire-
resistant.
4. Effectiveness will depend on surrounding soil properties.
5. Cost may increase due to low-clearance applications, electrified transit and rail tunnels, track outage durations,
bonding, and grounding.
6. Effectiveness will depend on physical dimensions of the tunnel.
7. Amount of rip-rap and thickness of concrete slab depend on size of IED.
OCR for page 115
115
Table 39. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 14H-22H; 14T-24T; 14R-24R
PV: insufficient perimeter protection of critical structure
OV: insufficient surveillance of critical structure
DP: total or partial loss of system function
Order-of-
CM CM Functions and Relative Multiple-Benefit CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy
Type Descriptions Effectiveness Potential #
Cost
Lighting H L P DR Anti-Theft, Safety 1
Ventilation System H M P, Op M Safety 2
Fire Detection System M L P DT Safety 3
Fire Protection System H H P, Op M Safety 4
CCTV System or CCVE H M P, Op DT, I Traffic Surveillance 5
Security Awareness
H L Op DT, M 6
Training
Minimum Measures
Roving Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I Safety, Security 7
HazMat Restrictions L L Op DR Safety, Security 8
Access Controls Pedestrian and User
(Bollards, Fences, H L P DR, DT Safety, Anti- 10
Walls, Locks) Trespassing
Employee Identification
H L P DR Work Hour Tracking 11
System
Intrusion Detection
H M P DT, I Anti-Trespassing 12
System
Applicable to Any
Evacuation Protocols L H Op M 13
Hazard
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Inspections
H L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 21
(Personal/Vehicle)
Measures for
Threat Level
an Elevated
Bomb-Sniffing Dogs M L Op DR, DT, I Public Assurance 22
Onsite Credential
H L Op DR, DT, I Anti-Trespassing 23
Checks
Explosive Detectors--
H L P DT, I 26
Mobile
Enhancements
Explosive Detectors--
H M P DT, I 28
Permanent
Fixed
Disperse Functions
Increase Usable Life
(i.e., Operate H H P M
of Systems
Redundant Systems)
OCR for page 116
Table 40. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 32H, 33H; 31T, 32T; 31R, 32R
PV: insufficient perimeter protection of ventilation intakes with respect to C/B/R
OV: insufficient surveillance of ventilation intakes with respect to C/B/R
DP: loss of life; required decontamination of vent system and facility
Order-of- Multiple-
CM CM Functions and Relative CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy Benefit
Type Descriptions Effectiveness #
Cost Potential
Lighting H L P DR, DT Traffic Safety 1
Traffic
CCTV System or CCVE H M P, Op DT, I 5
Surveillance
Security Awareness Training M L Op DT, I, M 6
Minimum Measures
Safety,
Roving Patrols M L Op DR, DT, I 7
Security
Access Controls (Bollards,
M M P DR Safety 10
Fences, Walls, Locks)
Anti-
Intrusion Detection System H M P DT 12
Trespassing
Extend/Heighten Supply Air
H M P DT 14
Intakes
Full-Scale Emergency
H L Op DT, I, M 19
Response Exercises
Measures for
Threat Level
Inspections Public
an Elevated
H L Op DT 21
(Personal/Vehicles) Assurance
C/B/R Detectors--Mobile H M P DT 27
Access Controls (Concrete
H L1 P DR Safety 10
Walls)
Enhancements
C/B/R Detectors--Fixed H M P DT 29
Permanent
Increase
Redundant Ventilation
H VH P M Usable Life of 30
Systems
Systems
Integrate Ventilation System
Operation with C/B/R H M Op M
Detectors
Footnote
1. Cost of wall depends on height and length.
Table 41. Countermeasure guide.
Hazard or Threat Scenario Nos.: 34H; 33T; 33R
PV: insufficient or outdated electronic protection software
OV: insufficient or outdated electronic protection software
DP: lost or inappropriate traffic and MEC equipment control
Order-of- Multiple-
CM CM Functions and Relative CM
Magnitude P/Op Strategy Benefit
Type Descriptions Effectiveness #
Cost Potential
Background Checks M L Op DR, DT 9
Minimum Measures
Protect
Anti-Virus Software H L P, Op I 15
Integrity of
Data and
Signals,
Computer Firewalls H L P, Op I Protect 16
Investment in
Backup Manual Control of Digital
H M P, Op M Systems 17
Systems
Regularly Scheduled Data
H L Op M 18
Backup
